HomeTheorem List (p. 364 of 425)
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| Type | Label | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Statement | ||
| Theorem | pellexlem1 36301 | Lemma for pellex 36307. Arithmetical core of pellexlem3, norm lower bound. This begins Dirichlet's proof of the Pell equation solution existence; the proof here follows theorem 62 of [vandenDries] p. 43. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (((𝐷 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) ∧ ¬ (√‘𝐷) ∈ ℚ) → ((𝐴↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝐵↑2))) ≠ 0) | ||
| Theorem | pellexlem2 36302 | Lemma for pellex 36307. Arithmetical core of pellexlem3, norm upper bound. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (((𝐷 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) ∧ (abs‘((𝐴 / 𝐵) − (√‘𝐷))) < (𝐵↑-2)) → (abs‘((𝐴↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝐵↑2)))) < (1 + (2 · (√‘𝐷)))) | ||
| Theorem | pellexlem3 36303* | Lemma for pellex 36307. To each good rational approximation of (√‘𝐷), there exists a near-solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ ℕ ∧ ¬ (√‘𝐷) ∈ ℚ) → {𝑥 ∈ ℚ ∣ (0 < 𝑥 ∧ (abs‘(𝑥 − (√‘𝐷))) < ((denom‘𝑥)↑-2))} ≼ {⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ ((𝑦 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑧 ∈ ℕ) ∧ (((𝑦↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑧↑2))) ≠ 0 ∧ (abs‘((𝑦↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑧↑2)))) < (1 + (2 · (√‘𝐷)))))}) | ||
| Theorem | pellexlem4 36304* | Lemma for pellex 36307. Invoking irrapx1 36300, we have infinitely many near-solutions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ ℕ ∧ ¬ (√‘𝐷) ∈ ℚ) → {⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ ((𝑦 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑧 ∈ ℕ) ∧ (((𝑦↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑧↑2))) ≠ 0 ∧ (abs‘((𝑦↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑧↑2)))) < (1 + (2 · (√‘𝐷)))))} ≈ ℕ) | ||
| Theorem | pellexlem5 36305* | Lemma for pellex 36307. Invoking fiphp3d 36291, we have infinitely many near-solutions for some specific norm. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Oct-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ ℕ ∧ ¬ (√‘𝐷) ∈ ℚ) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℤ (𝑥 ≠ 0 ∧ {⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ ((𝑦 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑧 ∈ ℕ) ∧ ((𝑦↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑧↑2))) = 𝑥)} ≈ ℕ)) | ||
| Theorem | pellexlem6 36306* | Lemma for pellex 36307. Doing a field division between near solutions get us to norm 1, and the modularity constraint ensures we still have an integer. Returning NN guarantees that we are not returning the trivial solution (1,0). We are not explicitly defining the Pell-field, Pell-ring, and Pell-norm explicitly because after this construction is done we will never use them. This is mostly basic algebraic number theory and could be simplified if a generic framework for that were in place. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Oct-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 ∈ ℕ) & ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ (√‘𝐷) ∈ ℚ) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐸 ∈ ℕ) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹 ∈ ℕ) & ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ (𝐴 = 𝐸 ∧ 𝐵 = 𝐹)) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ≠ 0) & ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐴↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝐵↑2))) = 𝐶) & ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐸↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝐹↑2))) = 𝐶) & ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 mod (abs‘𝐶)) = (𝐸 mod (abs‘𝐶))) & ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐵 mod (abs‘𝐶)) = (𝐹 mod (abs‘𝐶))) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑎 ∈ ℕ ∃𝑏 ∈ ℕ ((𝑎↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑏↑2))) = 1) | ||
| Theorem | pellex 36307* | Every Pell equation has a nontrivial solution. Theorem 62 in [vandenDries] p. 43. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Oct-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ ℕ ∧ ¬ (√‘𝐷) ∈ ℚ) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∃𝑦 ∈ ℕ ((𝑥↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑦↑2))) = 1) | ||
| Syntax | csquarenn 36308 | Extend class notation to include the set of square positive integers. |
| class ◻NN | ||
| Syntax | cpell1qr 36309 | Extend class notation to include the class of quadrant-1 Pell solutions. |
| class Pell1QR | ||
| Syntax | cpell1234qr 36310 | Extend class notation to include the class of any-quadrant Pell solutions. |
| class Pell1234QR | ||
| Syntax | cpell14qr 36311 | Extend class notation to include the class of positive Pell solutions. |
| class Pell14QR | ||
| Syntax | cpellfund 36312 | Extend class notation to include the Pell-equation fundamental solution function. |
| class PellFund | ||
| Definition | df-squarenn 36313 | Define the set of square positive integers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ◻NN = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ (√‘𝑥) ∈ ℚ} | ||
