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Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 10701-10800   *Has distinct variable group(s)
TypeLabelDescription
Statement
 
Theoremresubd 10701 Real part distributes over subtraction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (ℜ‘(𝐴𝐵)) = ((ℜ‘𝐴) − (ℜ‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremimsubd 10702 Imaginary part distributes over subtraction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (ℑ‘(𝐴𝐵)) = ((ℑ‘𝐴) − (ℑ‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremremuld 10703 Real part of a product. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (ℜ‘(𝐴 · 𝐵)) = (((ℜ‘𝐴) · (ℜ‘𝐵)) − ((ℑ‘𝐴) · (ℑ‘𝐵))))
 
Theoremimmuld 10704 Imaginary part of a product. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (ℑ‘(𝐴 · 𝐵)) = (((ℜ‘𝐴) · (ℑ‘𝐵)) + ((ℑ‘𝐴) · (ℜ‘𝐵))))
 
Theoremcjaddd 10705 Complex conjugate distributes over addition. Proposition 10-3.4(a) of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (∗‘(𝐴 + 𝐵)) = ((∗‘𝐴) + (∗‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremcjmuld 10706 Complex conjugate distributes over multiplication. Proposition 10-3.4(c) of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (∗‘(𝐴 · 𝐵)) = ((∗‘𝐴) · (∗‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremipcnd 10707 Standard inner product on complex numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (ℜ‘(𝐴 · (∗‘𝐵))) = (((ℜ‘𝐴) · (ℜ‘𝐵)) + ((ℑ‘𝐴) · (ℑ‘𝐵))))
 
Theoremcjdivapd 10708 Complex conjugate distributes over division. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Jun-2020.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 # 0)       (𝜑 → (∗‘(𝐴 / 𝐵)) = ((∗‘𝐴) / (∗‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremrered 10709 A real number equals its real part. One direction of Proposition 10-3.4(f) of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)       (𝜑 → (ℜ‘𝐴) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremreim0d 10710 The imaginary part of a real number is 0. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)       (𝜑 → (ℑ‘𝐴) = 0)
 
Theoremcjred 10711 A real number equals its complex conjugate. Proposition 10-3.4(f) of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)       (𝜑 → (∗‘𝐴) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremremul2d 10712 Real part of a product. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (ℜ‘(𝐴 · 𝐵)) = (𝐴 · (ℜ‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremimmul2d 10713 Imaginary part of a product. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)       (𝜑 → (ℑ‘(𝐴 · 𝐵)) = (𝐴 · (ℑ‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremredivapd 10714 Real part of a division. Related to remul2 10613. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Jun-2020.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐴 # 0)       (𝜑 → (ℜ‘(𝐵 / 𝐴)) = ((ℜ‘𝐵) / 𝐴))
 
Theoremimdivapd 10715 Imaginary part of a division. Related to remul2 10613. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Jun-2020.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   (𝜑𝐴 # 0)       (𝜑 → (ℑ‘(𝐵 / 𝐴)) = ((ℑ‘𝐵) / 𝐴))
 
Theoremcrred 10716 The real part of a complex number representation. Definition 10-3.1 of [Gleason] p. 132. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℝ)       (𝜑 → (ℜ‘(𝐴 + (i · 𝐵))) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremcrimd 10717 The imaginary part of a complex number representation. Definition 10-3.1 of [Gleason] p. 132. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℝ)       (𝜑 → (ℑ‘(𝐴 + (i · 𝐵))) = 𝐵)
 
Theoremcnreim 10718 Complex apartness in terms of real and imaginary parts. See also apreim 8333 which is similar but with different notation. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Dec-2023.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ ((ℜ‘𝐴) # (ℜ‘𝐵) ∨ (ℑ‘𝐴) # (ℑ‘𝐵))))
 
4.7.3  Sequence convergence
 
Theoremcaucvgrelemrec 10719* Two ways to express a reciprocal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Jul-2021.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 # 0) → (𝑟 ∈ ℝ (𝐴 · 𝑟) = 1) = (1 / 𝐴))
 
Theoremcaucvgrelemcau 10720* Lemma for caucvgre 10721. Converting the Cauchy condition. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Jul-2021.)
(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑛)((𝐹𝑛) < ((𝐹𝑘) + (1 / 𝑛)) ∧ (𝐹𝑘) < ((𝐹𝑛) + (1 / 𝑛))))       (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ ℕ (𝑛 < 𝑘 → ((𝐹𝑛) < ((𝐹𝑘) + (𝑟 ∈ ℝ (𝑛 · 𝑟) = 1)) ∧ (𝐹𝑘) < ((𝐹𝑛) + (𝑟 ∈ ℝ (𝑛 · 𝑟) = 1)))))
 
Theoremcaucvgre 10721* Convergence of real sequences.

