0.999... - Metamath Proof Explorer

	Metamath Proof Explorer		< Previous Next > Nearby theorems
Mirrors > Home > MPE Home > Th. List > 0.999...		Structured version Visualization version GIF version

Theorem 0.999... 15816

Description: The recurring decimal 0.999..., which is defined as the infinite sum 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + ... i.e. 9 / 10↑1 + 9 / 10↑2 + 9 / 10↑3 + ..., is exactly equal to 1, according to ZF set theory. Interestingly, about 40% of the people responding to a poll at http://forum.physorg.com/index.php?showtopic=13177 disagree. (Contributed by NM, 2-Nov-2007.) (Revised by AV, 8-Sep-2021.)

**Assertion**
Ref	Expression
0.999...	⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 / (;10↑𝑘)) = 1

**Proof of Theorem 0.999...**
Step	Hyp	Ref	Expression
1		9cn 12257	. . . . 5 ⊢ 9 ∈ ℂ
2		10re 12638	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ;10 ∈ ℝ
3	2	recni 11158	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ;10 ∈ ℂ
4		nnnn0 12420	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → 𝑘 ∈ ℕ₀)
5		expcl 14014	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((;10 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ₀) → (;10↑𝑘) ∈ ℂ)
6	3, 4, 5	sylancr 588	. . . . 5 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → (;10↑𝑘) ∈ ℂ)
7	3	a1i 11	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → ;10 ∈ ℂ)
8		10pos 12636	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ 0 < ;10
9	2, 8	gt0ne0ii 11685	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ;10 ≠ 0
10	9	a1i 11	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → ;10 ≠ 0)
11		nnz 12521	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → 𝑘 ∈ ℤ)
12	7, 10, 11	expne0d 14087	. . . . 5 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → (;10↑𝑘) ≠ 0)
13		divrec 11824	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((9 ∈ ℂ ∧ (;10↑𝑘) ∈ ℂ ∧ (;10↑𝑘) ≠ 0) → (9 / (;10↑𝑘)) = (9 · (1 / (;10↑𝑘))))
14	1, 6, 12, 13	mp3an2i 1469	. . . 4 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → (9 / (;10↑𝑘)) = (9 · (1 / (;10↑𝑘))))
15	7, 10, 11	exprecd 14089	. . . . 5 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → ((1 / ;10)↑𝑘) = (1 / (;10↑𝑘)))
16	15	oveq2d 7384	. . . 4 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → (9 · ((1 / ;10)↑𝑘)) = (9 · (1 / (;10↑𝑘))))
17	14, 16	eqtr4d 2775	. . 3 ⊢ (𝑘 ∈ ℕ → (9 / (;10↑𝑘)) = (9 · ((1 / ;10)↑𝑘)))
18	17	sumeq2i 15633	. 2 ⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 / (;10↑𝑘)) = Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 · ((1 / ;10)↑𝑘))
19	2, 9	rereccli 11918	. . . . 5 ⊢ (1 / ;10) ∈ ℝ
20	19	recni 11158	. . . 4 ⊢ (1 / ;10) ∈ ℂ
21		0re 11146	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ 0 ∈ ℝ
22	2, 8	recgt0ii 12060	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ 0 < (1 / ;10)
23	21, 19, 22	ltleii 11268	. . . . . 6 ⊢ 0 ≤ (1 / ;10)
24	19	absidi 15313	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (0 ≤ (1 / ;10) → (abs‘(1 / ;10)) = (1 / ;10))
25	23, 24	ax-mp 5	. . . . 5 ⊢ (abs‘(1 / ;10)) = (1 / ;10)
26		1lt10 12758	. . . . . 6 ⊢ 1 < ;10
27		recgt1 12050	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((;10 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < ;10) → (1 < ;10 ↔ (1 / ;10) < 1))
28	2, 8, 27	mp2an 693	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (1 < ;10 ↔ (1 / ;10) < 1)
29	26, 28	mpbi 230	. . . . 5 ⊢ (1 / ;10) < 1
30	25, 29	eqbrtri 5121	. . . 4 ⊢ (abs‘(1 / ;10)) < 1
31		geoisum1c 15815	. . . 4 ⊢ ((9 ∈ ℂ ∧ (1 / ;10) ∈ ℂ ∧ (abs‘(1 / ;10)) < 1) → Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 · ((1 / ;10)↑𝑘)) = ((9 · (1 / ;10)) / (1 − (1 / ;10))))
32	1, 20, 30, 31	mp3an 1464	. . 3 ⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 · ((1 / ;10)↑𝑘)) = ((9 · (1 / ;10)) / (1 − (1 / ;10)))
33	1, 3, 9	divreci 11898	. . . 4 ⊢ (9 / ;10) = (9 · (1 / ;10))
34	1, 3, 9	divcan2i 11896	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (;10 · (9 / ;10)) = 9
35		ax-1cn 11096	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ 1 ∈ ℂ
36	3, 35, 20	subdii 11598	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (;10 · (1 − (1 / ;10))) = ((;10 · 1) − (;10 · (1 / ;10)))
37	3	mulridi 11148	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (;10 · 1) = ;10
38	3, 9	recidi 11884	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ (;10 · (1 / ;10)) = 1
39	37, 38	oveq12i 7380	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((;10 · 1) − (;10 · (1 / ;10))) = (;10 − 1)
40		10m1e9 12715	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (;10 − 1) = 9
41	36, 39, 40	3eqtrri 2765	. . . . . 6 ⊢ 9 = (;10 · (1 − (1 / ;10)))
42	34, 41	eqtri 2760	. . . . 5 ⊢ (;10 · (9 / ;10)) = (;10 · (1 − (1 / ;10)))
43		9re 12256	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ 9 ∈ ℝ
44	43, 2, 9	redivcli 11920	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (9 / ;10) ∈ ℝ
45	44	recni 11158	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (9 / ;10) ∈ ℂ
46	35, 20	subcli 11469	. . . . . 6 ⊢ (1 − (1 / ;10)) ∈ ℂ
47	45, 46, 3, 9	mulcani 11788	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((;10 · (9 / ;10)) = (;10 · (1 − (1 / ;10))) ↔ (9 / ;10) = (1 − (1 / ;10)))
48	42, 47	mpbi 230	. . . 4 ⊢ (9 / ;10) = (1 − (1 / ;10))
49	33, 48	oveq12i 7380	. . 3 ⊢ ((9 / ;10) / (9 / ;10)) = ((9 · (1 / ;10)) / (1 − (1 / ;10)))
50		9pos 12270	. . . . . 6 ⊢ 0 < 9
51	43, 2, 50, 8	divgt0ii 12071	. . . . 5 ⊢ 0 < (9 / ;10)
52	44, 51	gt0ne0ii 11685	. . . 4 ⊢ (9 / ;10) ≠ 0
53	45, 52	dividi 11886	. . 3 ⊢ ((9 / ;10) / (9 / ;10)) = 1
54	32, 49, 53	3eqtr2i 2766	. 2 ⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 · ((1 / ;10)↑𝑘)) = 1
55	18, 54	eqtri 2760	1 ⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 / (;10↑𝑘)) = 1