| Definition | df-pell1qr 36314* | Define the solutions of a Pell equation in the first quadrant. To avoid pair pain, we represent this via the canonical embedding into the reals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ Pell1QR = (𝑥 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ↦ {𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑤 ∈ ℕ0 (𝑦 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝑥) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝑥 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)}) | ||
| Definition | df-pell14qr 36315* | Define the positive solutions of a Pell equation. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ Pell14QR = (𝑥 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ↦ {𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑤 ∈ ℤ (𝑦 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝑥) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝑥 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)}) | ||
| Definition | df-pell1234qr 36316* | Define the general solutions of a Pell equation. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ Pell1234QR = (𝑥 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ↦ {𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℤ ∃𝑤 ∈ ℤ (𝑦 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝑥) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝑥 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)}) | ||
| Definition | df-pellfund 36317* | A function mapping Pell discriminants to the corresponding fundamental solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) (Revised by AV, 17-Sep-2020.) |
| ⊢ PellFund = (𝑥 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ↦ inf({𝑧 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝑥) ∣ 1 < 𝑧}, ℝ, < )) | ||
| Theorem | pell1qrval 36318* | Value of the set of first-quadrant Pell solutions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (Pell1QR‘𝐷) = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑤 ∈ ℕ0 (𝑦 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)}) | ||
| Theorem | elpell1qr 36319* | Membership in a first-quadrant Pell solution set. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷) ↔ (𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑤 ∈ ℕ0 (𝐴 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)))) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrval 36320* | Value of the set of positive Pell solutions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (Pell14QR‘𝐷) = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑤 ∈ ℤ (𝑦 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)}) | ||
| Theorem | elpell14qr 36321* | Membership in the set of positive Pell solutions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ↔ (𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑤 ∈ ℤ (𝐴 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)))) | ||
| Theorem | pell1234qrval 36322* | Value of the set of general Pell solutions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (Pell1234QR‘𝐷) = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℤ ∃𝑤 ∈ ℤ (𝑦 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)}) | ||
| Theorem | elpell1234qr 36323* | Membership in the set of general Pell solutions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷) ↔ (𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∃𝑧 ∈ ℤ ∃𝑤 ∈ ℤ (𝐴 = (𝑧 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝑤)) ∧ ((𝑧↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝑤↑2))) = 1)))) | ||
| Theorem | pell1234qrre 36324 | General Pell solutions are (coded as) real numbers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ) | ||
| Theorem | pell1234qrne0 36325 | No solution to a Pell equation is zero. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) → 𝐴 ≠ 0) | ||
| Theorem | pell1234qrreccl 36326 | General solutions of the Pell equation are closed under reciprocals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) → (1 / 𝐴) ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell1234qrmulcl 36327 | General solutions of the Pell equation are closed under multiplication. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) → (𝐴 · 𝐵) ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrss1234 36328 | A positive Pell solution is a general Pell solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ⊆ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrre 36329 | A positive Pell solution is a real number. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrne0 36330 | A positive Pell solution is a nonzero number. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → 𝐴 ≠ 0) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrgt0 36331 | A positive Pell solution is a positive number. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → 0 < 𝐴) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrrp 36332 | A positive Pell solution is a positive real. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ+) | ||
| Theorem | pell1234qrdich 36333 | A general Pell solution is either a positive solution, or its negation is. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷)) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∨ -𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷))) | ||
