Theorem cdj3lem1 31376

Description: A property of "𝐴 and 𝐵 are completely disjoint subspaces." Part of Lemma 5 of [Holland] p. 1520. (Contributed by NM, 23-May-2005.) (New usage is discouraged.)

Hypotheses

Ref	Expression
cdj1.1	⊢ 𝐴 ∈ Sℋ
cdj1.2	⊢ 𝐵 ∈ Sℋ

Assertion

Ref	Expression
cdj3lem1	⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (0 < 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ)

Distinct variable groups:   𝑥,𝑦,𝑧,𝐴   𝑥,𝐵,𝑦,𝑧

Proof of Theorem cdj3lem1

Dummy variable 𝑤 is distinct from all other variables.

Step	Hyp	Ref	Expression
1		elin 3926	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ↔ (𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵))
2		cdj1.2	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ Sℋ
3		neg1cn 12267	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ -1 ∈ ℂ
4		shmulcl 30160	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ Sℋ ∧ -1 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵) → (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵)
5	2, 3, 4	mp3an12 1451	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ 𝐵 → (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵)
6	5	anim2i 617	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ ((𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑤 ∈ 𝐵) → (𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵))
7	1, 6	sylbi 216	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → (𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵))
8		fveq2 6842	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (normℎ‘𝑦) = (normℎ‘𝑤))
9	8	oveq1d 7372	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)))
10		fvoveq1 7380	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)) = (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧)))
11	10	oveq2d 7373	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) = (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧))))
12	9, 11	breq12d 5118	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑤 → (((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧)))))
13		fveq2 6842	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (normℎ‘𝑧) = (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))
14	13	oveq2d 7373	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))
15		oveq2 7365	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧) = (𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))
16	15	fveq2d 6846	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧)) = (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))
17	16	oveq2d 7373	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧))) = (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))))
18	14, 17	breq12d 5118	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑧 = (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ 𝑧))) ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
19	12, 18	rspc2v 3590	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ ((𝑤 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤) ∈ 𝐵) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
20	7, 19	syl 17	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
21	20	adantl 482	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))))))
22		cdj1.1	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ 𝐴 ∈ Sℋ
23	22, 2	shincli 30304	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∈ Sℋ
24	23	sheli 30156	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → 𝑤 ∈ ℋ)
25		normneg 30086	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)) = (normℎ‘𝑤))
26	25	oveq2d 7373	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑤)))
27		normcl 30067	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ)
28	27	recnd 11183	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℂ)
29	28	2timesd 12396	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) = ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘𝑤)))
30	26, 29	eqtr4d 2779	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)))
31	30	adantl 482	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)))
32		hvnegid 29969	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)) = 0ℎ)
33	32	fveq2d 6846	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = (normℎ‘0ℎ))
34		norm0 30070	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (normℎ‘0ℎ) = 0
35	33, 34	eqtrdi 2792	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) = 0)
36	35	oveq2d 7373	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) = (𝑥 · 0))
37		recn 11141	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → 𝑥 ∈ ℂ)
38	37	mul01d 11354	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → (𝑥 · 0) = 0)
39	36, 38	sylan9eqr 2798	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) = 0)
40		2t0e0 12322	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (2 · 0) = 0
41	39, 40	eqtr4di 2794	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) = (2 · 0))
42	31, 41	breq12d 5118	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
43		0re 11157	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ 0 ∈ ℝ
44		letri3 11240	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (((normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ∈ ℝ) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) = 0 ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ∧ 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))))
45	27, 43, 44	sylancl 586	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) = 0 ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ∧ 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))))
46		normge0 30068	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))
47	46	biantrud 532	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ∧ 0 ≤ (normℎ‘𝑤))))
48		2re 12227	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ⊢ 2 ∈ ℝ
49		2pos 12256	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ⊢ 0 < 2
50	48, 49	pm3.2i 471	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (2 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 2)
51		lemul2 12008	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ⊢ (((normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ∈ ℝ ∧ (2 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 2)) → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
52	43, 50, 51	mp3an23 1453	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ⊢ ((normℎ‘𝑤) ∈ ℝ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
53	27, 52	syl 17	. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) ≤ 0 ↔ (2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0)))
54	45, 47, 53	3bitr2rd 307	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0) ↔ (normℎ‘𝑤) = 0))
55		norm-i 30071	. . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((normℎ‘𝑤) = 0 ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
56	54, 55	bitrd 278	. . . . . . . . . . . 12 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ ℋ → ((2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
57	56	adantl 482	. . . . . . . . . . 11 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → ((2 · (normℎ‘𝑤)) ≤ (2 · 0) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
58	42, 57	bitrd 278	. . . . . . . . . 10 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ ℋ) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
59	24, 58	sylan2 593	. . . . . . . . 9 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) → (((normℎ‘𝑤) + (normℎ‘(-1 ·ℎ 𝑤))) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑤 +ℎ (-1 ·ℎ 𝑤)))) ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
60	21, 59	sylibd 238	. . . . . . . 8 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
61	60	impancom 452	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → 𝑤 = 0ℎ))
62		elch0 30196	. . . . . . 7 ⊢ (𝑤 ∈ 0ℋ ↔ 𝑤 = 0ℎ)
63	61, 62	syl6ibr 251	. . . . . 6 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝑤 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) → 𝑤 ∈ 0ℋ))
64	63	ssrdv 3950	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ)
65	64	ex 413	. . . 4 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ))
66		shle0 30384	. . . . 5 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∈ Sℋ → ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ ↔ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ))
67	23, 66	ax-mp 5	. . . 4 ⊢ ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ⊆ 0ℋ ↔ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ)
68	65, 67	syl6ib 250	. . 3 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ))
69	68	adantld 491	. 2 ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℝ → ((0 < 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ))
70	69	rexlimiv 3145	1 ⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (0 < 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((normℎ‘𝑦) + (normℎ‘𝑧)) ≤ (𝑥 · (normℎ‘(𝑦 +ℎ 𝑧)))) → (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 0ℋ)

