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Type | Label | Description |
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Statement | ||
Theorem | bj-inf2vnlem2 15401* | Lemma for bj-inf2vnlem3 15402 and bj-inf2vnlem4 15403. Remark: unoptimized proof (have to use more deduction style). (Contributed by BJ, 8-Dec-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
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Theorem | bj-inf2vnlem3 15402* | Lemma for bj-inf2vn 15404. (Contributed by BJ, 8-Dec-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
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Theorem | bj-inf2vnlem4 15403* | Lemma for bj-inf2vn2 15405. (Contributed by BJ, 8-Dec-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
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Theorem | bj-inf2vn 15404* |
A sufficient condition for ![]() |
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Theorem | bj-inf2vn2 15405* |
A sufficient condition for ![]() |
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Axiom | ax-inf2 15406* | Another axiom of infinity in a constructive setting (see ax-infvn 15371). (Contributed by BJ, 14-Nov-2019.) (New usage is discouraged.) |
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Theorem | bj-omex2 15407 |
Using bounded set induction and the strong axiom of infinity, ![]() |
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Theorem | bj-nn0sucALT 15408* | Alternate proof of bj-nn0suc 15394, also constructive but from ax-inf2 15406, hence requiring ax-bdsetind 15398. (Contributed by BJ, 8-Dec-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.) |
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In this section, using the axiom of set induction, we prove full induction on the set of natural numbers. | ||
Theorem | bj-findis 15409* | Principle of induction, using implicit substitutions (the biconditional versions of the hypotheses are implicit substitutions, and we have weakened them to implications). Constructive proof (from CZF). See bj-bdfindis 15377 for a bounded version not requiring ax-setind 4565. See finds 4628 for a proof in IZF. From this version, it is easy to prove of finds 4628, finds2 4629, finds1 4630. (Contributed by BJ, 22-Dec-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
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Theorem | bj-findisg 15410* | Version of bj-findis 15409 using a class term in the consequent. Constructive proof (from CZF). See the comment of bj-findis 15409 for explanations. (Contributed by BJ, 21-Nov-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
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Theorem | bj-findes 15411 | Principle of induction, using explicit substitutions. Constructive proof (from CZF). See the comment of bj-findis 15409 for explanations. From this version, it is easy to prove findes 4631. (Contributed by BJ, 21-Nov-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
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In this section, we state the axiom scheme of strong collection, which is part of CZF set theory. | ||
Axiom | ax-strcoll 15412* |
Axiom scheme of strong collection. It is stated with all possible
disjoint variable conditions, to show that this weak form is sufficient.
The antecedent means that ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | strcoll2 15413* | Version of ax-strcoll 15412 with one disjoint variable condition removed and without initial universal quantifier. (Contributed by BJ, 5-Oct-2019.) |
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Theorem | strcollnft 15414* | Closed form of strcollnf 15415. (Contributed by BJ, 21-Oct-2019.) |
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Theorem | strcollnf 15415* |
Version of ax-strcoll 15412 with one disjoint variable condition
removed,
the other disjoint variable condition replaced with a nonfreeness
hypothesis, and without initial universal quantifier. Version of
strcoll2 15413 with the disjoint variable condition on ![]() ![]() ![]()
This proof aims to demonstrate a standard technique, but strcoll2 15413 will
generally suffice: since the theorem asserts the existence of a set
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Theorem | strcollnfALT 15416* | Alternate proof of strcollnf 15415, not using strcollnft 15414. (Contributed by BJ, 5-Oct-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.) |
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In this section, we state the axiom scheme of subset collection, which is part of CZF set theory. | ||
Axiom | ax-sscoll 15417* |
Axiom scheme of subset collection. It is stated with all possible
disjoint variable conditions, to show that this weak form is sufficient.