| Theorem | elpell14qr2 36334 | A number is a positive Pell solution iff it is positive and a Pell solution, justifying our name choice. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Oct-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ↔ (𝐴 ∈ (Pell1234QR‘𝐷) ∧ 0 < 𝐴))) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrmulcl 36335 | Positive Pell solutions are closed under multiplication. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → (𝐴 · 𝐵) ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrreccl 36336 | Positive Pell solutions are closed under reciprocal. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → (1 / 𝐴) ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrdivcl 36337 | Positive Pell solutions are closed under division. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → (𝐴 / 𝐵) ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrexpclnn0 36338 | Lemma for pell14qrexpcl 36339. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐴↑𝐵) ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrexpcl 36339 | Positive Pell solutions are closed under integer powers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴↑𝐵) ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell1qrss14 36340 | First-quadrant Pell solutions are a subset of the positive solutions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (Pell1QR‘𝐷) ⊆ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrdich 36341 | A positive Pell solution is either in the first quadrant, or its reciprocal is. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷) ∨ (1 / 𝐴) ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷))) | ||
| Theorem | pell1qrge1 36342 | A Pell solution in the first quadrant is at least 1. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷)) → 1 ≤ 𝐴) | ||
| Theorem | pell1qr1 36343 | 1 is a Pell solution and in the first quadrant as one. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 17-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → 1 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | elpell1qr2 36344 | The first quadrant solutions are precisely the positive Pell solutions which are at least one. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷) ↔ (𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 1 ≤ 𝐴))) | ||
| Theorem | pell1qrgaplem 36345 | Lemma for pell1qrgap 36346. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (((𝐷 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ0)) ∧ (1 < (𝐴 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝐵)) ∧ ((𝐴↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝐵↑2))) = 1)) → ((√‘(𝐷 + 1)) + (√‘𝐷)) ≤ (𝐴 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝐵))) | ||
| Theorem | pell1qrgap 36346 | First-quadrant Pell solutions are bounded away from 1. (This particular bound allows us to prove exact values for the fundamental solution later.) (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷) ∧ 1 < 𝐴) → ((√‘(𝐷 + 1)) + (√‘𝐷)) ≤ 𝐴) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrgap 36347 | Positive Pell solutions are bounded away from 1. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 1 < 𝐴) → ((√‘(𝐷 + 1)) + (√‘𝐷)) ≤ 𝐴) | ||
| Theorem | pell14qrgapw 36348 | Positive Pell solutions are bounded away from 1, with a friendlier bound. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 1 < 𝐴) → 2 < 𝐴) | ||
| Theorem | pellqrexplicit 36349 | Condition for a calculated real to be a Pell solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ0) ∧ ((𝐴↑2) − (𝐷 · (𝐵↑2))) = 1) → (𝐴 + ((√‘𝐷) · 𝐵)) ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | infmrgelbi 36350* | Any lower bound of a nonempty set of real numbers is less than or equal to its infimum, one-direction version. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Sep-2013.) (Revised by AV, 17-Sep-2020.) |
| ⊢ (((𝐴 ⊆ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 ≠ ∅ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 ≤ 𝑥) → 𝐵 ≤ inf(𝐴, ℝ, < )) | ||
| Theorem | pellqrex 36351* | There is a nontrivial solution of a Pell equation in the first quadrant. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → ∃𝑥 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷)1 < 𝑥) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundval 36352* | Value of the fundamental solution of a Pell equation. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) (Revised by AV, 17-Sep-2020.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (PellFund‘𝐷) = inf({𝑥 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∣ 1 < 𝑥}, ℝ, < )) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundre 36353 | The fundamental solution of a Pell equation exists as a real number. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (PellFund‘𝐷) ∈ ℝ) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundge 36354 | Lower bound on the fundamental solution of a Pell equation. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → ((√‘(𝐷 + 1)) + (√‘𝐷)) ≤ (PellFund‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundgt1 36355 | Weak lower bound on the Pell fundamental solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → 1 < (PellFund‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundlb 36356 | A nontrivial first quadrant solution is at least as large as the fundamental solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (Proof shortened by AV, 15-Sep-2020.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ 1 < 𝐴) → (PellFund‘𝐷) ≤ 𝐴) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundglb 36357* | If a real is larger than the fundamental solution, there is a nontrivial solution less than it. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ (PellFund‘𝐷) < 𝐴) → ∃𝑥 ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷)((PellFund‘𝐷) ≤ 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 < 𝐴)) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundex 36358 |
The fundamental solution as an infimum is itself a solution, showing
that the solution set is discrete.