Syntax hints:   → wi 4   ↔ wb 205   ∧ wa 396   = wceq 1541   ∈ wcel 2106  ∀wral 3064  ∃wrex 3073   ∩ cin 3909   ⊆ wss 3910   class class class wbr 5105  ‘cfv 6496  (class class class)co 7357  ℂcc 11049  ℝcr 11050  0cc0 11051  1c1 11052   + caddc 11054   · cmul 11056   < clt 11189   ≤ cle 11190  -cneg 11386  2c2 12208   ℋchba 29861   +_ℎ cva 29862   ·_ℎ csm 29863  norm_ℎcno 29865  0_ℎc0v 29866   S_ℋ csh 29870  0_ℋc0h 29877

This theorem was proved from axioms:  ax-mp 5  ax-1 6  ax-2 7  ax-3 8  ax-gen 1797  ax-4 1811  ax-5 1913  ax-6 1971  ax-7 2011  ax-8 2108  ax-9 2116  ax-10 2137  ax-11 2154  ax-12 2171  ax-ext 2707  ax-sep 5256  ax-nul 5263  ax-pow 5320  ax-pr 5384  ax-un 7672  ax-cnex 11107  ax-resscn 11108  ax-1cn 11109  ax-icn 11110  ax-addcl 11111  ax-addrcl 11112  ax-mulcl 11113  ax-mulrcl 11114  ax-mulcom 11115  ax-addass 11116  ax-mulass 11117  ax-distr 11118  ax-i2m1 11119  ax-1ne0 11120  ax-1rid 11121  ax-rnegex 11122  ax-rrecex 11123  ax-cnre 11124  ax-pre-lttri 11125  ax-pre-lttrn 11126  ax-pre-ltadd 11127  ax-pre-mulgt0 11128  ax-pre-sup 11129  ax-hilex 29941  ax-hfvadd 29942  ax-hvcom 29943  ax-hv0cl 29945  ax-hvaddid 29946  ax-hfvmul 29947  ax-hvmulid 29948  ax-hvmulass 29949  ax-hvdistr1 29950  ax-hvdistr2 29951  ax-hvmul0 29952  ax-hfi 30021  ax-his1 30024  ax-his3 30026  ax-his4 30027

This theorem depends on definitions:  df-bi 206  df-an 397  df-or 846  df-3or 1088  df-3an 1089  df-tru 1544  df-fal 1554  df-ex 1782  df-nf 1786  df-sb 2068  df-mo 2538  df-eu 2567  df-clab 2714  df-cleq 2728  df-clel 2814  df-nfc 2889  df-ne 2944  df-nel 3050  df-ral 3065  df-rex 3074  df-rmo 3353  df-reu 3354  df-rab 3408  df-v 3447  df-sbc 3740  df-csb 3856  df-dif 3913  df-un 3915  df-in 3917  df-ss 3927  df-pss 3929  df-nul 4283  df-if 4487  df-pw 4562  df-sn 4587  df-pr 4589  df-op 4593  df-uni 4866  df-int 4908  df-iun 4956  df-br 5106  df-opab 5168  df-mpt 5189  df-tr 5223  df-id 5531  df-eprel 5537  df-po 5545  df-so 5546  df-fr 5588  df-we 5590  df-xp 5639  df-rel 5640  df-cnv 5641  df-co 5642  df-dm 5643  df-rn 5644  df-res 5645  df-ima 5646  df-pred 6253  df-ord 6320  df-on 6321  df-lim 6322  df-suc 6323  df-iota 6448  df-fun 6498  df-fn 6499  df-f 6500  df-f1 6501  df-fo 6502  df-f1o 6503  df-fv 6504  df-riota 7313  df-ov 7360  df-oprab 7361  df-mpo 7362  df-om 7803  df-2nd 7922  df-frecs 8212  df-wrecs 8243  df-recs 8317  df-rdg 8356  df-er 8648  df-en 8884  df-dom 8885  df-sdom 8886  df-sup 9378  df-pnf 11191  df-mnf 11192  df-xr 11193  df-ltxr 11194  df-le 11195  df-sub 11387  df-neg 11388  df-div 11813  df-nn 12154  df-2 12216  df-3 12217  df-n0 12414  df-z 12500  df-uz 12764  df-rp 12916  df-seq 13907  df-exp 13968  df-cj 14984  df-re 14985  df-im 14986  df-sqrt 15120  df-abs 15121  df-hnorm 29910  df-hvsub 29913  df-sh 30149  df-ch0 30195

This theorem is referenced by:  cdj3lem2b  31379  cdj3i  31383