Definition df-bi 199

Description: Define the biconditional (logical "iff" or "if and only if").

The definition df-bi 199 in this section is our first definition, which introduces and defines the biconditional connective ↔. We define a wff of the form (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) as an abbreviation for ¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)).

Unlike most traditional developments, we have chosen not to have a separate symbol such as "Df." to mean "is defined as". Instead, we will later use the biconditional connective for this purpose (df-or 837 is its first use), as it allows us to use logic to manipulate definitions directly. This greatly simplifies many proofs since it eliminates the need for a separate mechanism for introducing and eliminating definitions. Of course, we cannot use this mechanism to define the biconditional itself, since it hasn't been introduced yet. Instead, we use a more general form of definition, described as follows.

In its most general form, a definition is simply an assertion that introduces a new symbol (or a new combination of existing symbols, as in df-3an 1073) that is eliminable and does not strengthen the existing language. The latter requirement means that the set of provable statements not containing the new symbol (or new combination) should remain exactly the same after the definition is introduced. Our definition of the biconditional may look unusual compared to most definitions, but it strictly satisfies these requirements.

The justification for our definition is that if we mechanically replace (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) (the definiendum i.e. the thing being defined) with ¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)) (the definiens i.e. the defining expression) in the definition, the definition becomes the previously proved theorem bijust 197. It is impossible to use df-bi 199 to prove any statement expressed in the original language that can't be proved from the original axioms, because if we simply replace each instance of df-bi 199 in the proof with the corresponding bijust 197 instance, we will end up with a proof from the original axioms.

Note that from Metamath's point of view, a definition is just another axiom - i.e. an assertion we claim to be true - but from our high level point of view, we are not strengthening the language. To indicate this fact, we prefix definition labels with "df-" instead of "ax-". (This prefixing is an informal convention that means nothing to the Metamath proof verifier; it is just a naming convention for human readability.)

After we define the constant true ⊤ (df-tru 1605) and the constant false ⊥ (df-fal 1615), we will be able to prove these truth table values: ((⊤ ↔ ⊤) ↔ ⊤) (trubitru 1631), ((⊤ ↔ ⊥) ↔ ⊥) (trubifal 1633), ((⊥ ↔ ⊤) ↔ ⊥) (falbitru 1632), and ((⊥ ↔ ⊥) ↔ ⊤) (falbifal 1634).

See dfbi1 205, dfbi2 468, and dfbi3 1033 for theorems suggesting typical textbook definitions of ↔, showing that our definition has the properties we expect. Theorem dfbi1 205 is particularly useful if we want to eliminate ↔ from an expression to convert it to primitives. Theorem dfbi 469 shows this definition rewritten in an abbreviated form after conjunction is introduced, for easier understanding.

Contrast with ∨ (df-or 837), → (wi 4), ⊼ (df-nan 1558), and ⊻ (df-xor 1583). In some sense ↔ returns true if two truth values are equal; = (df-cleq 2770) returns true if two classes are equal. (Contributed by NM, 27-Dec-1992.)

Assertion

Ref	Expression
df-bi	⊢ ¬ (((𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) → ¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑))) → ¬ (¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)))

Detailed syntax breakdown of Definition df-bi

Step	Hyp	Ref	Expression
1		wph	. . . . 5 wff 𝜑
2		wps	. . . . 5 wff 𝜓
3	1, 2	wb 198	. . . 4 wff (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)
4	1, 2	wi 4	. . . . . 6 wff (𝜑 → 𝜓)
5	2, 1	wi 4	. . . . . . 7 wff (𝜓 → 𝜑)
6	5	wn 3	. . . . . 6 wff ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)
7	4, 6	wi 4	. . . . 5 wff ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑))
8	7	wn 3	. . . 4 wff ¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑))
9	3, 8	wi 4	. . 3 wff ((𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) → ¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)))
10	8, 3	wi 4	. . . 4 wff (¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))
11	10	wn 3	. . 3 wff ¬ (¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))
12	9, 11	wi 4	. 2 wff (((𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) → ¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑))) → ¬ (¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)))
13	12	wn 3	1 wff ¬ (((𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) → ¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑))) → ¬ (¬ ((𝜑 → 𝜓) → ¬ (𝜓 → 𝜑)) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)))

This definition is referenced by:  impbi  200  dfbi1  205  dfbi1ALT  206  biimp  207