The antecedent means that ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | sscoll2 15418* | Version of ax-sscoll 15417 with two disjoint variable conditions removed and without initial universal quantifiers. (Contributed by BJ, 5-Oct-2019.) |
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Axiom | ax-ddkcomp 15419 | Axiom of Dedekind completeness for Dedekind real numbers: every inhabited upper-bounded located set of reals has a real upper bound. Ideally, this axiom should be "proved" as "axddkcomp" for the real numbers constructed from IZF, and then Axiom ax-ddkcomp 15419 should be used in place of construction specific results. In particular, axcaucvg 7950 should be proved from it. (Contributed by BJ, 24-Oct-2021.) |
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Theorem | nnnotnotr 15420 | Double negation of double negation elimination. Suggested by an online post by Martin Escardo. Although this statement resembles nnexmid 851, it can be proved with reference only to implication and negation (that is, without use of disjunction). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Oct-2024.) |
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Theorem | 1dom1el 15421 | If a set is dominated by one, then any two of its elements are equal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Apr-2025.) |
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Theorem | ss1oel2o 15422 | Any subset of ordinal one being an element of ordinal two is equivalent to excluded middle. A variation of exmid01 4227 which more directly illustrates the contrast with el2oss1o 6487. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nnti 15423 | Ordering on a natural number generates a tight apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 7-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | 012of 15424 |
Mapping zero and one between ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | 2o01f 15425 |
Mapping zero and one between ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | pwtrufal 15426 |
A subset of the singleton ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | pwle2 15427* |
An exercise related to ![]() |
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Theorem | pwf1oexmid 15428* |
An exercise related to ![]() |
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Theorem | subctctexmid 15429* | If every subcountable set is countable and Markov's principle holds, excluded middle follows. Proposition 2.6 of [BauerSwan], p. 14:4. The proof is taken from that paper. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Nov-2023.) |
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Theorem | sssneq 15430* | Any two elements of a subset of a singleton are equal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-May-2024.) |
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Theorem | pw1nct 15431* | A condition which ensures that the powerset of a singleton is not countable. The antecedent here can be referred to as the uniformity principle. Based on Mastodon posts by Andrej Bauer and Rahul Chhabra. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-May-2024.) |
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Theorem | 0nninf 15432 |
The zero element of ℕ∞ (the constant sequence equal to
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Theorem | nnsf 15433* |
Domain and range of ![]() |
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Theorem | peano4nninf 15434* | The successor function on ℕ∞ is one to one. Half of Lemma 3.4 of [PradicBrown2022], p. 5. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2022.) |
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Theorem | peano3nninf 15435* | The successor function on ℕ∞ is never zero. Half of Lemma 3.4 of [PradicBrown2022], p. 5. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfalllem1 15436* | Lemma for nninfall 15437. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfall 15437* |
Given a decidable predicate on ℕ∞, showing it holds for
natural numbers and the point at infinity suffices to show it holds
everywhere. The sense in which ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | nninfsellemdc 15438* | Lemma for nninfself 15441. Showing that the selection function is well defined. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfsellemcl 15439* | Lemma for nninfself 15441. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfsellemsuc 15440* | Lemma for nninfself 15441. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfself 15441* | Domain and range of the selection function for ℕ∞. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfsellemeq 15442* | Lemma for nninfsel 15445. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 9-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfsellemqall 15443* | Lemma for nninfsel 15445. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 9-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfsellemeqinf 15444* | Lemma for nninfsel 15445. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 9-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfsel 15445* |
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Theorem | nninfomnilem 15446* | Lemma for nninfomni 15447. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninfomni 15447 | ℕ∞ is omniscient. Corollary 3.7 of [PradicBrown2022], p. 5. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | nninffeq 15448* |
Equality of two functions on ℕ∞ which agree at every
integer and
at the point at infinity. From an online post by Martin Escardo.
Remark: the last two hypotheses can be grouped into one,
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Theorem | nnnninfen 15449 | Equinumerosity of the natural numbers and ℕ∞ is equivalent to the Limited Principle of Omniscience (LPO). Remark in Section 1.1 of [Pradic2025], p. 2. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Jul-2025.) |
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Theorem | exmidsbthrlem 15450* | Lemma for exmidsbthr 15451. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | exmidsbthr 15451* | The Schroeder-Bernstein Theorem implies excluded middle. Theorem 1 of [PradicBrown2022], p. 1. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | exmidsbth 15452* |
The Schroeder-Bernstein Theorem is equivalent to excluded middle. This
is Metamath 100 proof #25. The forward direction (isbth 7016) is the
proof of the Schroeder-Bernstein Theorem from the Metamath Proof
Explorer database (in which excluded middle holds), but adapted to use
EXMID as an antecedent rather than being unconditionally
true, as in
the non-intuitionistic proof at
https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/sbth.html 7016.
