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Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 16001-16100   *Has distinct variable group(s)
TypeLabelDescription
Statement
 
Theoremcncongr1 16001 One direction of the bicondition in cncongr 16003. Theorem 5.4 in [ApostolNT] p. 109. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 = (𝑁 / (𝐶 gcd 𝑁)))) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) → (𝐴 mod 𝑀) = (𝐵 mod 𝑀)))
 
Theoremcncongr2 16002 The other direction of the bicondition in cncongr 16003. (Contributed by AV, 11-Jul-2021.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 = (𝑁 / (𝐶 gcd 𝑁)))) → ((𝐴 mod 𝑀) = (𝐵 mod 𝑀) → ((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁)))
 
Theoremcncongr 16003 Cancellability of Congruences (see ProofWiki "Cancellability of Congruences, https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Cancellability_of_Congruences, 10-Jul-2021): Two products with a common factor are congruent modulo a positive integer iff the other factors are congruent modulo the integer divided by the greates common divisor of the integer and the common factor. See also Theorem 5.4 "Cancellation law" in [ApostolNT] p. 109. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 = (𝑁 / (𝐶 gcd 𝑁)))) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) ↔ (𝐴 mod 𝑀) = (𝐵 mod 𝑀)))
 
Theoremcncongrcoprm 16004 Corollary 1 of Cancellability of Congruences: Two products with a common factor are congruent modulo an integer being coprime to the common factor iff the other factors are congruent modulo the integer. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝐶 gcd 𝑁) = 1)) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) ↔ (𝐴 mod 𝑁) = (𝐵 mod 𝑁)))
 
6.2  Elementary prime number theory
 
6.2.1  Elementary properties

Remark: to represent odd prime numbers, i.e., all prime numbers except 2, the idiom 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}) is used. It is a little bit shorter than (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑃 ≠ 2). Both representations can be converted into each other by eldifsn 4713.

 
Syntaxcprime 16005 Extend the definition of a class to include the set of prime numbers.
class
 
Definitiondf-prm 16006* Define the set of prime numbers. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
ℙ = {𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛𝑝} ≈ 2o}
 
Theoremisprm 16007* The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is a positive integer with exactly two positive divisors. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ ℕ ∧ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛𝑃} ≈ 2o))
 
Theoremprmnn 16008 A prime number is a positive integer. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 𝑃 ∈ ℕ)
 
Theoremprmz 16009 A prime number is an integer. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Jonathan Yan, 16-Jul-2017.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 𝑃 ∈ ℤ)
 
Theoremprmssnn 16010 The prime numbers are a subset of the positive integers. (Contributed by AV, 22-Jul-2020.)
ℙ ⊆ ℕ
 
Theoremprmex 16011 The set of prime numbers exists. (Contributed by AV, 22-Jul-2020.)
ℙ ∈ V
 
Theorem0nprm 16012 0 is not a prime number. Already the definition df-prm 16006 excludes 0 from being prime (ℙ = {𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ ...), but even if 𝑝 ∈ ℕ0 was allowed, the condition {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛𝑝} ≈ 2o would not hold for 𝑝 = 0, because {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 0} = ℕ, see dvds0 15615, and ¬ ℕ ≈ 2o (there are more than 2 positive integers). (Contributed by AV, 29-May-2023.)
¬ 0 ∈ ℙ
 
Theorem1nprm 16013 1 is not a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Fan Zheng, 3-Jul-2016.)
¬ 1 ∈ ℙ
 
Theorem1idssfct 16014* The positive divisors of a positive integer include 1 and itself. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
(𝑁 ∈ ℕ → {1, 𝑁} ⊆ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛𝑁})
 
Theoremisprm2lem 16015* Lemma for isprm2 16016. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑃 ≠ 1) → ({𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛𝑃} ≈ 2o ↔ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛𝑃} = {1, 𝑃}))
 