A Cauchy sequence (as defined here, which has a rate of convergence built in) of real numbers converges to a real number. Specifically on rate of convergence, all terms after the nth term must be within 1 / 𝑛 of the nth term.

(Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Jul-2021.)

(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑛)((𝐹𝑛) < ((𝐹𝑘) + (1 / 𝑛)) ∧ (𝐹𝑘) < ((𝐹𝑛) + (1 / 𝑛))))       (𝜑 → ∃𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝑦 + 𝑥) ∧ 𝑦 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑥)))
 
Theoremcvg1nlemcxze 10722 Lemma for cvg1n 10726. Rearranging an expression related to the rate of convergence. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2021.)
(𝜑𝐶 ∈ ℝ+)    &   (𝜑𝑋 ∈ ℝ+)    &   (𝜑𝑍 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝐸 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑 → ((((𝐶 · 2) / 𝑋) / 𝑍) + 𝐴) < 𝐸)       (𝜑 → (𝐶 / (𝐸 · 𝑍)) < (𝑋 / 2))
 
Theoremcvg1nlemf 10723* Lemma for cvg1n 10726. The modified sequence 𝐺 is a sequence. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Aug-2021.)
(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐶 ∈ ℝ+)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑛)((𝐹𝑛) < ((𝐹𝑘) + (𝐶 / 𝑛)) ∧ (𝐹𝑘) < ((𝐹𝑛) + (𝐶 / 𝑛))))    &   𝐺 = (𝑗 ∈ ℕ ↦ (𝐹‘(𝑗 · 𝑍)))    &   (𝜑𝑍 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝐶 < 𝑍)       (𝜑𝐺:ℕ⟶ℝ)
 
Theoremcvg1nlemcau 10724* Lemma for cvg1n 10726. By selecting spaced out terms for the modified sequence 𝐺, the terms are within 1 / 𝑛 (without the constant 𝐶). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Aug-2021.)
(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐶 ∈ ℝ+)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑛)((𝐹𝑛) < ((𝐹𝑘) + (𝐶 / 𝑛)) ∧ (𝐹𝑘) < ((𝐹𝑛) + (𝐶 / 𝑛))))    &   𝐺 = (𝑗 ∈ ℕ ↦ (𝐹‘(𝑗 · 𝑍)))    &   (𝜑𝑍 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝐶 < 𝑍)       (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑛)((𝐺𝑛) < ((𝐺𝑘) + (1 / 𝑛)) ∧ (𝐺𝑘) < ((𝐺𝑛) + (1 / 𝑛))))
 
Theoremcvg1nlemres 10725* Lemma for cvg1n 10726. The original sequence 𝐹 has a limit (turns out it is the same as the limit of the modified sequence 𝐺). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Aug-2021.)
(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐶 ∈ ℝ+)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑛)((𝐹𝑛) < ((𝐹𝑘) + (𝐶 / 𝑛)) ∧ (𝐹𝑘) < ((𝐹𝑛) + (𝐶 / 𝑛))))    &   𝐺 = (𝑗 ∈ ℕ ↦ (𝐹‘(𝑗 · 𝑍)))    &   (𝜑𝑍 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝐶 < 𝑍)       (𝜑 → ∃𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝑦 + 𝑥) ∧ 𝑦 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑥)))
 
Theoremcvg1n 10726* Convergence of real sequences.

This is a version of caucvgre 10721 with a constant multiplier 𝐶 on the rate of convergence. That is, all terms after the nth term must be within 𝐶 / 𝑛 of the nth term.

(Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Aug-2021.)