The reverse direction (exmidsbthr 15451) is the one which establishes that Schroeder-Bernstein implies excluded middle. This resolves the question of whether we will be able to prove Schroeder-Bernstein from our axioms in the negative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Aug-2022.) |
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Theorem | sbthomlem 15453 | Lemma for sbthom 15454. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 13-Jul-2023.) |
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Theorem | sbthom 15454 |
Schroeder-Bernstein is not possible even for ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | qdencn 15455* |
The set of complex numbers whose real and imaginary parts are rational
is dense in the complex plane. This is a two dimensional analogue to
qdenre 11333 (and also would hold for ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | refeq 15456* | Equality of two real functions which agree at negative numbers, positive numbers, and zero. This holds even without real trichotomy. From an online post by Martin Escardo. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 9-Jul-2023.) |
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Theorem | triap 15457 | Two ways of stating real number trichotomy. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | isomninnlem 15458* | Lemma for isomninn 15459. The result, with a hypothesis to provide a convenient notation. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | isomninn 15459* |
Omniscience stated in terms of natural numbers. Similar to isomnimap 7186
but it will sometimes be more convenient to use ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | cvgcmp2nlemabs 15460* |
Lemma for cvgcmp2n 15461. The partial sums get closer to each other
as
we go further out. The proof proceeds by rewriting
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Theorem | cvgcmp2n 15461* | A comparison test for convergence of a real infinite series. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | iooref1o 15462 | A one-to-one mapping from the real numbers onto the open unit interval. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | iooreen 15463 | An open interval is equinumerous to the real numbers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Jun-2024.) |
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Omniscience principles refer to several propositions, most of them weaker than full excluded middle, which do not follow from the axioms of IZF set theory.
They are: (0) the Principle of Omniscience (PO), which is another name for
excluded middle (see exmidomni 7191), (1) the Limited Principle of Omniscience
(LPO) is
They also have analytic counterparts each of which follows from the
corresponding omniscience principle: (1) Analytic LPO is real number
trichotomy, | ||
Theorem | trilpolemclim 15464* | Lemma for trilpo 15471. Convergence of the series. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | trilpolemcl 15465* | Lemma for trilpo 15471. The sum exists. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | trilpolemisumle 15466* | Lemma for trilpo 15471. An upper bound for the sum of the digits beyond a certain point. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | trilpolemgt1 15467* |
Lemma for trilpo 15471. The ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | trilpolemeq1 15468* |
Lemma for trilpo 15471. The ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | trilpolemlt1 15469* |
Lemma for trilpo 15471. The ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | trilpolemres 15470* | Lemma for trilpo 15471. The result. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | trilpo 15471* |
Real number trichotomy implies the Limited Principle of Omniscience
(LPO). We expect that we'd need some form of countable choice to prove
the converse.
Here's the outline of the proof. Given an infinite sequence F of zeroes and ones, we need to show the sequence contains a zero or it is all ones. Construct a real number A whose representation in base two consists of a zero, a decimal point, and then the numbers of the sequence. Compare it with one using trichotomy. The three cases from trichotomy are trilpolemlt1 15469 (which means the sequence contains a zero), trilpolemeq1 15468 (which means the sequence is all ones), and trilpolemgt1 15467 (which is not possible). Equivalent ways to state real number trichotomy (sometimes called "analytic LPO") include decidability of real number apartness (see triap 15457) or that the real numbers are a discrete field (see trirec0 15472). LPO is known to not be provable in IZF (and most constructive foundations), so this theorem establishes that we will be unable to prove an analogue to qtri3or 10300 for real numbers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Aug-2023.) |
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Theorem | trirec0 15472* |
Every real number having a reciprocal or equaling zero is equivalent to
real number trichotomy.
This is the key part of the definition of what is known as a discrete field, so "the real numbers are a discrete field" can be taken as an equivalent way to state real trichotomy (see further discussion at trilpo 15471). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | trirec0xor 15473* |
Version of trirec0 15472 with exclusive-or.
