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Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 23501-23600   *Has distinct variable group(s)
TypeLabelDescription
Statement
 
Syntaxcphtpy 23501 Extend class notation with the class of path homotopies between two continuous functions.
class PHtpy
 
Syntaxcphtpc 23502 Extend class notation with the path homotopy relation.
class ph
 
Definitiondf-htpy 23503* Define the function which takes topological spaces 𝑋, 𝑌 and two continuous functions 𝐹, 𝐺:𝑋𝑌 and returns the class of homotopies from 𝐹 to 𝐺. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Feb-2015.)
Htpy = (𝑥 ∈ Top, 𝑦 ∈ Top ↦ (𝑓 ∈ (𝑥 Cn 𝑦), 𝑔 ∈ (𝑥 Cn 𝑦) ↦ { ∈ ((𝑥 ×t II) Cn 𝑦) ∣ ∀𝑠 𝑥((𝑠0) = (𝑓𝑠) ∧ (𝑠1) = (𝑔𝑠))}))
 
Definitiondf-phtpy 23504* Define the class of path homotopies between two paths 𝐹, 𝐺:II⟶𝑋; these are homotopies (in the sense of df-htpy 23503) which also preserve both endpoints of the paths throughout the homotopy. Definition of [Hatcher] p. 25. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.)
PHtpy = (𝑥 ∈ Top ↦ (𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝑥), 𝑔 ∈ (II Cn 𝑥) ↦ { ∈ (𝑓(II Htpy 𝑥)𝑔) ∣ ∀𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)((0𝑠) = (𝑓‘0) ∧ (1𝑠) = (𝑓‘1))}))
 
Theoremishtpy 23505* Membership in the class of homotopies between two continuous functions. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 5-Sep-2015.)
(𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))       (𝜑 → (𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐺) ↔ (𝐻 ∈ ((𝐽 ×t II) Cn 𝐾) ∧ ∀𝑠𝑋 ((𝑠𝐻0) = (𝐹𝑠) ∧ (𝑠𝐻1) = (𝐺𝑠)))))
 
Theoremhtpycn 23506 A homotopy is a continuous function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))       (𝜑 → (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐺) ⊆ ((𝐽 ×t II) Cn 𝐾))
 
Theoremhtpyi 23507 A homotopy evaluated at its endpoints. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐺))       ((𝜑𝐴𝑋) → ((𝐴𝐻0) = (𝐹𝐴) ∧ (𝐴𝐻1) = (𝐺𝐴)))
 
Theoremishtpyd 23508* Deduction for membership in the class of homotopies. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ ((𝐽 ×t II) Cn 𝐾))    &   ((𝜑𝑠𝑋) → (𝑠𝐻0) = (𝐹𝑠))    &   ((𝜑𝑠𝑋) → (𝑠𝐻1) = (𝐺𝑠))       (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐺))
 
Theoremhtpycom 23509* Given a homotopy from 𝐹 to 𝐺, produce a homotopy from 𝐺 to 𝐹. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   𝑀 = (𝑥𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝑥𝐻(1 − 𝑦)))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐺))       (𝜑𝑀 ∈ (𝐺(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐹))
 
Theoremhtpyid 23510* A homotopy from a function to itself. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝑥𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹𝑥))    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))       (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐹))
 
Theoremhtpyco1 23511* Compose a homotopy with a continuous map. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Mar-2015.)
𝑁 = (𝑥𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ ((𝑃𝑥)𝐻𝑦))    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑃 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐾 Cn 𝐿))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐾 Cn 𝐿))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(𝐾 Htpy 𝐿)𝐺))       (𝜑𝑁 ∈ ((𝐹𝑃)(𝐽 Htpy 𝐿)(𝐺𝑃)))
 
Theoremhtpyco2 23512 Compose a homotopy with a continuous map. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Mar-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝑃 ∈ (𝐾 Cn 𝐿))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐺))       (𝜑 → (𝑃𝐻) ∈ ((𝑃𝐹)(𝐽 Htpy 𝐿)(𝑃𝐺)))
 
