Theorem cats1un 11261

Description: Express a word with an extra symbol as the union of the word and the new value. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Feb-2016.)

Assertion

Ref	Expression
cats1un	⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩) = (𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}))

Proof of Theorem cats1un

Dummy variable 𝑥 is distinct from all other variables.

Step	Hyp	Ref	Expression
1		ccatws1cl 11173	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩) ∈ Word 𝑋)
2		wrdf 11085	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩) ∈ Word 𝑋 → (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩):(0..^(♯‘(𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)))⟶𝑋)
3	1, 2	syl 14	. . . 4 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩):(0..^(♯‘(𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)))⟶𝑋)
4		ccatws1leng 11175	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (♯‘(𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)) = ((♯‘𝐴) + 1))
5	4	oveq2d 6023	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (0..^(♯‘(𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩))) = (0..^((♯‘𝐴) + 1)))
6		lencl 11083	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 → (♯‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ0)
7		nn0uz 9765	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ℕ0 = (ℤ≥‘0)
8	6, 7	eleqtrdi 2322	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 → (♯‘𝐴) ∈ (ℤ≥‘0))
9		fzosplitsn 10447	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((♯‘𝐴) ∈ (ℤ≥‘0) → (0..^((♯‘𝐴) + 1)) = ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)}))
10	8, 9	syl 14	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 → (0..^((♯‘𝐴) + 1)) = ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)}))
11	10	adantr 276	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (0..^((♯‘𝐴) + 1)) = ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)}))
12	5, 11	eqtrd 2262	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (0..^(♯‘(𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩))) = ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)}))
13	12	feq2d 5461	. . . 4 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩):(0..^(♯‘(𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)))⟶𝑋 ↔ (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩):((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)})⟶𝑋))
14	3, 13	mpbid 147	. . 3 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩):((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)})⟶𝑋)
15	14	ffnd 5474	. 2 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩) Fn ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)}))
16		wrdf 11085	. . . . 5 ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 → 𝐴:(0..^(♯‘𝐴))⟶𝑋)
17	16	adantr 276	. . . 4 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → 𝐴:(0..^(♯‘𝐴))⟶𝑋)
18		eqid 2229	. . . . . 6 ⊢ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩} = {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}
19		fsng 5810	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (((♯‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ({⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}:{(♯‘𝐴)}⟶{𝐵} ↔ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩} = {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}))
20	18, 19	mpbiri 168	. . . . 5 ⊢ (((♯‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}:{(♯‘𝐴)}⟶{𝐵})
21	6, 20	sylan 283	. . . 4 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}:{(♯‘𝐴)}⟶{𝐵})
22		fzodisjsn 10388	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∩ {(♯‘𝐴)}) = ∅
23	22	a1i 9	. . . 4 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∩ {(♯‘𝐴)}) = ∅)
24		fun 5499	. . . 4 ⊢ (((𝐴:(0..^(♯‘𝐴))⟶𝑋 ∧ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}:{(♯‘𝐴)}⟶{𝐵}) ∧ ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∩ {(♯‘𝐴)}) = ∅) → (𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}):((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)})⟶(𝑋 ∪ {𝐵}))
25	17, 21, 23, 24	syl21anc 1270	. . 3 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}):((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)})⟶(𝑋 ∪ {𝐵}))
26	25	ffnd 5474	. 2 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}) Fn ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)}))
27		elun 3345	. . 3 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)}) ↔ (𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∨ 𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)}))
28		ccats1val1g 11178	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = (𝐴‘𝑥))
29	28	3expa 1227	. . . . 5 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = (𝐴‘𝑥))
30		vex 2802	. . . . . 6 ⊢ 𝑥 ∈ V
31		simpr 110	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴)))
32		fzonel 10365	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ¬ (♯‘𝐴) ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))