Theoremisprm2 16016* The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2 whose only positive divisors are 1 and itself. Definition in [ApostolNT] p. 16. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ ℕ (𝑧𝑃 → (𝑧 = 1 ∨ 𝑧 = 𝑃))))
 
Theoremisprm3 16017* The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2 with no divisors strictly between 1 and itself. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ (2...(𝑃 − 1)) ¬ 𝑧𝑃))
 
Theoremisprm4 16018* The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2 whose only divisor greater than or equal to 2 is itself. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ (ℤ‘2)(𝑧𝑃𝑧 = 𝑃)))
 
Theoremprmind2 16019* A variation on prmind 16020 assuming complete induction for primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
(𝑥 = 1 → (𝜑𝜓))    &   (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑𝜒))    &   (𝑥 = 𝑧 → (𝜑𝜃))    &   (𝑥 = (𝑦 · 𝑧) → (𝜑𝜏))    &   (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑𝜂))    &   𝜓    &   ((𝑥 ∈ ℙ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ (1...(𝑥 − 1))𝜒) → 𝜑)    &   ((𝑦 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ 𝑧 ∈ (ℤ‘2)) → ((𝜒𝜃) → 𝜏))       (𝐴 ∈ ℕ → 𝜂)
 
Theoremprmind 16020* Perform induction over the multiplicative structure of . If a property 𝜑(𝑥) holds for the primes and 1 and is preserved under multiplication, then it holds for every positive integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
(𝑥 = 1 → (𝜑𝜓))    &   (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑𝜒))    &   (𝑥 = 𝑧 → (𝜑𝜃))    &   (𝑥 = (𝑦 · 𝑧) → (𝜑𝜏))    &   (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑𝜂))    &   𝜓    &   (𝑥 ∈ ℙ → 𝜑)    &   ((𝑦 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ 𝑧 ∈ (ℤ‘2)) → ((𝜒𝜃) → 𝜏))       (𝐴 ∈ ℕ → 𝜂)
 
Theoremdvdsprime 16021 If 𝑀 divides a prime, then 𝑀 is either the prime or one. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Apr-2014.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ) → (𝑀𝑃 ↔ (𝑀 = 𝑃𝑀 = 1)))
 
Theoremnprm 16022 A product of two integers greater than one is composite. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (ℤ‘2)) → ¬ (𝐴 · 𝐵) ∈ ℙ)
 
Theoremnprmi 16023 An inference for compositeness. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Feb-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
𝐴 ∈ ℕ    &   𝐵 ∈ ℕ    &   1 < 𝐴    &   1 < 𝐵    &   (𝐴 · 𝐵) = 𝑁        ¬ 𝑁 ∈ ℙ
 
Theoremdvdsnprmd 16024 If a number is divisible by an integer greater than 1 and less than the number, the number is not prime. (Contributed by AV, 24-Jul-2021.)
(𝜑 → 1 < 𝐴)    &   (𝜑𝐴 < 𝑁)    &   (𝜑𝐴𝑁)       (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑁 ∈ ℙ)
 
Theoremprm2orodd 16025 A prime number is either 2 or odd. (Contributed by AV, 19-Jun-2021.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ → (𝑃 = 2 ∨ ¬ 2 ∥ 𝑃))
 
Theorem2prm 16026 2 is a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Fan Zheng, 16-Jun-2016.)
2 ∈ ℙ
 
Theorem2mulprm 16027 A multiple of two is prime iff the multiplier is one. (Contributed by AV, 8-Jun-2023.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℤ → ((2 · 𝐴) ∈ ℙ ↔ 𝐴 = 1))
 
Theorem3prm 16028 3 is a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
3 ∈ ℙ
 
Theorem4nprm 16029 4 is not a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Feb-2014.)
¬ 4 ∈ ℙ
 
Theoremprmuz2 16030 A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘2))
 
Theoremprmgt1 16031 A prime number is an integer greater than 1. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 17-May-2018.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 1 < 𝑃)
 