Theoremhtpycc 23513* Concatenate two homotopies. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
𝑁 = (𝑥𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ if(𝑦 ≤ (1 / 2), (𝑥𝐿(2 · 𝑦)), (𝑥𝑀((2 · 𝑦) − 1))))    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐺))    &   (𝜑𝑀 ∈ (𝐺(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐻))       (𝜑𝑁 ∈ (𝐹(𝐽 Htpy 𝐾)𝐻))
 
Theoremisphtpy 23514* Membership in the class of path homotopies between two continuous functions. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       (𝜑 → (𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺) ↔ (𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(II Htpy 𝐽)𝐺) ∧ ∀𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)((0𝐻𝑠) = (𝐹‘0) ∧ (1𝐻𝑠) = (𝐹‘1)))))
 
Theoremphtpyhtpy 23515 A path homotopy is a homotopy. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       (𝜑 → (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺) ⊆ (𝐹(II Htpy 𝐽)𝐺))
 
Theoremphtpycn 23516 A path homotopy is a continuous function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       (𝜑 → (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺) ⊆ ((II ×t II) Cn 𝐽))
 
Theoremphtpyi 23517 Membership in the class of path homotopies between two continuous functions. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺))       ((𝜑𝐴 ∈ (0[,]1)) → ((0𝐻𝐴) = (𝐹‘0) ∧ (1𝐻𝐴) = (𝐹‘1)))
 
Theoremphtpy01 23518 Two path-homotopic paths have the same start and end point. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺))       (𝜑 → ((𝐹‘0) = (𝐺‘0) ∧ (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘1)))
 
Theoremisphtpyd 23519* Deduction for membership in the class of path homotopies. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(II Htpy 𝐽)𝐺))    &   ((𝜑𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)) → (0𝐻𝑠) = (𝐹‘0))    &   ((𝜑𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)) → (1𝐻𝑠) = (𝐹‘1))       (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺))
 
Theoremisphtpy2d 23520* Deduction for membership in the class of path homotopies. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ ((II ×t II) Cn 𝐽))    &   ((𝜑𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)) → (𝑠𝐻0) = (𝐹𝑠))    &   ((𝜑𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)) → (𝑠𝐻1) = (𝐺𝑠))    &   ((𝜑𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)) → (0𝐻𝑠) = (𝐹‘0))    &   ((𝜑𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1)) → (1𝐻𝑠) = (𝐹‘1))       (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺))
 
Theoremphtpycom 23521* Given a homotopy from 𝐹 to 𝐺, produce a homotopy from 𝐺 to 𝐹. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   𝐾 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1), 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝑥𝐻(1 − 𝑦)))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺))       (𝜑𝐾 ∈ (𝐺(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐹))
 
Theoremphtpyid 23522* A homotopy from a path to itself. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1), 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹𝑥))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐹))
 
Theoremphtpyco2 23523 Compose a path homotopy with a continuous map. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Mar-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝑃 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺))       (𝜑 → (𝑃𝐻) ∈ ((𝑃𝐹)(PHtpy‘𝐾)(𝑃𝐺)))
 
Theoremphtpycc 23524* Concatenate two path homotopies. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.)
𝑀 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1), 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ if(𝑦 ≤ (1 / 2), (𝑥𝐾(2 · 𝑦)), (𝑥𝐿((2 · 𝑦) − 1))))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐾 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺))    &   (𝜑𝐿 ∈ (𝐺(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐻))       (𝜑𝑀 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐻))
 
Definitiondf-phtpc 23525* Define the function which takes a topology and returns the path homotopy relation on that topology. Definition of [Hatcher] p. 25. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.)
ph = (𝑥 ∈ Top ↦ {⟨𝑓, 𝑔⟩ ∣ ({𝑓, 𝑔} ⊆ (II Cn 𝑥) ∧ (𝑓(PHtpy‘𝑥)𝑔) ≠ ∅)})
 
Theoremphtpcrel 23526 The path homotopy relation is a relation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 7-Aug-2014.)
Rel ( ≃ph𝐽)
 
Theoremisphtpc 23527 The relation "is path homotopic to". (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 5-Sep-2015.)
(𝐹( ≃ph𝐽)𝐺 ↔ (𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ 𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐺) ≠ ∅))
 