(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐶 ∈ ℝ+)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑛)((𝐹𝑛) < ((𝐹𝑘) + (𝐶 / 𝑛)) ∧ (𝐹𝑘) < ((𝐹𝑛) + (𝐶 / 𝑛))))       (𝜑 → ∃𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝑦 + 𝑥) ∧ 𝑦 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑥)))
 
Theoremuzin2 10727 The upper integers are closed under intersection. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Dec-2013.)
((𝐴 ∈ ran ℤ𝐵 ∈ ran ℤ) → (𝐴𝐵) ∈ ran ℤ)
 
Theoremrexanuz 10728* Combine two different upper integer properties into one. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2013.)
(∃𝑗 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑗 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑗 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜓))
 
Theoremrexfiuz 10729* Combine finitely many different upper integer properties into one. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jun-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ Fin → (∃𝑗 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)∀𝑛𝐴 𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑛𝐴𝑗 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜑))
 
Theoremrexuz3 10730* Restrict the base of the upper integers set to another upper integers set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 26-Dec-2013.)
𝑍 = (ℤ𝑀)       (𝑀 ∈ ℤ → (∃𝑗𝑍𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑗 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜑))
 
Theoremrexanuz2 10731* Combine two different upper integer properties into one. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 26-Dec-2013.)
𝑍 = (ℤ𝑀)       (∃𝑗𝑍𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑗𝑍𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑗𝑍𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜓))
 
Theoremr19.29uz 10732* A version of 19.29 1584 for upper integer quantifiers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Feb-2014.)
𝑍 = (ℤ𝑀)       ((∀𝑘𝑍 𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑗𝑍𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜓) → ∃𝑗𝑍𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)(𝜑𝜓))
 
Theoremr19.2uz 10733* A version of r19.2m 3419 for upper integer quantifiers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Feb-2014.)
𝑍 = (ℤ𝑀)       (∃𝑗𝑍𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)𝜑 → ∃𝑘𝑍 𝜑)
 
Theoremrecvguniqlem 10734 Lemma for recvguniq 10735. Some of the rearrangements of the expressions. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2021.)
(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐾 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝐴 < ((𝐹𝐾) + ((𝐴𝐵) / 2)))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹𝐾) < (𝐵 + ((𝐴𝐵) / 2)))       (𝜑 → ⊥)
 
Theoremrecvguniq 10735* Limits are unique. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 7-Aug-2021.)
(𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ)    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑘) < (𝐿 + 𝑥) ∧ 𝐿 < ((𝐹𝑘) + 𝑥)))    &   (𝜑𝑀 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑘) < (𝑀 + 𝑥) ∧ 𝑀 < ((𝐹𝑘) + 𝑥)))       (𝜑𝐿 = 𝑀)
 
4.7.4  Square root; absolute value
 
Syntaxcsqrt 10736 Extend class notation to include square root of a complex number.
class
 
Syntaxcabs 10737 Extend class notation to include a function for the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number.
class abs
 
Definitiondf-rsqrt 10738* Define a function whose value is the square root of a nonnegative real number.

Defining the square root for complex numbers has one difficult part: choosing between the two roots. The usual way to define a principal square root for all complex numbers relies on excluded middle or something similar. But in the case of a nonnegative real number, we don't have the complications presented for general complex numbers, and we can choose the nonnegative root.

(Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Aug-2020.)

√ = (𝑥 ∈ ℝ ↦ (𝑦 ∈ ℝ ((𝑦↑2) = 𝑥 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑦)))
 
Definitiondf-abs 10739 Define the function for the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number. (Contributed by NM, 27-Jul-1999.)
abs = (𝑥 ∈ ℂ ↦ (√‘(𝑥 · (∗‘𝑥))))
 
Theoremsqrtrval 10740* Value of square root function. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Aug-2020.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℝ → (√‘𝐴) = (𝑥 ∈ ℝ ((𝑥↑2) = 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑥)))
 
Theoremabsval 10741 The absolute value (modulus) of a complex number. Proposition 10-3.7(a) of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by NM, 27-Jul-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 7-Nov-2013.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (abs‘𝐴) = (√‘(𝐴 · (∗‘𝐴))))
 
Theoremrennim 10742 A real number does not lie on the negative imaginary axis. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Jul-2013.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℝ → (i · 𝐴) ∉ ℝ+)
 
Theoremsqrt0rlem 10743 Lemma for sqrt0 10744. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2020.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ ((𝐴↑2) = 0 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴)) ↔ 𝐴 = 0)
 