Colors of variables: wff setvar class

Syntax hints: ↔ wb 206 = wceq 1542 ∈ wcel 2114 ≠ wne 2933 class class class wbr 5100 ‘cfv 6500 (class class class)co 7368 ℂcc 11036 ℝcr 11037 0cc0 11038 1c1 11039 · cmul 11043 < clt 11178 ≤ cle 11179 − cmin 11376 / cdiv 11806 ℕcn 12157 9c9 12219 ℕ₀cn0 12413 cdc 12619 ↑cexp 13996 abscabs 15169 Σcsu 15621

This theorem was proved from axioms: ax-mp 5 ax-1 6 ax-2 7 ax-3 8 ax-gen 1797 ax-4 1811 ax-5 1912 ax-6 1969 ax-7 2010 ax-8 2116 ax-9 2124 ax-10 2147 ax-11 2163 ax-12 2185 ax-ext 2709 ax-rep 5226 ax-sep 5243 ax-nul 5253 ax-pow 5312 ax-pr 5379 ax-un 7690 ax-inf2 9562 ax-cnex 11094 ax-resscn 11095 ax-1cn 11096 ax-icn 11097 ax-addcl 11098 ax-addrcl 11099 ax-mulcl 11100 ax-mulrcl 11101 ax-mulcom 11102 ax-addass 11103 ax-mulass 11104 ax-distr 11105 ax-i2m1 11106 ax-1ne0 11107 ax-1rid 11108 ax-rnegex 11109 ax-rrecex 11110 ax-cnre 11111 ax-pre-lttri 11112 ax-pre-lttrn 11113 ax-pre-ltadd 11114 ax-pre-mulgt0 11115 ax-pre-sup 11116

This theorem depends on definitions: df-bi 207 df-an 396 df-or 849 df-3or 1088 df-3an 1089 df-tru 1545 df-fal 1555 df-ex 1782 df-nf 1786 df-sb 2069 df-mo 2540 df-eu 2570 df-clab 2716 df-cleq 2729 df-clel 2812 df-nfc 2886 df-ne 2934 df-nel 3038 df-ral 3053 df-rex 3063 df-rmo 3352 df-reu 3353 df-rab 3402 df-v 3444 df-sbc 3743 df-csb 3852 df-dif 3906 df-un 3908 df-in 3910 df-ss 3920 df-pss 3923 df-nul 4288 df-if 4482 df-pw 4558 df-sn 4583 df-pr 4585 df-op 4589 df-uni 4866 df-int 4905 df-iun 4950 df-br 5101 df-opab 5163 df-mpt 5182 df-tr 5208 df-id 5527 df-eprel 5532 df-po 5540 df-so 5541 df-fr 5585 df-se 5586 df-we 5587 df-xp 5638 df-rel 5639 df-cnv 5640 df-co 5641 df-dm 5642 df-rn 5643 df-res 5644 df-ima 5645 df-pred 6267 df-ord 6328 df-on 6329 df-lim 6330 df-suc 6331 df-iota 6456 df-fun 6502 df-fn 6503 df-f 6504 df-f1 6505 df-fo 6506 df-f1o 6507 df-fv 6508 df-isom 6509 df-riota 7325 df-ov 7371 df-oprab 7372 df-mpo 7373 df-om 7819 df-1st 7943 df-2nd 7944 df-frecs 8233 df-wrecs 8264 df-recs 8313 df-rdg 8351 df-1o 8407 df-er 8645 df-pm 8778 df-en 8896 df-dom 8897 df-sdom 8898 df-fin 8899 df-sup 9357 df-inf 9358 df-oi 9427 df-card 9863 df-pnf 11180 df-mnf 11181 df-xr 11182 df-ltxr 11183 df-le 11184 df-sub 11378 df-neg 11379 df-div 11807 df-nn 12158 df-2 12220 df-3 12221 df-4 12222 df-5 12223 df-6 12224 df-7 12225 df-8 12226 df-9 12227 df-n0 12414 df-z 12501 df-dec 12620 df-uz 12764 df-rp 12918 df-fz 13436 df-fzo 13583 df-fl 13724 df-seq 13937 df-exp 13997 df-hash 14266 df-cj 15034 df-re 15035 df-im 15036 df-sqrt 15170 df-abs 15171 df-clim 15423 df-rlim 15424 df-sum 15622

This theorem is referenced by: (None)

W3C validator