Theoremprmm2nn0 16032 Subtracting 2 from a prime number results in a nonnegative integer. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Aug-2018.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ → (𝑃 − 2) ∈ ℕ0)
 
Theoremoddprmgt2 16033 An odd prime is greater than 2. (Contributed by AV, 20-Aug-2021.)
(𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}) → 2 < 𝑃)
 
Theoremoddprmge3 16034 An odd prime is greater than or equal to 3. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 7-Oct-2018.) (Revised by AV, 20-Aug-2021.)
(𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}) → 𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘3))
 
Theoremge2nprmge4 16035 A composite integer greater than or equal to 2 is greater than or equal to 4. (Contributed by AV, 5-Jun-2023.)
((𝑋 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ 𝑋 ∉ ℙ) → 𝑋 ∈ (ℤ‘4))
 
Theoremsqnprm 16036 A square is never prime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℤ → ¬ (𝐴↑2) ∈ ℙ)
 
Theoremdvdsprm 16037 An integer greater than or equal to 2 divides a prime number iff it is equal to it. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
((𝑁 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ 𝑃 ∈ ℙ) → (𝑁𝑃𝑁 = 𝑃))
 
Theoremexprmfct 16038* Every integer greater than or equal to 2 has a prime factor. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
(𝑁 ∈ (ℤ‘2) → ∃𝑝 ∈ ℙ 𝑝𝑁)
 
Theoremprmdvdsfz 16039* Each integer greater than 1 and less then or equal to a fixed number is divisible by a prime less then or equal to this fixed number. (Contributed by AV, 15-Aug-2020.)
((𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐼 ∈ (2...𝑁)) → ∃𝑝 ∈ ℙ (𝑝𝑁𝑝𝐼))
 
Theoremnprmdvds1 16040 No prime number divides 1. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ → ¬ 𝑃 ∥ 1)
 
Theoremisprm5 16041* One need only check prime divisors of 𝑃 up to 𝑃 in order to ensure primality. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Feb-2014.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ ℙ ((𝑧↑2) ≤ 𝑃 → ¬ 𝑧𝑃)))
 
Theoremisprm7 16042* One need only check prime divisors of 𝑃 up to 𝑃 in order to ensure primality. This version of isprm5 16041 combines the primality and bound on 𝑧 into a finite interval of prime numbers. (Contributed by Steve Rodriguez, 20-Jan-2020.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ ((2...(⌊‘(√‘𝑃))) ∩ ℙ) ¬ 𝑧𝑃))
 
Theoremmaxprmfct 16043* The set of prime factors of an integer greater than or equal to 2 satisfies the conditions to have a supremum, and that supremum is a member of the set. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.)
𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ ℙ ∣ 𝑧𝑁}       (𝑁 ∈ (ℤ‘2) → ((𝑆 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑆 ≠ ∅ ∧ ∃𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑦𝑆 𝑦𝑥) ∧ sup(𝑆, ℝ, < ) ∈ 𝑆))
 
Theoremdivgcdodd 16044 Either 𝐴 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) is odd or 𝐵 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) is odd. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 19-Apr-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (¬ 2 ∥ (𝐴 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵)) ∨ ¬ 2 ∥ (𝐵 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵))))
 
6.2.2  Coprimality and Euclid's lemma (cont.)

This section is about coprimality with respect to primes, and a special version of Euclid's lemma for primes is provided, see euclemma 16047.

 
Theoremcoprm 16045 A prime number either divides an integer or is coprime to it, but not both. Theorem 1.8 in [ApostolNT] p. 17. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (¬ 𝑃𝑁 ↔ (𝑃 gcd 𝑁) = 1))
 
Theoremprmrp 16046 Unequal prime numbers are relatively prime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ) → ((𝑃 gcd 𝑄) = 1 ↔ 𝑃𝑄))
 
Theoremeuclemma 16047 Euclid's lemma. A prime number divides the product of two integers iff it divides at least one of them. Theorem 1.9 in [ApostolNT] p. 17. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝑀 · 𝑁) ↔ (𝑃𝑀𝑃𝑁)))
 