Theoremphtpcer 23528 Path homotopy is an equivalence relation. Proposition 1.2 of [Hatcher] p. 26. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jul-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 1-May-2021.)
( ≃ph𝐽) Er (II Cn 𝐽)
 
Theoremphtpc01 23529 Path homotopic paths have the same endpoints. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
(𝐹( ≃ph𝐽)𝐺 → ((𝐹‘0) = (𝐺‘0) ∧ (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘1)))
 
Theoremreparphti 23530* Lemma for reparpht 23531. (Contributed by NM, 15-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn II))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐺‘0) = 0)    &   (𝜑 → (𝐺‘1) = 1)    &   𝐻 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1), 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(((1 − 𝑦) · (𝐺𝑥)) + (𝑦 · 𝑥))))       (𝜑𝐻 ∈ ((𝐹𝐺)(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐹))
 
Theoremreparpht 23531 Reparametrization lemma. The reparametrization of a path by any continuous map 𝐺:II⟶II with 𝐺(0) = 0 and 𝐺(1) = 1 is path-homotopic to the original path. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn II))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐺‘0) = 0)    &   (𝜑 → (𝐺‘1) = 1)       (𝜑 → (𝐹𝐺)( ≃ph𝐽)𝐹)
 
Theoremphtpcco2 23532 Compose a path homotopy with a continuous map. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jul-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹( ≃ph𝐽)𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝑃 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))       (𝜑 → (𝑃𝐹)( ≃ph𝐾)(𝑃𝐺))
 
12.4.13  The fundamental group
 
Syntaxcpco 23533 Extend class notation with the concatenation operation for paths in a topological space.
class *𝑝
 
Syntaxcomi 23534 Extend class notation with the loop space.
class Ω1
 
Syntaxcomn 23535 Extend class notation with the higher loop spaces.
class Ω𝑛
 
Syntaxcpi1 23536 Extend class notation with the fundamental group.
class π1
 
Syntaxcpin 23537 Extend class notation with the higher homotopy groups.
class πn
 
Definitiondf-pco 23538* Define the concatenation of two paths in a topological space 𝐽. For simplicity of definition, we define it on all paths, not just those whose endpoints line up. Definition of [Hatcher] p. 26. Hatcher denotes path concatenation with a square dot; other authors, such as Munkres, use a star. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.)
*𝑝 = (𝑗 ∈ Top ↦ (𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝑗), 𝑔 ∈ (II Cn 𝑗) ↦ (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ if(𝑥 ≤ (1 / 2), (𝑓‘(2 · 𝑥)), (𝑔‘((2 · 𝑥) − 1))))))
 
Definitiondf-om1 23539* Define the loop space of a topological space, with a magma structure on it given by concatenation of loops. This structure is not a group, but the operation is compatible with homotopy, which allows the homotopy groups to be defined based on this operation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
Ω1 = (𝑗 ∈ Top, 𝑦 𝑗 ↦ {⟨(Base‘ndx), {𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝑗) ∣ ((𝑓‘0) = 𝑦 ∧ (𝑓‘1) = 𝑦)}⟩, ⟨(+g‘ndx), (*𝑝𝑗)⟩, ⟨(TopSet‘ndx), (𝑗ko II)⟩})
 
Definitiondf-omn 23540* Define the n-th iterated loop space of a topological space. Unlike Ω1 this is actually a pointed topological space, which is to say a tuple of a topological space (a member of TopSp, not Top) and a point in the space. Higher loop spaces select the constant loop at the point from the lower loop space for the distinguished point. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
Ω𝑛 = (𝑗 ∈ Top, 𝑦 𝑗 ↦ seq0(((𝑥 ∈ V, 𝑝 ∈ V ↦ ⟨((TopOpen‘(1st𝑥)) Ω1 (2nd𝑥)), ((0[,]1) × {(2nd𝑥)})⟩) ∘ 1st ), ⟨{⟨(Base‘ndx), 𝑗⟩, ⟨(TopSet‘ndx), 𝑗⟩}, 𝑦⟩))
 
Definitiondf-pi1 23541* Define the fundamental group, whose operation is given by concatenation of homotopy classes of loops. Definition of [Hatcher] p. 26. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Feb-2015.)
π1 = (𝑗 ∈ Top, 𝑦 𝑗 ↦ ((𝑗 Ω1 𝑦) /s ( ≃ph𝑗)))
 