The definition of a discrete field is sometimes stated in terms of exclusive-or but as proved here, this is equivalent to inclusive-or because the two disjuncts cannot be simultaneously true. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | apdifflemf 15474 |
Lemma for apdiff 15476. Being apart from the point halfway between
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | apdifflemr 15475 | Lemma for apdiff 15476. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-May-2024.) |
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Theorem | apdiff 15476* | The irrationals (reals apart from any rational) are exactly those reals that are a different distance from every rational. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-May-2024.) |
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Theorem | iswomninnlem 15477* | Lemma for iswomnimap 7215. The result, with a hypothesis for convenience. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | iswomninn 15478* |
Weak omniscience stated in terms of natural numbers. Similar to
iswomnimap 7215 but it will sometimes be more convenient to
use ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | iswomni0 15479* |
Weak omniscience stated in terms of equality with ![]() |
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Theorem | ismkvnnlem 15480* | Lemma for ismkvnn 15481. The result, with a hypothesis to give a name to an expression for convenience. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | ismkvnn 15481* | The predicate of being Markov stated in terms of set exponentiation. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | redcwlpolemeq1 15482* | Lemma for redcwlpo 15483. A biconditionalized version of trilpolemeq1 15468. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | redcwlpo 15483* |
Decidability of real number equality implies the Weak Limited Principle
of Omniscience (WLPO). We expect that we'd need some form of countable
choice to prove the converse.
Here's the outline of the proof. Given an infinite sequence F of zeroes and ones, we need to show the sequence is all ones or it is not. Construct a real number A whose representation in base two consists of a zero, a decimal point, and then the numbers of the sequence. This real number will equal one if and only if the sequence is all ones (redcwlpolemeq1 15482). Therefore decidability of real number equality would imply decidability of whether the sequence is all ones. Because of this theorem, decidability of real number equality is sometimes called "analytic WLPO". WLPO is known to not be provable in IZF (and most constructive foundations), so this theorem establishes that we will be unable to prove an analogue to qdceq 10304 for real numbers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | tridceq 15484* | Real trichotomy implies decidability of real number equality. Or in other words, analytic LPO implies analytic WLPO (see trilpo 15471 and redcwlpo 15483). Thus, this is an analytic analogue to lpowlpo 7217. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Jul-2024.) |
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Theorem | redc0 15485* | Two ways to express decidability of real number equality. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Jul-2024.) |
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Theorem | reap0 15486* | Real number trichotomy is equivalent to decidability of apartness from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2024.) |
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Theorem | cndcap 15487* | Real number trichotomy is equivalent to decidability of complex number apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Apr-2025.) |
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Theorem | dceqnconst 15488* | Decidability of real number equality implies the existence of a certain non-constant function from real numbers to integers. Variation of Exercise 11.6(i) of [HoTT], p. (varies). See redcwlpo 15483 for more discussion of decidability of real number equality. (Contributed by BJ and Jim Kingdon, 24-Jun-2024.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 23-Jul-2024.) |
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Theorem | dcapnconst 15489* |
Decidability of real number apartness implies the existence of a certain
non-constant function from real numbers to integers. Variation of
Exercise 11.6(i) of [HoTT], p. (varies).
See trilpo 15471 for more
discussion of decidability of real number apartness.
This is a weaker form of dceqnconst 15488 and in fact this theorem can be proved using dceqnconst 15488 as shown at dcapnconstALT 15490. (Contributed by BJ and Jim Kingdon, 24-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | dcapnconstALT 15490* | Decidability of real number apartness implies the existence of a certain non-constant function from real numbers to integers. A proof of dcapnconst 15489 by means of dceqnconst 15488. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2024.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
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Theorem | nconstwlpolem0 15491* | Lemma for nconstwlpo 15494. If all the terms of the series are zero, so is their sum. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Jul-2024.) |
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Theorem | nconstwlpolemgt0 15492* | Lemma for nconstwlpo 15494. If one of the terms of series is positive, so is the sum. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Jul-2024.) |
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Theorem | nconstwlpolem 15493* | Lemma for nconstwlpo 15494. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Jul-2024.) |
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Theorem | nconstwlpo 15494* |
Existence of a certain non-constant function from reals to integers
implies ![]() ![]() |
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Theorem | neapmkvlem 15495* | Lemma for neapmkv 15496. The result, with a few hypotheses broken out for convenience. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | neapmkv 15496* | If negated equality for real numbers implies apartness, Markov's Principle follows. Exercise 11.10 of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Jun-2024.) |
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Theorem | neap0mkv 15497* | The analytic Markov principle can be expressed either with two arbitrary real numbers, or one arbitrary number and zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Feb-2025.) |
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Theorem | ltlenmkv 15498* |
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Theorem | supfz 15499 | The supremum of a finite sequence of integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 15-Oct-2022.) |
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Theorem | inffz 15500 | The infimum of a finite sequence of integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 15-Oct-2022.) |
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