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Theorem ru 2853
Description: Russell's Paradox. Proposition 4.14 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 14.

In the late 1800s, Frege's Axiom of (unrestricted) Comprehension, expressed in our notation as 𝐴 ∈ V, asserted that any collection of sets 𝐴 is a set i.e. belongs to the universe V of all sets. In particular, by substituting {𝑥𝑥𝑥} (the "Russell class") for 𝐴, it asserted {𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∈ V, meaning that the "collection of all sets which are not members of themselves" is a set. However, here we prove {𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∉ V. This contradiction was discovered by Russell in 1901 (published in 1903), invalidating the Comprehension Axiom and leading to the collapse of Frege's system.

In 1908, Zermelo rectified this fatal flaw by replacing Comprehension with a weaker Subset (or Separation) Axiom asserting that 𝐴 is a set only when it is smaller than some other set 𝐵. The intuitionistic set theory IZF includes such a separation axiom, Axiom 6 of [Crosilla] p. "Axioms of CZF and IZF", which we include as ax-sep 3978. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.)

Assertion
Ref Expression
ru {𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∉ V

Proof of Theorem ru
Dummy variable 𝑦 is distinct from all other variables.
StepHypRef Expression
1 pm5.19 660 . . . . . 6 ¬ (𝑦𝑦 ↔ ¬ 𝑦𝑦)
2 eleq1 2157 . . . . . . . 8 (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦))
3 df-nel 2358 . . . . . . . . 9 (𝑥𝑥 ↔ ¬ 𝑥𝑥)
4 id 19 . . . . . . . . . . 11 (𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑦)
54, 4eleq12d 2165 . . . . . . . . . 10 (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦))
65notbid 630 . . . . . . . . 9 (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (¬ 𝑥𝑥 ↔ ¬ 𝑦𝑦))
73, 6syl5bb 191 . . . . . . . 8 (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥𝑥 ↔ ¬ 𝑦𝑦))
82, 7bibi12d 234 . . . . . . 7 (𝑥 = 𝑦 → ((𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑥) ↔ (𝑦𝑦 ↔ ¬ 𝑦𝑦)))
98spv 1795 . . . . . 6 (∀𝑥(𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑥) → (𝑦𝑦 ↔ ¬ 𝑦𝑦))
101, 9mto 626 . . . . 5 ¬ ∀𝑥(𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑥)
11 abeq2 2203 . . . . 5 (𝑦 = {𝑥𝑥𝑥} ↔ ∀𝑥(𝑥𝑦𝑥𝑥))
1210, 11mtbir 634 . . . 4 ¬ 𝑦 = {𝑥𝑥𝑥}
1312nex 1441 . . 3 ¬ ∃𝑦 𝑦 = {𝑥𝑥𝑥}
14 isset 2639 . . 3 ({𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∈ V ↔ ∃𝑦 𝑦 = {𝑥𝑥𝑥})
1513, 14mtbir 634 . 2 ¬ {𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∈ V
16 df-nel 2358 . 2 ({𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∉ V ↔ ¬ {𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∈ V)
1715, 16mpbir 145 1 {𝑥𝑥𝑥} ∉ V
Colors of variables: wff set class
Syntax hints:  ¬ wn 3  wb 104  wal 1294   = wceq 1296  wex 1433  wcel 1445  {cab 2081  wnel 2357  Vcvv 2633
This theorem was proved from axioms:  ax-1 5  ax-2 6  ax-mp 7  ax-ia1 105  ax-ia2 106  ax-ia3 107  ax-in1 582  ax-in2 583  ax-5 1388  ax-7 1389  ax-gen 1390  ax-ie1 1434  ax-ie2 1435  ax-8 1447  ax-11 1449  ax-4 1452  ax-17 1471  ax-i9 1475  ax-ial 1479  ax-i5r 1480  ax-ext 2077
This theorem depends on definitions:  df-bi 116  df-tru 1299  df-fal 1302  df-nf 1402  df-sb 1700  df-clab 2082  df-cleq 2088  df-clel 2091  df-nel 2358  df-v 2635
This theorem is referenced by: (None)
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