Theorem cdj3lem1 31665

Description: A property of "𝐴 and 𝐵 are completely disjoint subspaces." Part of Lemma 5 of [Holland] p. 1520. (Contributed by NM, 23-May-2005.) (New usage is discouraged.)

Hypotheses

Ref	Expression
cdj1.1	⊢ 𝐴 ∈ Sℋ
cdj1.2	⊢ 𝐵 ∈ Sℋ

Assertion

Ref	Expression
cdj3lem1	⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (0 < 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ)

Distinct variable groups:   𝑥,𝑦,𝑧,𝐴   𝑥,𝐵,𝑦,𝑧

Proof of Theorem cdj3lem1

Dummy variable 𝑤 is distinct from all other variables.

Step	Hyp	Ref	Expression
1		elin 3963	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ↔ (𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵))
2		cdj1.2	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ Sℋ
3		neg1cn 12322	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ -1 ∈ ℂ
4		shmulcl 30449	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ Sℋ ∧ -1 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵) → (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵)
5	2, 3, 4	mp3an12 1452	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ 𝐵 → (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵)
6	5	anim2i 618	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ ((𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵) → (𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵))
7	1, 6	sylbi 216	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → (𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵))
8		fveq2 6888	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (normℎ‘𝑦) = (normℎ‘𝑤))
9	8	oveq1d 7419	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)))
10		fvoveq1 7427	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)) = (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧)))
11	10	oveq2d 7420	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) = (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧))))
12	9, 11	breq12d 5160	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧)))))
13		fveq2 6888	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (normℎ‘𝑧) = (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))
14	13	oveq2d 7420	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))
15		oveq2 7412	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧) = (𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))
16	15	fveq2d 6892	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧)) = (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))
17	16	oveq2d 7420	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧))) = (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))))
18	14, 17	breq12d 5160	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧))) ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
19	12, 18	rspc2v 3621	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ ((𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
20	7, 19	syl 17	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
21	20	adantl 483	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
22		cdj1.1	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ 𝐴 ∈ Sℋ
23	22, 2	shincli 30593	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∈ Sℋ
24	23	sheli 30445	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → 𝑤 ∈ ℋ)
25		normneg 30375	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)) = (normℎ‘𝑤))
26	25	oveq2d 7420	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑤)))
27		normcl 30356	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ)
28	27	recnd 11238	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℂ)
29	28	2timesd 12451	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑤)))
30	26, 29	eqtr4d 2776	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)))
31	30	adantl 483	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)))
32		hvnegid 30258	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)) = 0ℎ)
33	32	fveq2d 6892	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = (normℎ‘0ℎ))
34		norm0 30359	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (normℎ‘0ℎ) = 0
35	33, 34	eqtrdi 2789	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = 0)
36	35	oveq2d 7420	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) = (𝑥 · 0))
37		recn 11196	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → 𝑥 ∈ ℂ)
38	37	mul01d 11409	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → (𝑥 · 0) = 0)
39	36, 38	sylan9eqr 2795	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) = 0)
40		2t0e0 12377	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (2 · 0) = 0
41	39, 40	eqtr4di 2791	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) = (2 · 0))
42	31, 41	breq12d 5160	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
43		0re 11212	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ 0 ∈ ℝ
44		letri3 11295	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (((normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ∈ ℝ) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) = 0 ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ∧ 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))))
45	27, 43, 44	sylancl 587	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) = 0 ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ∧ 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))))
46		normge0 30357	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))
47	46	biantrud 533	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ∧ 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))))
48		2re 12282	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ⊢ 2 ∈ ℝ
49		2pos 12311	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ⊢ 0 < 2
50	48, 49	pm3.2i 472	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (2 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 2)
51		lemul2 12063	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (((normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ∈ ℝ ∧ (2 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 2)) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
52	43, 50, 51	mp3an23 1454	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
53	27, 52	syl 17	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
54	45, 47, 53	3bitr2rd 308	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0) ↔ (normℎ‘𝑤) = 0))
55		norm-i 30360	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) = 0 ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
56	54, 55	bitrd 279	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
57	56	adantl 483	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → ((2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
58	42, 57	bitrd 279	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
59	24, 58	sylan2 594	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
60	21, 59	sylibd 238	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
61	60	impancom 453	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
62		elch0 30485	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ 0ℋ ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ)
63	61, 62	syl6ibr 252	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → 𝑤 ∈ 0ℋ))
64	63	ssrdv 3987	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ)
65	64	ex 414	. . . 4 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ))
66		shle0 30673	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∈ Sℋ → ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ ↔ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ))
67	23, 66	ax-mp 5	. . . 4 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ ↔ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ)
68	65, 67	syl6ib 251	. . 3 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ))
69	68	adantld 492	. 2 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → ((0 < 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ))
70	69	rexlimiv 3149	1 ⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (0 < 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ)