Definitiondf-pin 23542* Define the n-th homotopy group, which is formed by taking the 𝑛-th loop space and forming the quotient under the relation of path homotopy equivalence in the base space of the 𝑛-th loop space, which is the 𝑛 − 1-th loop space. For 𝑛 = 0, since this is not well-defined we replace this relation with the path-connectedness relation, so that the 0-th homotopy group is the set of path components of 𝑋. (Since the 0-th loop space does not have a group operation, neither does the 0-th homotopy group, but the rest are genuine groups.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Feb-2015.)
πn = (𝑗 ∈ Top, 𝑝 𝑗 ↦ (𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ ((1st ‘((𝑗 Ω𝑛 𝑝)‘𝑛)) /s if(𝑛 = 0, {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ∃𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝑗)((𝑓‘0) = 𝑥 ∧ (𝑓‘1) = 𝑦)}, ( ≃ph‘(TopOpen‘(1st ‘((𝑗 Ω𝑛 𝑝)‘(𝑛 − 1)))))))))
 
Theorempcofval 23543* The value of the path concatenation function on a topological space. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.) (Proof shortened by AV, 2-Mar-2024.)
(*𝑝𝐽) = (𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽), 𝑔 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ↦ (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ if(𝑥 ≤ (1 / 2), (𝑓‘(2 · 𝑥)), (𝑔‘((2 · 𝑥) − 1)))))
 
Theorempcoval 23544* The concatenation of two paths. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2014.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       (𝜑 → (𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺) = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ if(𝑥 ≤ (1 / 2), (𝐹‘(2 · 𝑥)), (𝐺‘((2 · 𝑥) − 1)))))
 
Theorempcovalg 23545 Evaluate the concatenation of two paths. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       ((𝜑𝑋 ∈ (0[,]1)) → ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)‘𝑋) = if(𝑋 ≤ (1 / 2), (𝐹‘(2 · 𝑋)), (𝐺‘((2 · 𝑋) − 1))))
 
Theorempcoval1 23546 Evaluate the concatenation of two paths on the first half. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       ((𝜑𝑋 ∈ (0[,](1 / 2))) → ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)‘𝑋) = (𝐹‘(2 · 𝑋)))
 
Theorempco0 23547 The starting point of a path concatenation. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       (𝜑 → ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)‘0) = (𝐹‘0))
 
Theorempco1 23548 The ending point of a path concatenation. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))       (𝜑 → ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)‘1) = (𝐺‘1))
 
Theorempcoval2 23549 Evaluate the concatenation of two paths on the second half. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘0))       ((𝜑𝑋 ∈ ((1 / 2)[,]1)) → ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)‘𝑋) = (𝐺‘((2 · 𝑋) − 1)))
 
Theorempcocn 23550 The concatenation of two paths is a path. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 19-Jun-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2014.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘0))       (𝜑 → (𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺) ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))
 
Theoremcopco 23551 The composition of a concatenation of paths with a continuous function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2015.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘0))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))       (𝜑 → (𝐻 ∘ (𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)) = ((𝐻𝐹)(*𝑝𝐾)(𝐻𝐺)))
 
Theorempcohtpylem 23552* Lemma for pcohtpy 23553. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘0))    &   (𝜑𝐹( ≃ph𝐽)𝐻)    &   (𝜑𝐺( ≃ph𝐽)𝐾)    &   𝑃 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1), 𝑦 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ if(𝑥 ≤ (1 / 2), ((2 · 𝑥)𝑀𝑦), (((2 · 𝑥) − 1)𝑁𝑦)))    &   (𝜑𝑀 ∈ (𝐹(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐻))    &   (𝜑𝑁 ∈ (𝐺(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝐾))       (𝜑𝑃 ∈ ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)(PHtpy‘𝐽)(𝐻(*𝑝𝐽)𝐾)))
 
Theorempcohtpy 23553 Homotopy invariance of path concatenation. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 15-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
(𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘0))    &   (𝜑𝐹( ≃ph𝐽)𝐻)    &   (𝜑𝐺( ≃ph𝐽)𝐾)       (𝜑 → (𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)( ≃ph𝐽)(𝐻(*𝑝𝐽)𝐾))
 
