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Description: Russell's Paradox.
Proposition 4.14 of [TakeutiZaring] p.
14.
In the late 1800s, Frege's Axiom of (unrestricted) Comprehension, expressed in our notation as 𝐴 ∈ V, asserted that any collection of sets 𝐴 is a set i.e. belongs to the universe V of all sets. In particular, by substituting {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} (the "Russell class") for 𝐴, it asserted {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∈ V, meaning that the "collection of all sets which are not members of themselves" is a set. However, here we prove {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∉ V. This contradiction was discovered by Russell in 1901 (published in 1903), invalidating the Comprehension Axiom and leading to the collapse of Frege's system, which Frege acknowledged in the second edition of his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik. In 1908, Zermelo rectified this fatal flaw by replacing Comprehension with a weaker Subset (or Separation) Axiom ssex 5249 asserting that 𝐴 is a set only when it is smaller than some other set 𝐵. However, Zermelo was then faced with a "chicken and egg" problem of how to show 𝐵 is a set, leading him to introduce the set-building axioms of Null Set 0ex 5235, Pairing prex 5359, Union uniex 7589, Power Set pwex 5307, and Infinity omex 9389 to give him some starting sets to work with (all of which, before Russell's Paradox, were immediate consequences of Frege's Comprehension). In 1922 Fraenkel strengthened the Subset Axiom with our present Replacement Axiom funimaex 6519 (whose modern formalization is due to Skolem, also in 1922). Thus, in a very real sense Russell's Paradox spawned the invention of ZF set theory and completely revised the foundations of mathematics! Another mainstream formalization of set theory, devised by von Neumann, Bernays, and Goedel, uses class variables rather than setvar variables as its primitives. The axiom system NBG in [Mendelson] p. 225 is suitable for a Metamath encoding. NBG is a conservative extension of ZF in that it proves exactly the same theorems as ZF that are expressible in the language of ZF. An advantage of NBG is that it is finitely axiomatizable - the Axiom of Replacement can be broken down into a finite set of formulas that eliminate its wff metavariable. Finite axiomatizability is required by some proof languages (although not by Metamath). There is a stronger version of NBG called Morse-Kelley (axiom system MK in [Mendelson] p. 287). Russell himself continued in a different direction, avoiding the paradox with his "theory of types". Quine extended Russell's ideas to formulate his New Foundations set theory (axiom system NF of [Quine] p. 331). In NF, the collection of all sets is a set, contrarily to ZF and NBG set theories. Russell's paradox has other consequences: when classes are too large (beyond the size of those used in standard mathematics), the axiom of choice ac4 10242 and Cantor's theorem canth 7226 are provably false. (See ncanth 7227 for some intuition behind the latter.) Recent results (as of 2014) seem to show that NF is equiconsistent to Z (ZF in which ax-sep 5227 replaces ax-rep 5214) with ax-sep 5227 restricted to only bounded quantifiers. NF is finitely axiomatizable and can be encoded in Metamath using the axioms from T. Hailperin, "A set of axioms for logic", J. Symb. Logic 9:1-19 (1944). Under our ZF set theory, every set is a member of the Russell class by elirrv 9343 (derived from the Axiom of Regularity), so for us the Russell class equals the universe V (Theorem ruv 9349). See ruALT 9350 for an alternate proof of ru 3719 derived from that fact. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.) Remove use of ax-13 2374. (Revised by BJ, 12-Oct-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
Ref | Expression |
---|---|
ru | ⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∉ V |
Step | Hyp | Ref | Expression |
---|---|---|---|
1 | pm5.19 388 | . . . . . 6 ⊢ ¬ (𝑦 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ ¬ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦) | |
2 | eleq1w 2823 | . . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦)) | |
3 | df-nel 3052 | . . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ (𝑥 ∉ 𝑥 ↔ ¬ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥) | |
4 | id 22 | . . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑥 = 𝑦) | |
5 | 4, 4 | eleq12d 2835 | . . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝑥 ↔ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦)) |
6 | 5 | notbid 318 | . . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (¬ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥 ↔ ¬ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦)) |
7 | 3, 6 | bitrid 282 | . . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥 ∉ 𝑥 ↔ ¬ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦)) |
8 | 2, 7 | bibi12d 346 | . . . . . . 7 ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → ((𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥) ↔ (𝑦 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ ¬ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦))) |
9 | 8 | spvv 2004 | . . . . . 6 ⊢ (∀𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥) → (𝑦 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ ¬ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦)) |
10 | 1, 9 | mto 196 | . . . . 5 ⊢ ¬ ∀𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥) |
11 | abeq2 2874 | . . . . 5 ⊢ (𝑦 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ↔ ∀𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥)) | |
12 | 10, 11 | mtbir 323 | . . . 4 ⊢ ¬ 𝑦 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} |
13 | 12 | nex 1807 | . . 3 ⊢ ¬ ∃𝑦 𝑦 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} |
14 | isset 3444 | . . 3 ⊢ ({𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∈ V ↔ ∃𝑦 𝑦 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥}) | |
15 | 13, 14 | mtbir 323 | . 2 ⊢ ¬ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∈ V |
16 | 15 | nelir 3054 | 1 ⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∉ V |
Colors of variables: wff setvar class |
Syntax hints: ¬ wn 3 ↔ wb 205 ∀wal 1540 = wceq 1542 ∃wex 1786 ∈ wcel 2110 {cab 2717 ∉ wnel 3051 Vcvv 3431 |
This theorem was proved from axioms: ax-mp 5 ax-1 6 ax-2 7 ax-3 8 ax-gen 1802 ax-4 1816 ax-5 1917 ax-6 1975 ax-7 2015 ax-8 2112 ax-9 2120 ax-10 2141 ax-11 2158 ax-12 2175 ax-ext 2711 |
This theorem depends on definitions: df-bi 206 df-an 397 df-or 845 df-tru 1545 df-ex 1787 df-nf 1791 df-sb 2072 df-clab 2718 df-cleq 2732 df-clel 2818 df-nel 3052 df-v 3433 |
This theorem is referenced by: (None) |
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