Since the fundamental solution is an infimum, there must be an element ge to Fund and lt 2*Fund. If this element is equal to the fundamental solution we're done, otherwise use the infimum again to find another element which must be ge Fund and lt the first element; their ratio is a group element in (1,2), contradicting pell14qrgapw 36348. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (PellFund‘𝐷) ∈ (Pell1QR‘𝐷)) | ||
| Theorem | pellfund14gap 36359 | There are no solutions between 1 and the fundamental solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ∧ (1 ≤ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐴 < (PellFund‘𝐷))) → 𝐴 = 1) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundrp 36360 | The fundamental Pell solution is a positive real. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (PellFund‘𝐷) ∈ ℝ+) | ||
| Theorem | pellfundne1 36361 | The fundamental Pell solution is never 1. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (PellFund‘𝐷) ≠ 1) | ||
Section should be obsolete because its contents are covered by section "Logarithms to an arbitrary base" now. | ||
| Theorem | reglogcl 36362 | General logarithm is a real number. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use relogbcl 24198 instead. |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 1) → ((log‘𝐴) / (log‘𝐵)) ∈ ℝ) | ||
| Theorem | reglogltb 36363 | General logarithm preserves "less than". (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use logblt 24209 instead. |
| ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 1 < 𝐶)) → (𝐴 < 𝐵 ↔ ((log‘𝐴) / (log‘𝐶)) < ((log‘𝐵) / (log‘𝐶)))) | ||
| Theorem | reglogleb 36364 | General logarithm preserves ≤. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Oct-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use logbleb 24208 instead. |
| ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 1 < 𝐶)) → (𝐴 ≤ 𝐵 ↔ ((log‘𝐴) / (log‘𝐶)) ≤ ((log‘𝐵) / (log‘𝐶)))) | ||
| Theorem | reglogmul 36365 | Multiplication law for general log. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use relogbmul 24202 instead. |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐶 ≠ 1)) → ((log‘(𝐴 · 𝐵)) / (log‘𝐶)) = (((log‘𝐴) / (log‘𝐶)) + ((log‘𝐵) / (log‘𝐶)))) | ||
| Theorem | reglogexp 36366 | Power law for general log. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use relogbzexp 24201 instead. |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐶 ≠ 1)) → ((log‘(𝐴↑𝑁)) / (log‘𝐶)) = (𝑁 · ((log‘𝐴) / (log‘𝐶)))) | ||
| Theorem | reglogbas 36367 | General log of the base is 1. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use logbid1 24193 instead. |
| ⊢ ((𝐶 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐶 ≠ 1) → ((log‘𝐶) / (log‘𝐶)) = 1) | ||
| Theorem | reglog1 36368 | General log of 1 is 0. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use logb1 24194 instead. |
| ⊢ ((𝐶 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐶 ≠ 1) → ((log‘1) / (log‘𝐶)) = 0) | ||
| Theorem | reglogexpbas 36369 | General log of a power of the base is the exponent. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.) Use relogbexp 24205 instead. |
| ⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ+ ∧ 𝐶 ≠ 1)) → ((log‘(𝐶↑𝑁)) / (log‘𝐶)) = 𝑁) | ||
| Theorem | pellfund14 36370* | Every positive Pell solution is a power of the fundamental solution. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷)) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℤ 𝐴 = ((PellFund‘𝐷)↑𝑥)) | ||
| Theorem | pellfund14b 36371* | The positive Pell solutions are precisely the integer powers of the fundamental solution. To get the general solution set (which we will not be using), throw in a copy of Z/2Z. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN) → (𝐴 ∈ (Pell14QR‘𝐷) ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ ℤ 𝐴 = ((PellFund‘𝐷)↑𝑥))) | ||
| Syntax | crmx 36372 | Extend class notation to include the Robertson-Matiyasevich X sequence. |
| class Xrm | ||
| Syntax | crmy 36373 | Extend class notation to include the Robertson-Matiyasevich Y sequence. |