Theorempcoptcl 23554 A constant function is a path from 𝑌 to itself. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 19-Mar-2015.)
𝑃 = ((0[,]1) × {𝑌})       ((𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋) ∧ 𝑌𝑋) → (𝑃 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ (𝑃‘0) = 𝑌 ∧ (𝑃‘1) = 𝑌))
 
Theorempcopt 23555 Concatenation with a point does not affect homotopy class. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 19-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 20-Dec-2013.)
𝑃 = ((0[,]1) × {𝑌})       ((𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ (𝐹‘0) = 𝑌) → (𝑃(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹)( ≃ph𝐽)𝐹)
 
Theorempcopt2 23556 Concatenation with a point does not affect homotopy class. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.)
𝑃 = ((0[,]1) × {𝑌})       ((𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ (𝐹‘1) = 𝑌) → (𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝑃)( ≃ph𝐽)𝐹)
 
Theorempcoass 23557* Order of concatenation does not affect homotopy class. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 19-Jun-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 8-Jun-2014.)
(𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐻 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘0))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐺‘1) = (𝐻‘0))    &   𝑃 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ if(𝑥 ≤ (1 / 2), if(𝑥 ≤ (1 / 4), (2 · 𝑥), (𝑥 + (1 / 4))), ((𝑥 / 2) + (1 / 2))))       (𝜑 → ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)(*𝑝𝐽)𝐻)( ≃ph𝐽)(𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)(𝐺(*𝑝𝐽)𝐻)))
 
Theorempcorevcl 23558* Closure for a reversed path. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))       (𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) → (𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ (𝐺‘0) = (𝐹‘1) ∧ (𝐺‘1) = (𝐹‘0)))
 
Theorempcorevlem 23559* Lemma for pcorev 23560. Prove continuity of the homotopy function. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 11-Jun-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 8-Jun-2014.)
𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))    &   𝑃 = ((0[,]1) × {(𝐹‘1)})    &   𝐻 = (𝑠 ∈ (0[,]1), 𝑡 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘if(𝑠 ≤ (1 / 2), (1 − ((1 − 𝑡) · (2 · 𝑠))), (1 − ((1 − 𝑡) · (1 − ((2 · 𝑠) − 1)))))))       (𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) → (𝐻 ∈ ((𝐺(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹)(PHtpy‘𝐽)𝑃) ∧ (𝐺(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹)( ≃ph𝐽)𝑃))
 
Theorempcorev 23560* Concatenation with the reverse path. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 19-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 20-Dec-2013.)
𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))    &   𝑃 = ((0[,]1) × {(𝐹‘1)})       (𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) → (𝐺(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹)( ≃ph𝐽)𝑃)
 
Theorempcorev2 23561* Concatenation with the reverse path. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))    &   𝑃 = ((0[,]1) × {(𝐹‘0)})       (𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) → (𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐺)( ≃ph𝐽)𝑃)
 
Theorempcophtb 23562* The path homotopy equivalence relation on two paths 𝐹, 𝐺 with the same start and end point can be written in terms of the loop 𝐹𝐺 formed by concatenating 𝐹 with the inverse of 𝐺. Thus, all the homotopy information in ph𝐽 is available if we restrict our attention to closed loops, as in the definition of the fundamental group. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.)
𝐻 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐺‘(1 − 𝑥)))    &   𝑃 = ((0[,]1) × {(𝐹‘0)})    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘0) = (𝐺‘0))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐺‘1))       (𝜑 → ((𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)𝐻)( ≃ph𝐽)𝑃𝐹( ≃ph𝐽)𝐺))
 
Theoremom1val 23563* The definition of the loop space. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = {𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∣ ((𝑓‘0) = 𝑌 ∧ (𝑓‘1) = 𝑌)})    &   (𝜑+ = (*𝑝𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐾 = (𝐽ko II))    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)       (𝜑𝑂 = {⟨(Base‘ndx), 𝐵⟩, ⟨(+g‘ndx), + ⟩, ⟨(TopSet‘ndx), 𝐾⟩})
 