Theoremisprm6 16048* A number is prime iff it satisfies Euclid's lemma euclemma 16047. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Sep-2015.)
(𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ‘2) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℤ (𝑃 ∥ (𝑥 · 𝑦) → (𝑃𝑥𝑃𝑦))))
 
Theoremprmdvdsexp 16049 A prime divides a positive power of an integer iff it divides the integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-Jul-2014.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝐴𝑁) ↔ 𝑃𝐴))
 
Theoremprmdvdsexpb 16050 A prime divides a positive power of another iff they are equal. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 30-Nov-2012.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝑄𝑁) ↔ 𝑃 = 𝑄))
 
Theoremprmdvdsexpr 16051 If a prime divides a nonnegative power of another, then they are equal. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Jan-2015.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝑄𝑁) → 𝑃 = 𝑄))
 
Theoremprmexpb 16052 Two positive prime powers are equal iff the primes and the powers are equal. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 30-Nov-2012.)
(((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ) ∧ (𝑀 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ)) → ((𝑃𝑀) = (𝑄𝑁) ↔ (𝑃 = 𝑄𝑀 = 𝑁)))
 
Theoremprmfac1 16053 The factorial of a number only contains primes less than the base. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Mar-2014.)
((𝑁 ∈ ℕ0𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑃 ∥ (!‘𝑁)) → 𝑃𝑁)
 
Theoremrpexp 16054 If two numbers 𝐴 and 𝐵 are relatively prime, then they are still relatively prime if raised to a power. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (((𝐴𝑁) gcd 𝐵) = 1 ↔ (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1))
 
Theoremrpexp1i 16055 Relative primality passes to asymmetric powers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 27-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ0) → ((𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1 → ((𝐴𝑀) gcd 𝐵) = 1))
 
Theoremrpexp12i 16056 Relative primality passes to symmetric powers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 27-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝑀 ∈ ℕ0𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)) → ((𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1 → ((𝐴𝑀) gcd (𝐵𝑁)) = 1))
 
Theoremprmndvdsfaclt 16057 A prime number does not divide the factorial of a nonnegative integer less than the prime number. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝑁 < 𝑃 → ¬ 𝑃 ∥ (!‘𝑁)))
 
Theoremncoprmlnprm 16058 If two positive integers are not coprime, the larger of them is not a prime number. (Contributed by AV, 9-Aug-2020.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐴 < 𝐵) → (1 < (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) → 𝐵 ∉ ℙ))
 
Theoremcncongrprm 16059 Corollary 2 of Cancellability of Congruences: Two products with a common factor are congruent modulo a prime number not dividing the common factor iff the other factors are congruent modulo the prime number. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ ¬ 𝑃𝐶)) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑃) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑃) ↔ (𝐴 mod 𝑃) = (𝐵 mod 𝑃)))
 
Theoremisevengcd2 16060 The predicate "is an even number". An even number and 2 have 2 as greatest common divisor. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jul-2020.) (Revised by AV, 8-Aug-2021.)
(𝑍 ∈ ℤ → (2 ∥ 𝑍 ↔ (2 gcd 𝑍) = 2))
 
Theoremisoddgcd1 16061 The predicate "is an odd number". An odd number and 2 have 1 as greatest common divisor. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jul-2020.) (Revised by AV, 8-Aug-2021.)
(𝑍 ∈ ℤ → (¬ 2 ∥ 𝑍 ↔ (2 gcd 𝑍) = 1))
 
Theorem3lcm2e6 16062 The least common multiple of three and two is six. The operands are unequal primes and thus coprime, so the result is (the absolute value of) their product. (Contributed by Steve Rodriguez, 20-Jan-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Aug-2020.)
(3 lcm 2) = 6
 
6.2.3  Properties of the canonical representation of a rational
 
Syntaxcnumer 16063 Extend class notation to include canonical numerator function.
class numer
 
Syntaxcdenom 16064 Extend class notation to include canonical denominator function.
class denom
 