33		nelne2 2491	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∧ ¬ (♯‘𝐴) ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → 𝑥 ≠ (♯‘𝐴))
34	31, 32, 33	sylancl 413	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → 𝑥 ≠ (♯‘𝐴))
35	34	necomd 2486	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → (♯‘𝐴) ≠ 𝑥)
36		fvunsng 5837	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ V ∧ (♯‘𝐴) ≠ 𝑥) → ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥) = (𝐴‘𝑥))
37	30, 35, 36	sylancr 414	. . . . 5 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥) = (𝐴‘𝑥))
38	29, 37	eqtr4d 2265	. . . 4 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥))
39	6	elexd 2813	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 → (♯‘𝐴) ∈ V)
40	39	adantr 276	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (♯‘𝐴) ∈ V)
41		simpr 110	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋)
42	17	fdmd 5480	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → dom 𝐴 = (0..^(♯‘𝐴)))
43	42	eleq2d 2299	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((♯‘𝐴) ∈ dom 𝐴 ↔ (♯‘𝐴) ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))))
44	32, 43	mtbiri 679	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ¬ (♯‘𝐴) ∈ dom 𝐴)
45		fsnunfv 5844	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (((♯‘𝐴) ∈ V ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ ¬ (♯‘𝐴) ∈ dom 𝐴) → ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘(♯‘𝐴)) = 𝐵)
46	40, 41, 44, 45	syl3anc 1271	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘(♯‘𝐴)) = 𝐵)
47		simpl 109	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → 𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋)
48		s1cl 11162	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 → ⟨“𝐵”⟩ ∈ Word 𝑋)
49	48	adantl 277	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ⟨“𝐵”⟩ ∈ Word 𝑋)
50		s1leng 11165	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 → (♯‘⟨“𝐵”⟩) = 1)
51		1nn 9129	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ 1 ∈ ℕ
52	50, 51	eqeltrdi 2320	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 → (♯‘⟨“𝐵”⟩) ∈ ℕ)
53		lbfzo0 10389	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ (0 ∈ (0..^(♯‘⟨“𝐵”⟩)) ↔ (♯‘⟨“𝐵”⟩) ∈ ℕ)
54	52, 53	sylibr 134	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 → 0 ∈ (0..^(♯‘⟨“𝐵”⟩)))
55	54	adantl 277	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → 0 ∈ (0..^(♯‘⟨“𝐵”⟩)))
56		ccatval3 11142	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ ⟨“𝐵”⟩ ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 0 ∈ (0..^(♯‘⟨“𝐵”⟩))) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(0 + (♯‘𝐴))) = (⟨“𝐵”⟩‘0))
57	47, 49, 55, 56	syl3anc 1271	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(0 + (♯‘𝐴))) = (⟨“𝐵”⟩‘0))
58		s1fv 11167	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 → (⟨“𝐵”⟩‘0) = 𝐵)
59	58	adantl 277	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (⟨“𝐵”⟩‘0) = 𝐵)
60	57, 59	eqtrd 2262	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(0 + (♯‘𝐴))) = 𝐵)
61	6	adantr 276	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (♯‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ0)
62	61	nn0cnd 9432	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (♯‘𝐴) ∈ ℂ)
63	62	addlidd 8304	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (0 + (♯‘𝐴)) = (♯‘𝐴))
64	63	fveq2d 5633	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(0 + (♯‘𝐴))) = ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(♯‘𝐴)))
65	46, 60, 64	3eqtr2rd 2269	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(♯‘𝐴)) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘(♯‘𝐴)))
66		elsni 3684	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)} → 𝑥 = (♯‘𝐴))
67	66	fveq2d 5633	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)} → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(♯‘𝐴)))
68	66	fveq2d 5633	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)} → ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘(♯‘𝐴)))
69	67, 68	eqeq12d 2244	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)} → (((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥) ↔ ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘(♯‘𝐴)) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘(♯‘𝐴))))
70	65, 69	syl5ibrcom 157	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)} → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥)))
71	70	imp 124	. . . 4 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)}) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥))
72	38, 71	jaodan 802	. . 3 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ (𝑥 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∨ 𝑥 ∈ {(♯‘𝐴)})) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥))
73	27, 72	sylan2b 287	. 2 ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) ∧ 𝑥 ∈ ((0..^(♯‘𝐴)) ∪ {(♯‘𝐴)})) → ((𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩)‘𝑥) = ((𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩})‘𝑥))
74	15, 26, 73	eqfnfvd 5737	1 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐴 ++ ⟨“𝐵”⟩) = (𝐴 ∪ {⟨(♯‘𝐴), 𝐵⟩}))