Theoremom1bas 23564* The base set of the loop space. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝑂))       (𝜑𝐵 = {𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∣ ((𝑓‘0) = 𝑌 ∧ (𝑓‘1) = 𝑌)})
 
Theoremom1elbas 23565 Elementhood in the base set of the loop space. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝑂))       (𝜑 → (𝐹𝐵 ↔ (𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ (𝐹‘0) = 𝑌 ∧ (𝐹‘1) = 𝑌)))
 
Theoremom1addcl 23566 Closure of the group operation of the loop space. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 11-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 5-Sep-2015.)
𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝑂))    &   (𝜑𝐻𝐵)    &   (𝜑𝐾𝐵)       (𝜑 → (𝐻(*𝑝𝐽)𝐾) ∈ 𝐵)
 
Theoremom1plusg 23567 The group operation (which isn't much more than a magma) of the loop space. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Feb-2015.)
𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)       (𝜑 → (*𝑝𝐽) = (+g𝑂))
 
Theoremom1tset 23568 The topology of the loop space. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)       (𝜑 → (𝐽ko II) = (TopSet‘𝑂))
 
Theoremom1opn 23569 The topology of the loop space. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   𝐾 = (TopOpen‘𝑂)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝑂))       (𝜑𝐾 = ((𝐽ko II) ↾t 𝐵))
 
Theorempi1val 23570 The definition of the fundamental group. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)       (𝜑𝐺 = (𝑂 /s ( ≃ph𝐽)))
 
Theorempi1bas 23571 The base set of the fundamental group of a topological space at a given base point. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 11-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))    &   (𝜑𝐾 = (Base‘𝑂))       (𝜑𝐵 = (𝐾 / ( ≃ph𝐽)))
 
Theorempi1blem 23572 Lemma for pi1buni 23573. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))    &   (𝜑𝐾 = (Base‘𝑂))       (𝜑 → ((( ≃ph𝐽) “ 𝐾) ⊆ 𝐾𝐾 ⊆ (II Cn 𝐽)))
 
Theorempi1buni 23573 Another way to write the loop space base in terms of the base of the fundamental group. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))    &   (𝜑𝐾 = (Base‘𝑂))       (𝜑 𝐵 = 𝐾)
 
Theorempi1bas2 23574 The base set of the fundamental group, written self-referentially. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))       (𝜑𝐵 = ( 𝐵 / ( ≃ph𝐽)))
 
Theorempi1eluni 23575 Elementhood in the base set of the loop space. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))       (𝜑 → (𝐹 𝐵 ↔ (𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽) ∧ (𝐹‘0) = 𝑌 ∧ (𝐹‘1) = 𝑌)))
 
Theorempi1bas3 23576 The base set of the fundamental group. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))    &   𝑅 = (( ≃ph𝐽) ∩ ( 𝐵 × 𝐵))       (𝜑𝐵 = ( 𝐵 / 𝑅))
 
Theorempi1cpbl 23577 The group operation, loop concatenation, is compatible with homotopy equivalence. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺))    &   𝑅 = (( ≃ph𝐽) ∩ ( 𝐵 × 𝐵))    &   𝑂 = (𝐽 Ω1 𝑌)    &    + = (+g𝑂)       (𝜑 → ((𝑀𝑅𝑁𝑃𝑅𝑄) → (𝑀 + 𝑃)𝑅(𝑁 + 𝑄)))
 
Theoremelpi1 23578* The elements of the fundamental group. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 19-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)       (𝜑 → (𝐹𝐵 ↔ ∃𝑓 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽)(((𝑓‘0) = 𝑌 ∧ (𝑓‘1) = 𝑌) ∧ 𝐹 = [𝑓]( ≃ph𝐽))))
 
Theoremelpi1i 23579 The elements of the fundamental group. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 19-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘0) = 𝑌)    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = 𝑌)       (𝜑 → [𝐹]( ≃ph𝐽) ∈ 𝐵)
 
Theorempi1addf 23580 The group operation of π1 is a binary operation. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 11-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &    + = (+g𝐺)       (𝜑+ :(𝐵 × 𝐵)⟶𝐵)
 
