Axiom ax-sep 5239

Description: Axiom scheme of separation. This is an axiom scheme of Zermelo and Zermelo-Fraenkel set theories.

It was derived as axsep 5238 above and is therefore redundant in ZF set theory, which contains ax-rep 5222 as an axiom (contrary to Zermelo set theory). We state it as a separate axiom here so that some of its uses can be identified more easily. Some textbooks present the axiom scheme of separation as a separate axiom scheme in order to show that much of set theory can be derived without the stronger axiom scheme of replacement (which is not part of Zermelo set theory).

The axiom scheme of separation is a weak form of Frege's axiom scheme of (unrestricted) comprehension, in that it conditions it with the condition 𝑥 ∈ 𝑧, so that it asserts the existence of a collection only if it is smaller than some other collection 𝑧 that already exists. This prevents Russell's paradox ru 3736. In some texts, this scheme is called "Aussonderung" (German for "separation") or "Subset Axiom".

The variable 𝑥 can occur in the formula 𝜑, which in textbooks is often written 𝜑(𝑥). To specify this in the Metamath language, we omit the distinct variable condition ($d) that 𝑥 not occur in 𝜑.

For a version using a class variable, see zfauscl 5241, which requires the axiom of extensionality as well as the axiom scheme of separation for its derivation.

If we omit the requirement that 𝑦 not occur in 𝜑, we can derive a contradiction, as notzfaus 5306 shows (showing the necessity of that condition in zfauscl 5241).

Scheme Sep of [BellMachover] p. 463. (Contributed by NM, 11-Sep-2006.)

Assertion

Ref	Expression
ax-sep	⊢ ∃𝑦∀𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ (𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∧ 𝜑))

Distinct variable groups:   𝑥,𝑦,𝑧   𝜑,𝑦,𝑧

Allowed substitution hint:   𝜑(𝑥)

Detailed syntax breakdown of Axiom ax-sep

Step	Hyp	Ref	Expression
1		vx	. . . . 5 setvar 𝑥
2		vy	. . . . 5 setvar 𝑦
3	1, 2	wel 2114	. . . 4 wff 𝑥 ∈ 𝑦
4		vz	. . . . . 6 setvar 𝑧
5	1, 4	wel 2114	. . . . 5 wff 𝑥 ∈ 𝑧
6		wph	. . . . 5 wff 𝜑
7	5, 6	wa 395	. . . 4 wff (𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∧ 𝜑)
8	3, 7	wb 206	. . 3 wff (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ (𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∧ 𝜑))
9	8, 1	wal 1539	. 2 wff ∀𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ (𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∧ 𝜑))
10	9, 2	wex 1780	1 wff ∃𝑦∀𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ (𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∧ 𝜑))

This axiom is referenced by:  axsepg  5240  zfauscl  5241  sepexlem  5242  bm1.3iiOLD  5245  ax6vsep  5246  axnul  5248  nalset  5256  axsepg2  35187  axsepg2ALT  35188  bj-zfauscl  37068  bj-bm1.3ii  37208  ssclaxsep  45165