Theoremsqrt0 10744 Square root of zero. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2013.)
(√‘0) = 0
 
Theoremresqrexlem1arp 10745 Lemma for resqrex 10766. 1 + 𝐴 is a positive real (expressed in a way that will help apply seqf 10202 and similar theorems). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jul-2021.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 16-Oct-2022.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → ((ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)})‘𝑁) ∈ ℝ+)
 
Theoremresqrexlemp1rp 10746* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Applying the recursion rule yields a positive real (expressed in a way that will help apply seqf 10202 and similar theorems). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jul-2021.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 16-Oct-2022.)
(𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ+𝐶 ∈ ℝ+)) → (𝐵(𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2))𝐶) ∈ ℝ+)
 
Theoremresqrexlemf 10747* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The sequence is a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2021.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 16-Oct-2022.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       (𝜑𝐹:ℕ⟶ℝ+)
 
Theoremresqrexlemf1 10748* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Initial value. Although this sequence converges to the square root with any positive initial value, this choice makes various steps in the proof of convergence easier. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2021.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 16-Oct-2022.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (1 + 𝐴))
 
Theoremresqrexlemfp1 10749* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Recursion rule. This sequence is the ancient method for computing square roots, often known as the babylonian method, although known to many ancient cultures. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘(𝑁 + 1)) = (((𝐹𝑁) + (𝐴 / (𝐹𝑁))) / 2))
 
Theoremresqrexlemover 10750* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Each element of the sequence is an overestimate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → 𝐴 < ((𝐹𝑁)↑2))
 
Theoremresqrexlemdec 10751* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The sequence is decreasing. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘(𝑁 + 1)) < (𝐹𝑁))
 
Theoremresqrexlemdecn 10752* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The sequence is decreasing. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝑁 < 𝑀)       (𝜑 → (𝐹𝑀) < (𝐹𝑁))
 
Theoremresqrexlemlo 10753* Lemma for resqrex 10766. A (variable) lower bound for each term of the sequence. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (1 / (2↑𝑁)) < (𝐹𝑁))
 
Theoremresqrexlemcalc1 10754* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Some of the calculations involved in showing that the sequence converges. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (((𝐹‘(𝑁 + 1))↑2) − 𝐴) = (((((𝐹𝑁)↑2) − 𝐴)↑2) / (4 · ((𝐹𝑁)↑2))))
 
Theoremresqrexlemcalc2 10755* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Some of the calculations involved in showing that the sequence converges. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (((𝐹‘(𝑁 + 1))↑2) − 𝐴) ≤ ((((𝐹𝑁)↑2) − 𝐴) / 4))
 
Theoremresqrexlemcalc3 10756* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Some of the calculations involved in showing that the sequence converges. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       ((𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (((𝐹𝑁)↑2) − 𝐴) ≤ (((𝐹‘1)↑2) / (4↑(𝑁 − 1))))
 
Theoremresqrexlemnmsq 10757* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The difference between the squares of two terms of the sequence. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 30-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝑁𝑀)       (𝜑 → (((𝐹𝑁)↑2) − ((𝐹𝑀)↑2)) < (((𝐹‘1)↑2) / (4↑(𝑁 − 1))))
 
Theoremresqrexlemnm 10758* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The difference between two terms of the sequence. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   (𝜑𝑁𝑀)       (𝜑 → ((𝐹𝑁) − (𝐹𝑀)) < ((((𝐹‘1)↑2) · 2) / (2↑(𝑁 − 1))))
 
Theoremresqrexlemcvg 10759* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The sequence has a limit. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       (𝜑 → ∃𝑟 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝑟 + 𝑥) ∧ 𝑟 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑥)))
 
Theoremresqrexlemgt0 10760* Lemma for resqrex 10766. A limit is nonnegative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 7-Aug-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑒 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝐿 + 𝑒) ∧ 𝐿 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑒)))       (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐿)
 
Theoremresqrexlemoverl 10761* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Every term in the sequence is an overestimate compared with the limit 𝐿. Although this theorem is stated in terms of a particular sequence the proof could be adapted for any decreasing convergent sequence. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 9-Aug-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑒 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝐿 + 𝑒) ∧ 𝐿 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑒)))    &   (𝜑𝐾 ∈ ℕ)       (𝜑𝐿 ≤ (𝐹𝐾))
 