Theorempi1addval 23581 The concatenation of two path-homotopy classes in the fundamental group. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 11-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &    + = (+g𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝑀 𝐵)    &   (𝜑𝑁 𝐵)       (𝜑 → ([𝑀]( ≃ph𝐽) + [𝑁]( ≃ph𝐽)) = [(𝑀(*𝑝𝐽)𝑁)]( ≃ph𝐽))
 
Theorempi1grplem 23582 Lemma for pi1grp 23583. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 11-Jun-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Aug-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &    0 = ((0[,]1) × {𝑌})       (𝜑 → (𝐺 ∈ Grp ∧ [ 0 ]( ≃ph𝐽) = (0g𝐺)))
 
Theorempi1grp 23583 The fundamental group is a group. Proposition 1.3 of [Hatcher] p. 26. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 19-Jun-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 8-Jun-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Aug-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)       ((𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋) ∧ 𝑌𝑋) → 𝐺 ∈ Grp)
 
Theorempi1id 23584 The identity element of the fundamental group. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Aug-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &    0 = ((0[,]1) × {𝑌})       ((𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋) ∧ 𝑌𝑋) → [ 0 ]( ≃ph𝐽) = (0g𝐺))
 
Theorempi1inv 23585* An inverse in the fundamental group. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Aug-2015.)
𝐺 = (𝐽 π1 𝑌)    &   𝑁 = (invg𝐺)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝑌𝑋)    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘0) = 𝑌)    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = 𝑌)    &   𝐼 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))       (𝜑 → (𝑁‘[𝐹]( ≃ph𝐽)) = [𝐼]( ≃ph𝐽))
 
Theorempi1xfrf 23586* Functionality of the loop transfer function on the equivalence class of a path. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Dec-2016.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘0))    &   𝑄 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘1))    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝐵 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐼(*𝑝𝐽)(𝑔(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐼 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐼‘0))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐼‘1) = (𝐹‘0))       (𝜑𝐺:𝐵⟶(Base‘𝑄))
 
Theorempi1xfrval 23587* The value of the loop transfer function on the equivalence class of a path. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Dec-2016.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘0))    &   𝑄 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘1))    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝐵 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐼(*𝑝𝐽)(𝑔(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑𝐼 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹‘1) = (𝐼‘0))    &   (𝜑 → (𝐼‘1) = (𝐹‘0))    &   (𝜑𝐴 𝐵)       (𝜑 → (𝐺‘[𝐴]( ≃ph𝐽)) = [(𝐼(*𝑝𝐽)(𝐴(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹))]( ≃ph𝐽))
 
Theorempi1xfr 23588* Given a path 𝐹 and its inverse 𝐼 between two basepoints, there is an induced group homomorphism on the fundamental groups. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘0))    &   𝑄 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘1))    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝐵 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐼(*𝑝𝐽)(𝑔(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   𝐼 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))       (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝑃 GrpHom 𝑄))
 
Theorempi1xfrcnvlem 23589* Given a path 𝐹 between two basepoints, there is an induced group homomorphism on the fundamental groups. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 23-Dec-2016.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘0))    &   𝑄 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘1))    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝐵 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐼(*𝑝𝐽)(𝑔(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   𝐼 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))    &   𝐻 = ran ( (Base‘𝑄) ↦ ⟨[]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)((*𝑝𝐽)𝐼))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)       (𝜑𝐺𝐻)
 
Theorempi1xfrcnv 23590* Given a path 𝐹 between two basepoints, there is an induced group homomorphism on the fundamental groups. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 23-Dec-2016.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘0))    &   𝑄 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘1))    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝐵 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐼(*𝑝𝐽)(𝑔(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   𝐼 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))    &   𝐻 = ran ( (Base‘𝑄) ↦ ⟨[]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐹(*𝑝𝐽)((*𝑝𝐽)𝐼))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)       (𝜑 → (𝐺 = 𝐻𝐺 ∈ (𝑄 GrpHom 𝑃)))
 
Theorempi1xfrgim 23591* The mapping 𝐺 between fundamental groups is an isomorphism. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2015.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘0))    &   𝑄 = (𝐽 π1 (𝐹‘1))    &   𝐵 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝐵 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐼(*𝑝𝐽)(𝑔(*𝑝𝐽)𝐹))]( ≃ph𝐽)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (II Cn 𝐽))    &   𝐼 = (𝑥 ∈ (0[,]1) ↦ (𝐹‘(1 − 𝑥)))       (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝑃 GrpIso 𝑄))
 