| class Yrm | ||
| Definition | df-rmx 36374* | Define the X sequence as the rational part of some solution of a special Pell equation. See frmx 36386 and rmxyval 36388 for a more useful but non-eliminable definition. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ Xrm = (𝑎 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2), 𝑛 ∈ ℤ ↦ (1st ‘(◡(𝑏 ∈ (ℕ0 × ℤ) ↦ ((1st ‘𝑏) + ((√‘((𝑎↑2) − 1)) · (2nd ‘𝑏))))‘((𝑎 + (√‘((𝑎↑2) − 1)))↑𝑛)))) | ||
| Definition | df-rmy 36375* | Define the X sequence as the irrational part of some solution of a special Pell equation. See frmy 36387 and rmxyval 36388 for a more useful but non-eliminable definition. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ Yrm = (𝑎 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2), 𝑛 ∈ ℤ ↦ (2nd ‘(◡(𝑏 ∈ (ℕ0 × ℤ) ↦ ((1st ‘𝑏) + ((√‘((𝑎↑2) − 1)) · (2nd ‘𝑏))))‘((𝑎 + (√‘((𝑎↑2) − 1)))↑𝑛)))) | ||
| Theorem | rmxfval 36376* | Value of the X sequence. Not used after rmxyval 36388 is proved. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 Xrm 𝑁) = (1st ‘(◡(𝑏 ∈ (ℕ0 × ℤ) ↦ ((1st ‘𝑏) + ((√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) · (2nd ‘𝑏))))‘((𝐴 + (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)))↑𝑁)))) | ||
| Theorem | rmyfval 36377* | Value of the Y sequence. Not used after rmxyval 36388 is proved. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 Yrm 𝑁) = (2nd ‘(◡(𝑏 ∈ (ℕ0 × ℤ) ↦ ((1st ‘𝑏) + ((√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) · (2nd ‘𝑏))))‘((𝐴 + (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)))↑𝑁)))) | ||
| Theorem | rmspecsqrtnq 36378 | The discriminant used to define the X and Y sequences has an irrational square root. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) (Proof shortened by AV, 2-Aug-2021.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) ∈ (ℂ ∖ ℚ)) | ||
| Theorem | rmspecsqrtnqOLD 36379 | Obsolete version of rmspecsqrtnq 36378 as of 2-Aug-2021. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) ∈ (ℂ ∖ ℚ)) | ||
| Theorem | rmspecnonsq 36380 | The discriminant used to define the X and Y sequences is a nonsquare positive integer and thus a valid Pell equation discriminant. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → ((𝐴↑2) − 1) ∈ (ℕ ∖ ◻NN)) | ||
| Theorem | qirropth 36381 | This lemma implements the concept of "equate rational and irrational parts", used to prove many arithmetical properties of the X and Y sequences. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℂ ∖ ℚ) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℚ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℚ) ∧ (𝐷 ∈ ℚ ∧ 𝐸 ∈ ℚ)) → ((𝐵 + (𝐴 · 𝐶)) = (𝐷 + (𝐴 · 𝐸)) ↔ (𝐵 = 𝐷 ∧ 𝐶 = 𝐸))) | ||
| Theorem | rmspecfund 36382 | The base of exponent used to define the X and Y sequences is the fundamental solution of the corresponding Pell equation. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → (PellFund‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) = (𝐴 + (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)))) | ||
| Theorem | rmxyelqirr 36383* | The solutions used to construct the X and Y sequences are quadratic irrationals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐴 + (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)))↑𝑁) ∈ {𝑎 ∣ ∃𝑐 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑑 ∈ ℤ 𝑎 = (𝑐 + ((√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) · 𝑑))}) | ||
| Theorem | rmxypairf1o 36384* | The function used to extract rational and irrational parts in df-rmx 36374 and df-rmy 36375 in fact achieves a one-to-one mapping from the quadratic irrationals to pairs of integers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 21-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → (𝑏 ∈ (ℕ0 × ℤ) ↦ ((1st ‘𝑏) + ((√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) · (2nd ‘𝑏)))):(ℕ0 × ℤ)–1-1-onto→{𝑎 ∣ ∃𝑐 ∈ ℕ0 ∃𝑑 ∈ ℤ 𝑎 = (𝑐 + ((√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) · 𝑑))}) | ||