Theoremresqrexlemglsq 10762* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The sequence formed by squaring each term of 𝐹 converges to (𝐿↑2). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑒 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝐿 + 𝑒) ∧ 𝐿 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑒)))    &   𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ ℕ ↦ ((𝐹𝑥)↑2))       (𝜑 → ∀𝑒 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐺𝑘) < ((𝐿↑2) + 𝑒) ∧ (𝐿↑2) < ((𝐺𝑘) + 𝑒)))
 
Theoremresqrexlemga 10763* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The sequence formed by squaring each term of 𝐹 converges to 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑒 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝐿 + 𝑒) ∧ 𝐿 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑒)))    &   𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ ℕ ↦ ((𝐹𝑥)↑2))       (𝜑 → ∀𝑒 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑘 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐺𝑘) < (𝐴 + 𝑒) ∧ 𝐴 < ((𝐺𝑘) + 𝑒)))
 
Theoremresqrexlemsqa 10764* Lemma for resqrex 10766. The square of a limit is 𝐴. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 7-Aug-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → ∀𝑒 ∈ ℝ+𝑗 ∈ ℕ ∀𝑖 ∈ (ℤ𝑗)((𝐹𝑖) < (𝐿 + 𝑒) ∧ 𝐿 < ((𝐹𝑖) + 𝑒)))       (𝜑 → (𝐿↑2) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremresqrexlemex 10765* Lemma for resqrex 10766. Existence of square root given a sequence which converges to the square root. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2021.)
𝐹 = seq1((𝑦 ∈ ℝ+, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ+ ↦ ((𝑦 + (𝐴 / 𝑦)) / 2)), (ℕ × {(1 + 𝐴)}))    &   (𝜑𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)       (𝜑 → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (0 ≤ 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥↑2) = 𝐴))
 
Theoremresqrex 10766* Existence of a square root for positive reals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2013.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (0 ≤ 𝑥 ∧ (𝑥↑2) = 𝐴))
 
Theoremrsqrmo 10767* Uniqueness for the square root function. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Aug-2021.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → ∃*𝑥 ∈ ℝ ((𝑥↑2) = 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑥))
 
Theoremrersqreu 10768* Existence and uniqueness for the real square root function. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Aug-2021.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → ∃!𝑥 ∈ ℝ ((𝑥↑2) = 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝑥))
 
Theoremresqrtcl 10769 Closure of the square root function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2013.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → (√‘𝐴) ∈ ℝ)
 
Theoremrersqrtthlem 10770 Lemma for resqrtth 10771. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Aug-2021.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → (((√‘𝐴)↑2) = 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ (√‘𝐴)))
 
Theoremresqrtth 10771 Square root theorem over the reals. Theorem I.35 of [Apostol] p. 29. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2013.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → ((√‘𝐴)↑2) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremremsqsqrt 10772 Square of square root. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2013.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → ((√‘𝐴) · (√‘𝐴)) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremsqrtge0 10773 The square root function is nonnegative for nonnegative input. (Contributed by NM, 26-May-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2013.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ (√‘𝐴))
 
Theoremsqrtgt0 10774 The square root function is positive for positive input. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 6-Sep-2013.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 𝐴) → 0 < (√‘𝐴))
 
Theoremsqrtmul 10775 Square root distributes over multiplication. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jul-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵)) → (√‘(𝐴 · 𝐵)) = ((√‘𝐴) · (√‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremsqrtle 10776 Square root is monotonic. (Contributed by NM, 17-Mar-2005.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵)) → (𝐴𝐵 ↔ (√‘𝐴) ≤ (√‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremsqrtlt 10777 Square root is strictly monotonic. Closed form of sqrtlti 10877. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Apr-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵)) → (𝐴 < 𝐵 ↔ (√‘𝐴) < (√‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremsqrt11ap 10778 Analogue to sqrt11 10779 but for apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-Aug-2021.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵)) → ((√‘𝐴) # (√‘𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 # 𝐵))
 
Theoremsqrt11 10779 The square root function is one-to-one. Also see sqrt11ap 10778 which would follow easily from this given excluded middle, but which is proved another way without it. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 11-Jun-2013.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵)) → ((√‘𝐴) = (√‘𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
 