Theorempi1cof 23592* Functionality of the loop transfer function on the equivalence class of a path. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Dec-2016.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 𝐴)    &   𝑄 = (𝐾 π1 𝐵)    &   𝑉 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝑉 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐹𝑔)]( ≃ph𝐾)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐴𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹𝐴) = 𝐵)       (𝜑𝐺:𝑉⟶(Base‘𝑄))
 
Theorempi1coval 23593* The value of the loop transfer function on the equivalence class of a path. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Aug-2015.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 23-Dec-2016.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 𝐴)    &   𝑄 = (𝐾 π1 𝐵)    &   𝑉 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝑉 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐹𝑔)]( ≃ph𝐾)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐴𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹𝐴) = 𝐵)       ((𝜑𝑇 𝑉) → (𝐺‘[𝑇]( ≃ph𝐽)) = [(𝐹𝑇)]( ≃ph𝐾))
 
Theorempi1coghm 23594* The mapping 𝐺 between fundamental groups is a group homomorphism. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Aug-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Dec-2016.)
𝑃 = (𝐽 π1 𝐴)    &   𝑄 = (𝐾 π1 𝐵)    &   𝑉 = (Base‘𝑃)    &   𝐺 = ran (𝑔 𝑉 ↦ ⟨[𝑔]( ≃ph𝐽), [(𝐹𝑔)]( ≃ph𝐾)⟩)    &   (𝜑𝐽 ∈ (TopOn‘𝑋))    &   (𝜑𝐹 ∈ (𝐽 Cn 𝐾))    &   (𝜑𝐴𝑋)    &   (𝜑 → (𝐹𝐴) = 𝐵)       (𝜑𝐺 ∈ (𝑃 GrpHom 𝑄))
 
12.5  Metric subcomplex vector spaces
 
12.5.1  Subcomplex modules
 
Syntaxcclm 23595 Syntax for the class of subcomplex modules.
class ℂMod
 
Definitiondf-clm 23596* Define the class of subcomplex modules, which are left modules over a subring of the field of complex numbers fld, which allows us to use the complex addition, multiplication, etc. in theorems about subcomplex modules. Since the field of complex numbers is commutative and so are its subrings (see subrgcrng 19470), left modules over such subrings are the same as right modules, see rmodislmod 19633. Therefore, we drop the word "left" from "subcomplex left module". (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Oct-2015.)
ℂMod = {𝑤 ∈ LMod ∣ [(Scalar‘𝑤) / 𝑓][(Base‘𝑓) / 𝑘](𝑓 = (ℂflds 𝑘) ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (SubRing‘ℂfld))}
 
Theoremisclm 23597 A subcomplex module is a left module over a subring of the field of complex numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Oct-2015.)
𝐹 = (Scalar‘𝑊)    &   𝐾 = (Base‘𝐹)       (𝑊 ∈ ℂMod ↔ (𝑊 ∈ LMod ∧ 𝐹 = (ℂflds 𝐾) ∧ 𝐾 ∈ (SubRing‘ℂfld)))
 
Theoremclmsca 23598 The ring of scalars 𝐹 of a subcomplex module is the restriction of the field of complex numbers to the base set of 𝐹. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Oct-2015.)
𝐹 = (Scalar‘𝑊)    &   𝐾 = (Base‘𝐹)       (𝑊 ∈ ℂMod → 𝐹 = (ℂflds 𝐾))
 
Theoremclmsubrg 23599 The base set of the ring of scalars of a subcomplex module is the base set of a subring of the field of complex numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Oct-2015.)
𝐹 = (Scalar‘𝑊)    &   𝐾 = (Base‘𝐹)       (𝑊 ∈ ℂMod → 𝐾 ∈ (SubRing‘ℂfld))
 
Theoremclmlmod 23600 A subcomplex module is a left module. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Oct-2015.)
(𝑊 ∈ ℂMod → 𝑊 ∈ LMod)
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