| Theorem | rmxyelxp 36385* | Lemma for frmx 36386 and frmy 36387. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (◡(𝑏 ∈ (ℕ0 × ℤ) ↦ ((1st ‘𝑏) + ((√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) · (2nd ‘𝑏))))‘((𝐴 + (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)))↑𝑁)) ∈ (ℕ0 × ℤ)) | ||
| Theorem | frmx 36386 | The X sequence is a nonnegative integer. See rmxnn 36426 for a strengthening. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ Xrm :((ℤ≥‘2) × ℤ)⟶ℕ0 | ||
| Theorem | frmy 36387 | The Y sequence is an integer. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ Yrm :((ℤ≥‘2) × ℤ)⟶ℤ | ||
| Theorem | rmxyval 36388 | Main definition of the X and Y sequences. Compare definition 2.3 of [JonesMatijasevic] p. 694. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Oct-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐴 Xrm 𝑁) + ((√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)) · (𝐴 Yrm 𝑁))) = ((𝐴 + (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1)))↑𝑁)) | ||
| Theorem | rmspecpos 36389 | The discriminant used to define the X and Y sequences is a positive real. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → ((𝐴↑2) − 1) ∈ ℝ+) | ||
| Theorem | rmxycomplete 36390* | The X and Y sequences taken together enumerate all solutions to the corresponding Pell equation in the right half-plane. This is Metamath 100 proof #39. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑋 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ ℤ) → (((𝑋↑2) − (((𝐴↑2) − 1) · (𝑌↑2))) = 1 ↔ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℤ (𝑋 = (𝐴 Xrm 𝑛) ∧ 𝑌 = (𝐴 Yrm 𝑛)))) | ||
| Theorem | rmxynorm 36391 | The X and Y sequences define a solution to the corresponding Pell equation. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (((𝐴 Xrm 𝑁)↑2) − (((𝐴↑2) − 1) · ((𝐴 Yrm 𝑁)↑2))) = 1) | ||
| Theorem | rmbaserp 36392 | The base of exponentiation for the X and Y sequences is a positive real. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → (𝐴 + (√‘((𝐴↑2) − 1))) ∈ ℝ+) | ||
| Theorem | rmxyneg 36393 | Negation law for X and Y sequences. JonesMatijasevic is inconsistent on whether the X and Y sequences have domain ℕ0 or ℤ; we use ℤ consistently to avoid the need for a separate subtraction law. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐴 Xrm -𝑁) = (𝐴 Xrm 𝑁) ∧ (𝐴 Yrm -𝑁) = -(𝐴 Yrm 𝑁))) | ||
| Theorem | rmxyadd 36394 | Addition formula for X and Y sequences. See rmxadd 36400 and rmyadd 36404 for most uses. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐴 Xrm (𝑀 + 𝑁)) = (((𝐴 Xrm 𝑀) · (𝐴 Xrm 𝑁)) + (((𝐴↑2) − 1) · ((𝐴 Yrm 𝑀) · (𝐴 Yrm 𝑁)))) ∧ (𝐴 Yrm (𝑀 + 𝑁)) = (((𝐴 Yrm 𝑀) · (𝐴 Xrm 𝑁)) + ((𝐴 Xrm 𝑀) · (𝐴 Yrm 𝑁))))) | ||
| Theorem | rmxy1 36395 | Value of the X and Y sequences at 1. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → ((𝐴 Xrm 1) = 𝐴 ∧ (𝐴 Yrm 1) = 1)) | ||
| Theorem | rmxy0 36396 | Value of the X and Y sequences at 0. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → ((𝐴 Xrm 0) = 1 ∧ (𝐴 Yrm 0) = 0)) | ||
| Theorem | rmxneg 36397 | Negation law (even function) for the X sequence. The method of proof used for the previous four theorems rmxyneg 36393, rmxyadd 36394, rmxy0 36396, and rmxy1 36395 via qirropth 36381 results in two theorems at once, but typical use requires only one, so this group of theorems serves to separate the cases. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 Xrm -𝑁) = (𝐴 Xrm 𝑁)) | ||
| Theorem | rmx0 36398 | Value of X sequence at 0. Part 1 of equation 2.11 of [JonesMatijasevic] p. 695. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → (𝐴 Xrm 0) = 1) | ||
| Theorem | rmx1 36399 | Value of X sequence at 1. Part 2 of equation 2.11 of [JonesMatijasevic] p. 695. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → (𝐴 Xrm 1) = 𝐴) | ||
| Theorem | rmxadd 36400 | Addition formula for X sequence. Equation 2.7 of [JonesMatijasevic] p. 695. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Sep-2014.) |
| ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 Xrm (𝑀 + 𝑁)) = (((𝐴 Xrm 𝑀) · (𝐴 Xrm 𝑁)) + (((𝐴↑2) − 1) · ((𝐴 Yrm 𝑀) · (𝐴 Yrm 𝑁))))) | ||
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