Theoremsqrt00 10780 A square root is zero iff its argument is 0. (Contributed by NM, 27-Jul-1999.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → ((√‘𝐴) = 0 ↔ 𝐴 = 0))
 
Theoremrpsqrtcl 10781 The square root of a positive real is a positive real. (Contributed by NM, 22-Feb-2008.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℝ+ → (√‘𝐴) ∈ ℝ+)
 
Theoremsqrtdiv 10782 Square root distributes over division. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-May-2016.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+) → (√‘(𝐴 / 𝐵)) = ((√‘𝐴) / (√‘𝐵)))
 
Theoremsqrtsq2 10783 Relationship between square root and squares. (Contributed by NM, 31-Jul-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵)) → ((√‘𝐴) = 𝐵𝐴 = (𝐵↑2)))
 
Theoremsqrtsq 10784 Square root of square. (Contributed by NM, 14-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → (√‘(𝐴↑2)) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremsqrtmsq 10785 Square root of square. (Contributed by NM, 2-Aug-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → (√‘(𝐴 · 𝐴)) = 𝐴)
 
Theoremsqrt1 10786 The square root of 1 is 1. (Contributed by NM, 31-Jul-1999.)
(√‘1) = 1
 
Theoremsqrt4 10787 The square root of 4 is 2. (Contributed by NM, 3-Aug-1999.)
(√‘4) = 2
 
Theoremsqrt9 10788 The square root of 9 is 3. (Contributed by NM, 11-May-2004.)
(√‘9) = 3
 
Theoremsqrt2gt1lt2 10789 The square root of 2 is bounded by 1 and 2. (Contributed by Roy F. Longton, 8-Aug-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 6-Sep-2013.)
(1 < (√‘2) ∧ (√‘2) < 2)
 
Theoremabsneg 10790 Absolute value of negative. (Contributed by NM, 27-Feb-2005.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (abs‘-𝐴) = (abs‘𝐴))
 
Theoremabscl 10791 Real closure of absolute value. (Contributed by NM, 3-Oct-1999.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (abs‘𝐴) ∈ ℝ)
 
Theoremabscj 10792 The absolute value of a number and its conjugate are the same. Proposition 10-3.7(b) of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by NM, 28-Apr-2005.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (abs‘(∗‘𝐴)) = (abs‘𝐴))
 
Theoremabsvalsq 10793 Square of value of absolute value function. (Contributed by NM, 16-Jan-2006.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → ((abs‘𝐴)↑2) = (𝐴 · (∗‘𝐴)))
 
Theoremabsvalsq2 10794 Square of value of absolute value function. (Contributed by NM, 1-Feb-2007.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → ((abs‘𝐴)↑2) = (((ℜ‘𝐴)↑2) + ((ℑ‘𝐴)↑2)))
 
Theoremsqabsadd 10795 Square of absolute value of sum. Proposition 10-3.7(g) of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-2007.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ((abs‘(𝐴 + 𝐵))↑2) = ((((abs‘𝐴)↑2) + ((abs‘𝐵)↑2)) + (2 · (ℜ‘(𝐴 · (∗‘𝐵))))))
 
Theoremsqabssub 10796 Square of absolute value of difference. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-2007.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ((abs‘(𝐴𝐵))↑2) = ((((abs‘𝐴)↑2) + ((abs‘𝐵)↑2)) − (2 · (ℜ‘(𝐴 · (∗‘𝐵))))))
 
Theoremabsval2 10797 Value of absolute value function. Definition 10.36 of [Gleason] p. 133. (Contributed by NM, 17-Mar-2005.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (abs‘𝐴) = (√‘(((ℜ‘𝐴)↑2) + ((ℑ‘𝐴)↑2))))
 
Theoremabs0 10798 The absolute value of 0. (Contributed by NM, 26-Mar-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(abs‘0) = 0
 
Theoremabsi 10799 The absolute value of the imaginary unit. (Contributed by NM, 26-Mar-2005.)
(abs‘i) = 1
 
Theoremabsge0 10800 Absolute value is nonnegative. (Contributed by NM, 20-Nov-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℂ → 0 ≤ (abs‘𝐴))
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