Syntax hints:   → wi 4   ↔ wb 205   ∧ wa 397   = wceq 1542   ∈ wcel 2107  ∀wral 3062  ∃wrex 3071   ∩ cin 3946   ⊆ wss 3947   class class class wbr 5147  ‘cfv 6540  (class class class)co 7404  ℂcc 11104  ℝcr 11105  0cc0 11106  1c1 11107   + caddc 11109   · cmul 11111   < clt 11244   ≤ cle 11245  -cneg 11441  2c2 12263   ℋchba 30150   +_ℎ cva 30151   ·_ℎ csm 30152  norm_ℎcno 30154  0_ℎc0v 30155   S_ℋ csh 30159  0_ℋc0h 30166

This theorem was proved from axioms:  ax-mp 5  ax-1 6  ax-2 7  ax-3 8  ax-gen 1798  ax-4 1812  ax-5 1914  ax-6 1972  ax-7 2012  ax-8 2109  ax-9 2117  ax-10 2138  ax-11 2155  ax-12 2172  ax-ext 2704  ax-sep 5298  ax-nul 5305  ax-pow 5362  ax-pr 5426  ax-un 7720  ax-cnex 11162  ax-resscn 11163  ax-1cn 11164  ax-icn 11165  ax-addcl 11166  ax-addrcl 11167  ax-mulcl 11168  ax-mulrcl 11169  ax-mulcom 11170  ax-addass 11171  ax-mulass 11172  ax-distr 11173  ax-i2m1 11174  ax-1ne0 11175  ax-1rid 11176  ax-rnegex 11177  ax-rrecex 11178  ax-cnre 11179  ax-pre-lttri 11180  ax-pre-lttrn 11181  ax-pre-ltadd 11182  ax-pre-mulgt0 11183  ax-pre-sup 11184  ax-hilex 30230  ax-hfvadd 30231  ax-hvcom 30232  ax-hv0cl 30234  ax-hvaddid 30235  ax-hfvmul 30236  ax-hvmulid 30237  ax-hvmulass 30238  ax-hvdistr1 30239  ax-hvdistr2 30240  ax-hvmul0 30241  ax-hfi 30310  ax-his1 30313  ax-his3 30315  ax-his4 30316

This theorem depends on definitions:  df-bi 206  df-an 398  df-or 847  df-3or 1089  df-3an 1090  df-tru 1545  df-fal 1555  df-ex 1783  df-nf 1787  df-sb 2069  df-mo 2535  df-eu 2564  df-clab 2711  df-cleq 2725  df-clel 2811  df-nfc 2886  df-ne 2942  df-nel 3048  df-ral 3063  df-rex 3072  df-rmo 3377  df-reu 3378  df-rab 3434  df-v 3477  df-sbc 3777  df-csb 3893  df-dif 3950  df-un 3952  df-in 3954  df-ss 3964  df-pss 3966  df-nul 4322  df-if 4528  df-pw 4603  df-sn 4628  df-pr 4630  df-op 4634  df-uni 4908  df-int 4950  df-iun 4998  df-br 5148  df-opab 5210  df-mpt 5231  df-tr 5265  df-id 5573  df-eprel 5579  df-po 5587  df-so 5588  df-fr 5630  df-we 5632  df-xp 5681  df-rel 5682  df-cnv 5683  df-co 5684  df-dm 5685  df-rn 5686  df-res 5687  df-ima 5688  df-pred 6297  df-ord 6364  df-on 6365  df-lim 6366  df-suc 6367  df-iota 6492  df-fun 6542  df-fn 6543  df-f 6544  df-f1 6545  df-fo 6546  df-f1o 6547  df-fv 6548  df-riota 7360  df-ov 7407  df-oprab 7408  df-mpo 7409  df-om 7851  df-2nd 7971  df-frecs 8261  df-wrecs 8292  df-recs 8366  df-rdg 8405  df-er 8699  df-en 8936  df-dom 8937  df-sdom 8938  df-sup 9433  df-pnf 11246  df-mnf 11247  df-xr 11248  df-ltxr 11249  df-le 11250  df-sub 11442  df-neg 11443  df-div 11868  df-nn 12209  df-2 12271  df-3 12272  df-n0 12469  df-z 12555  df-uz 12819  df-rp 12971  df-seq 13963  df-exp 14024  df-cj 15042  df-re 15043  df-im 15044  df-sqrt 15178  df-abs 15179  df-hnorm 30199  df-hvsub 30202  df-sh 30438  df-ch0 30484

This theorem is referenced by:  cdj3lem2b  31668  cdj3i  31672