Syntax hints:  ¬ wn 3   → wi 4   ∧ wa 104   ∨ wo 713   = wceq 1395   ∈ wcel 2200   ≠ wne 2400  Vcvv 2799   ∪ cun 3195   ∩ cin 3196  ∅c0 3491  {csn 3666  ⟨cop 3669  dom cdm 4719  ⟶wf 5314  ‘cfv 5318  (class class class)co 6007  0cc0 8007  1c1 8008   + caddc 8010  ℕcn 9118  ℕ₀cn0 9377  ℤ_≥cuz 9730  ..^cfzo 10346  ♯chash 11005  Word cword 11079   ++ cconcat 11133  ⟨“cs1 11156

This theorem was proved from axioms:  ax-mp 5  ax-1 6  ax-2 7  ax-ia1 106  ax-ia2 107  ax-ia3 108  ax-in1 617  ax-in2 618  ax-io 714  ax-5 1493  ax-7 1494  ax-gen 1495  ax-ie1 1539  ax-ie2 1540  ax-8 1550  ax-10 1551  ax-11 1552  ax-i12 1553  ax-bndl 1555  ax-4 1556  ax-17 1572  ax-i9 1576  ax-ial 1580  ax-i5r 1581  ax-13 2202  ax-14 2203  ax-ext 2211  ax-coll 4199  ax-sep 4202  ax-nul 4210  ax-pow 4258  ax-pr 4293  ax-un 4524  ax-setind 4629  ax-iinf 4680  ax-cnex 8098  ax-resscn 8099  ax-1cn 8100  ax-1re 8101  ax-icn 8102  ax-addcl 8103  ax-addrcl 8104  ax-mulcl 8105  ax-addcom 8107  ax-addass 8109  ax-distr 8111  ax-i2m1 8112  ax-0lt1 8113  ax-0id 8115  ax-rnegex 8116  ax-cnre 8118  ax-pre-ltirr 8119  ax-pre-ltwlin 8120  ax-pre-lttrn 8121  ax-pre-apti 8122  ax-pre-ltadd 8123

This theorem depends on definitions:  df-bi 117  df-dc 840  df-3or 1003  df-3an 1004  df-tru 1398  df-fal 1401  df-nf 1507  df-sb 1809  df-eu 2080  df-mo 2081  df-clab 2216  df-cleq 2222  df-clel 2225  df-nfc 2361  df-ne 2401  df-nel 2496  df-ral 2513  df-rex 2514  df-reu 2515  df-rab 2517  df-v 2801  df-sbc 3029  df-csb 3125  df-dif 3199  df-un 3201  df-in 3203  df-ss 3210  df-nul 3492  df-if 3603  df-pw 3651  df-sn 3672  df-pr 3673  df-op 3675  df-uni 3889  df-int 3924  df-iun 3967  df-br 4084  df-opab 4146  df-mpt 4147  df-tr 4183  df-id 4384  df-iord 4457  df-on 4459  df-ilim 4460  df-suc 4462  df-iom 4683  df-xp 4725  df-rel 4726  df-cnv 4727  df-co 4728  df-dm 4729  df-rn 4730  df-res 4731  df-ima 4732  df-iota 5278  df-fun 5320  df-fn 5321  df-f 5322  df-f1 5323  df-fo 5324  df-f1o 5325  df-fv 5326  df-riota 5960  df-ov 6010  df-oprab 6011  df-mpo 6012  df-1st 6292  df-2nd 6293  df-recs 6457  df-frec 6543  df-1o 6568  df-er 6688  df-en 6896  df-dom 6897  df-fin 6898  df-pnf 8191  df-mnf 8192  df-xr 8193  df-ltxr 8194  df-le 8195  df-sub 8327  df-neg 8328  df-inn 9119  df-n0 9378  df-z 9455  df-uz 9731  df-fz 10213  df-fzo 10347  df-ihash 11006  df-word 11080  df-concat 11134  df-s1 11157

This theorem is referenced by: (None)