Definitiondf-numer 16065* The canonical numerator of a rational is the numerator of the rational's reduced fraction representation (no common factors, denominator positive). (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
numer = (𝑦 ∈ ℚ ↦ (1st ‘(𝑥 ∈ (ℤ × ℕ)(((1st𝑥) gcd (2nd𝑥)) = 1 ∧ 𝑦 = ((1st𝑥) / (2nd𝑥))))))
 
Definitiondf-denom 16066* The canonical denominator of a rational is the denominator of the rational's reduced fraction representation (no common factors, denominator positive). (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
denom = (𝑦 ∈ ℚ ↦ (2nd ‘(𝑥 ∈ (ℤ × ℕ)(((1st𝑥) gcd (2nd𝑥)) = 1 ∧ 𝑦 = ((1st𝑥) / (2nd𝑥))))))
 
Theoremqnumval 16067* Value of the canonical numerator function. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (numer‘𝐴) = (1st ‘(𝑥 ∈ (ℤ × ℕ)(((1st𝑥) gcd (2nd𝑥)) = 1 ∧ 𝐴 = ((1st𝑥) / (2nd𝑥))))))
 
Theoremqdenval 16068* Value of the canonical denominator function. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (denom‘𝐴) = (2nd ‘(𝑥 ∈ (ℤ × ℕ)(((1st𝑥) gcd (2nd𝑥)) = 1 ∧ 𝐴 = ((1st𝑥) / (2nd𝑥))))))
 
Theoremqnumdencl 16069 Lemma for qnumcl 16070 and qdencl 16071. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → ((numer‘𝐴) ∈ ℤ ∧ (denom‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ))
 
Theoremqnumcl 16070 The canonical numerator of a rational is an integer. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (numer‘𝐴) ∈ ℤ)
 
Theoremqdencl 16071 The canonical denominator is a positive integer. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (denom‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ)
 
Theoremfnum 16072 Canonical numerator defines a function. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
numer:ℚ⟶ℤ
 
Theoremfden 16073 Canonical denominator defines a function. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
denom:ℚ⟶ℕ
 
Theoremqnumdenbi 16074 Two numbers are the canonical representation of a rational iff they are coprime and have the right quotient. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℚ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℕ) → (((𝐵 gcd 𝐶) = 1 ∧ 𝐴 = (𝐵 / 𝐶)) ↔ ((numer‘𝐴) = 𝐵 ∧ (denom‘𝐴) = 𝐶)))
 
Theoremqnumdencoprm 16075 The canonical representation of a rational is fully reduced. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → ((numer‘𝐴) gcd (denom‘𝐴)) = 1)
 
Theoremqeqnumdivden 16076 Recover a rational number from its canonical representation. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → 𝐴 = ((numer‘𝐴) / (denom‘𝐴)))
 
Theoremqmuldeneqnum 16077 Multiplying a rational by its denominator results in an integer. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (𝐴 · (denom‘𝐴)) = (numer‘𝐴))
 
Theoremdivnumden 16078 Calculate the reduced form of a quotient using gcd. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → ((numer‘(𝐴 / 𝐵)) = (𝐴 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵)) ∧ (denom‘(𝐴 / 𝐵)) = (𝐵 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵))))
 
Theoremdivdenle 16079 Reducing a quotient never increases the denominator. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (denom‘(𝐴 / 𝐵)) ≤ 𝐵)
 
Theoremqnumgt0 16080 A rational is positive iff its canonical numerator is. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (0 < 𝐴 ↔ 0 < (numer‘𝐴)))
 
Theoremqgt0numnn 16081 A rational is positive iff its canonical numerator is a positive integer. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℚ ∧ 0 < 𝐴) → (numer‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ)
 
Theoremnn0gcdsq 16082 Squaring commutes with GCD, in particular two coprime numbers have coprime squares. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℕ0𝐵 ∈ ℕ0) → ((𝐴 gcd 𝐵)↑2) = ((𝐴↑2) gcd (𝐵↑2)))
 
