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Theorem carden 10591
Description: Two sets are equinumerous iff their cardinal numbers are equal. This important theorem expresses the essential concept behind "cardinality" or "size". This theorem appears as Proposition 10.10 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 85, Theorem 7P of [Enderton] p. 197, and Theorem 9 of [Suppes] p. 242 (among others). The Axiom of Choice is required for its proof. Related theorems are hasheni 14387 and the finite-set-only hashen 14386.

This theorem is also known as Hume's Principle. Gottlob Frege's two-volume Grundgesetze der Arithmetik used his Basic Law V to prove this theorem. Unfortunately Basic Law V caused Frege's system to be inconsistent because it was subject to Russell's paradox (see ru 3786). Later scholars have found that Frege primarily used Basic Law V to Hume's Principle. If Basic Law V is replaced by Hume's Principle in Frege's system, much of Frege's work is restored. Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, once Basic Law V is replaced, proves "Frege's theorem" (the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived in second-order logic from Hume's principle). See https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-theorem 3786. We take a different approach, using first-order logic and ZFC, to prove the Peano axioms of arithmetic.

The theory of cardinality can also be developed without AC by introducing "card" as a primitive notion and stating this theorem as an axiom, as is done with the axiom for cardinal numbers in [Suppes] p. 111. Finally, if we allow the Axiom of Regularity, we can avoid AC by defining the cardinal number of a set as the set of all sets equinumerous to it and having the least possible rank (see karden 9935). (Contributed by NM, 22-Oct-2003.)

Assertion
Ref Expression
carden ((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) → ((card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵) ↔ 𝐴𝐵))

Proof of Theorem carden
StepHypRef Expression
1 numth3 10510 . . . . . 6 (𝐴𝐶𝐴 ∈ dom card)
21ad2antrr 726 . . . . 5 (((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) ∧ (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵)) → 𝐴 ∈ dom card)
3 cardid2 9993 . . . . 5 (𝐴 ∈ dom card → (card‘𝐴) ≈ 𝐴)
4 ensym 9043 . . . . 5 ((card‘𝐴) ≈ 𝐴𝐴 ≈ (card‘𝐴))
52, 3, 43syl 18 . . . 4 (((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) ∧ (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵)) → 𝐴 ≈ (card‘𝐴))
6 simpr 484 . . . . 5 (((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) ∧ (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵)) → (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵))
7 numth3 10510 . . . . . . 7 (𝐵𝐷𝐵 ∈ dom card)
87ad2antlr 727 . . . . . 6 (((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) ∧ (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵)) → 𝐵 ∈ dom card)
98cardidd 10589 . . . . 5 (((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) ∧ (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵)) → (card‘𝐵) ≈ 𝐵)
106, 9eqbrtrd 5165 . . . 4 (((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) ∧ (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵)) → (card‘𝐴) ≈ 𝐵)
11 entr 9046 . . . 4 ((𝐴 ≈ (card‘𝐴) ∧ (card‘𝐴) ≈ 𝐵) → 𝐴𝐵)
125, 10, 11syl2anc 584 . . 3 (((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) ∧ (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵)) → 𝐴𝐵)
1312ex 412 . 2 ((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) → ((card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵) → 𝐴𝐵))
14 carden2b 10007 . 2 (𝐴𝐵 → (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵))
1513, 14impbid1 225 1 ((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷) → ((card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵) ↔ 𝐴𝐵))
Colors of variables: wff setvar class
Syntax hints:  wi 4  wb 206  wa 395   = wceq 1540  wcel 2108   class class class wbr 5143  dom cdm 5685  cfv 6561  cen 8982  cardccrd 9975
This theorem was proved from axioms:  ax-mp 5  ax-1 6  ax-2 7  ax-3 8  ax-gen 1795  ax-4 1809  ax-5 1910  ax-6 1967  ax-7 2007  ax-8 2110  ax-9 2118  ax-10 2141  ax-11 2157  ax-12 2177  ax-ext 2708  ax-rep 5279  ax-sep 5296  ax-nul 5306  ax-pow 5365  ax-pr 5432  ax-un 7755  ax-ac2 10503
This theorem depends on definitions:  df-bi 207  df-an 396  df-or 849  df-3or 1088  df-3an 1089  df-tru 1543  df-fal 1553  df-ex 1780  df-nf 1784  df-sb 2065  df-mo 2540  df-eu 2569  df-clab 2715  df-cleq 2729  df-clel 2816  df-nfc 2892  df-ne 2941  df-ral 3062  df-rex 3071  df-rmo 3380  df-reu 3381  df-rab 3437  df-v 3482  df-sbc 3789  df-csb 3900  df-dif 3954  df-un 3956  df-in 3958  df-ss 3968  df-pss 3971  df-nul 4334  df-if 4526  df-pw 4602  df-sn 4627  df-pr 4629  df-op 4633  df-uni 4908  df-int 4947  df-iun 4993  df-br 5144  df-opab 5206  df-mpt 5226  df-tr 5260  df-id 5578  df-eprel 5584  df-po 5592  df-so 5593  df-fr 5637  df-se 5638  df-we 5639  df-xp 5691  df-rel 5692  df-cnv 5693  df-co 5694  df-dm 5695  df-rn 5696  df-res 5697  df-ima 5698  df-pred 6321  df-ord 6387  df-on 6388  df-suc 6390  df-iota 6514  df-fun 6563  df-fn 6564  df-f 6565  df-f1 6566  df-fo 6567  df-f1o 6568  df-fv 6569  df-isom 6570  df-riota 7388  df-ov 7434  df-2nd 8015  df-frecs 8306  df-wrecs 8337  df-recs 8411  df-er 8745  df-en 8986  df-card 9979  df-ac 10156
This theorem is referenced by:  cardeq0  10592  ficard  10605
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