Theoremzgcdsq 16083 nn0gcdsq 16082 extended to integers by symmetry. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐴 gcd 𝐵)↑2) = ((𝐴↑2) gcd (𝐵↑2)))
 
Theoremnumdensq 16084 Squaring a rational squares its canonical components. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → ((numer‘(𝐴↑2)) = ((numer‘𝐴)↑2) ∧ (denom‘(𝐴↑2)) = ((denom‘𝐴)↑2)))
 
Theoremnumsq 16085 Square commutes with canonical numerator. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (numer‘(𝐴↑2)) = ((numer‘𝐴)↑2))
 
Theoremdensq 16086 Square commutes with canonical denominator. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → (denom‘(𝐴↑2)) = ((denom‘𝐴)↑2))
 
Theoremqden1elz 16087 A rational is an integer iff it has denominator 1. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
(𝐴 ∈ ℚ → ((denom‘𝐴) = 1 ↔ 𝐴 ∈ ℤ))
 
Theoremzsqrtelqelz 16088 If an integer has a rational square root, that root is must be an integer. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ (√‘𝐴) ∈ ℚ) → (√‘𝐴) ∈ ℤ)
 
Theoremnonsq 16089 Any integer strictly between two adjacent squares has an irrational square root. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Sep-2014.)
(((𝐴 ∈ ℕ0𝐵 ∈ ℕ0) ∧ ((𝐵↑2) < 𝐴𝐴 < ((𝐵 + 1)↑2))) → ¬ (√‘𝐴) ∈ ℚ)
 
6.2.4  Euler's theorem
 
Syntaxcodz 16090 Extend class notation with the order function on the class of integers mod N.
class od
 
Syntaxcphi 16091 Extend class notation with the Euler phi function.
class ϕ
 
Definitiondf-odz 16092* Define the order function on the class of integers mod N. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.) (Revised by AV, 26-Sep-2020.)
od = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ (𝑥 ∈ {𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∣ (𝑥 gcd 𝑛) = 1} ↦ inf({𝑚 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ ((𝑥𝑚) − 1)}, ℝ, < )))
 
Definitiondf-phi 16093* Define the Euler phi function (also called "Euler totient function"), which counts the number of integers less than 𝑛 and coprime to it, see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 25. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
ϕ = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ (♯‘{𝑥 ∈ (1...𝑛) ∣ (𝑥 gcd 𝑛) = 1}))
 
Theoremphival 16094* Value of the Euler ϕ function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
(𝑁 ∈ ℕ → (ϕ‘𝑁) = (♯‘{𝑥 ∈ (1...𝑁) ∣ (𝑥 gcd 𝑁) = 1}))
 
Theoremphicl2 16095 Bounds and closure for the value of the Euler ϕ function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
(𝑁 ∈ ℕ → (ϕ‘𝑁) ∈ (1...𝑁))
 
Theoremphicl 16096 Closure for the value of the Euler ϕ function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Feb-2014.)
(𝑁 ∈ ℕ → (ϕ‘𝑁) ∈ ℕ)
 
Theoremphibndlem 16097* Lemma for phibnd 16098. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
(𝑁 ∈ (ℤ‘2) → {𝑥 ∈ (1...𝑁) ∣ (𝑥 gcd 𝑁) = 1} ⊆ (1...(𝑁 − 1)))
 
Theoremphibnd 16098 A slightly tighter bound on the value of the Euler ϕ function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
(𝑁 ∈ (ℤ‘2) → (ϕ‘𝑁) ≤ (𝑁 − 1))
 
Theoremphicld 16099 Closure for the value of the Euler ϕ function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-May-2016.)
(𝜑𝑁 ∈ ℕ)       (𝜑 → (ϕ‘𝑁) ∈ ℕ)
 
Theoremphi1 16100 Value of the Euler ϕ function at 1. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
(ϕ‘1) = 1
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