P. 162 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 16101-16200   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
11.4.2  Number-theoretical functions
Syntax	csgm 16101	Extend class notation with the divisor function.
class sigma
Definition	df-sgm 16102*	Define the sum of positive divisors function ( x sigma n ), which is the sum of the xth powers of the positive integer divisors of n, see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 38. For x = 0, ( x sigma n ) counts the number of divisors of n, i.e. ( 0 sigma n ) is the divisor function, see remark in [ApostolNT] p. 38. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.)
|- sigma = ( x e. CC , n e. NN |-> sum_ k e. { p e. NN | p || n } ( k ^c x ) )
Theorem	sgmval 16103*	The value of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. CC /\ B e. NN ) -> ( A sigma B ) = sum_ k e. { p e. NN | p || B } ( k ^c A ) )
Theorem	sgmval2 16104*	The value of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. NN ) -> ( A sigma B ) = sum_ k e. { p e. NN | p || B } ( k ^ A ) )
Theorem	0sgm 16105*	The value of the sum-of-divisors function, usually denoted σ<SUB>0</SUB>(<i>n</i>). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
|- ( A e. NN -> ( 0 sigma A ) = (♯ ` { p e. NN | p || A } ) )
Theorem	sgmf 16106	The divisor function is a function into the complex numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
|- sigma : ( CC X. NN ) --> CC
Theorem	sgmcl 16107	Closure of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.)
|- ( ( A e. CC /\ B e. NN ) -> ( A sigma B ) e. CC )
Theorem	sgmnncl 16108	Closure of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. NN0 /\ B e. NN ) -> ( A sigma B ) e. NN )
Theorem	dvdsppwf1o 16109*	A bijection between the divisors of a prime power and the integers less than or equal to the exponent. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-May-2016.)
|- F = ( n e. ( 0 ... A ) |-> ( P ^ n ) )   =>    |- ( ( P e. Prime /\ A e. NN0 ) -> F : ( 0 ... A ) -1-1-onto-> { x e. NN | x || ( P ^ A ) } )
Theorem	mpodvdsmulf1o 16110*	If M and N are two coprime integers, multiplication forms a bijection from the set of pairs <. j , k >. where j || M and k || N, to the set of divisors of M x. N. (Contributed by GG, 18-Apr-2025.)
|- ( ph -> M e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> ( M gcd N ) = 1 )   &    |- X = { x e. NN | x || M }   &    |- Y = { x e. NN | x || N }   &    |- Z = { x e. NN | x || ( M x. N ) }   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( x e. CC , y e. CC |-> ( x x. y ) ) |` ( X X. Y ) ) : ( X X. Y ) -1-1-onto-> Z )
Theorem	fsumdvdsmul 16111*	Product of two divisor sums. (This is also the main part of the proof that " sum_ k || N F ( k ) is a multiplicative function if F is".) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.) Avoid ax-mulf 8302. (Revised by GG, 18-Apr-2025.)
|- ( ph -> M e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> ( M gcd N ) = 1 )   &    |- X = { x e. NN | x || M }   &    |- Y = { x e. NN | x || N }   &    |- Z = { x e. NN | x || ( M x. N ) }   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. X ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Y ) -> B e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. X /\ k e. Y ) ) -> ( A x. B ) = D )   &    |- ( i = ( j x. k ) -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ j e. X A x. sum_ k e. Y B ) = sum_ i e. Z C )
Theorem	sgmppw 16112*	The value of the divisor function at a prime power. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
|- ( ( A e. CC /\ P e. Prime /\ N e. NN0 ) -> ( A sigma ( P ^ N ) ) = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... N ) ( ( P ^c A ) ^ k ) )
Theorem	0sgmppw 16113	A prime power P ^ K has K + 1 divisors. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
|- ( ( P e. Prime /\ K e. NN0 ) -> ( 0 sigma ( P ^ K ) ) = ( K + 1 ) )
Theorem	1sgmprm 16114	The sum of divisors for a prime is P + 1 because the only divisors are 1 and P. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
|- ( P e. Prime -> ( 1 sigma P ) = ( P + 1 ) )
Theorem	1sgm2ppw 16115	The sum of the divisors of 2 ^ ( N - 1 ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
|- ( N e. NN -> ( 1 sigma ( 2 ^ ( N - 1 ) ) ) = ( ( 2 ^ N ) - 1 ) )
Theorem	sgmmul 16116	The divisor function for fixed parameter A is a multiplicative function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. CC /\ ( M e. NN /\ N e. NN /\ ( M gcd N ) = 1 ) ) -> ( A sigma ( M x. N ) ) = ( ( A sigma M ) x. ( A sigma N ) ) )
11.4.3  Perfect Number Theorem
Theorem	mersenne 16117	A Mersenne prime is a prime number of the form 2 ^ P - 1. This theorem shows that the P in this expression is necessarily also prime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
|- ( ( P e. ZZ /\ ( ( 2 ^ P ) - 1 ) e. Prime ) -> P e. Prime )
Theorem	perfect1 16118	Euclid's contribution to the Euclid-Euler theorem. A number of the form 2 ^ ( p - 1 ) x. ( 2 ^ p - 1 ) is a perfect number. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
|- ( ( P e. ZZ /\ ( ( 2 ^ P ) - 1 ) e. Prime ) -> ( 1 sigma ( ( 2 ^ ( P - 1 ) ) x. ( ( 2 ^ P ) - 1 ) ) ) = ( ( 2 ^ P ) x. ( ( 2 ^ P ) - 1 ) ) )
Theorem	perfectlem1 16119	Lemma for perfect 16121. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2016.)
|- ( ph -> A e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> -. 2 || B )   &    |- ( ph -> ( 1 sigma ( ( 2 ^ A ) x. B ) ) = ( 2 x. ( ( 2 ^ A ) x. B ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( 2 ^ ( A + 1 ) ) e. NN /\ ( ( 2 ^ ( A + 1 ) ) - 1 ) e. NN /\ ( B / ( ( 2 ^ ( A + 1 ) ) - 1 ) ) e. NN ) )
Theorem	perfectlem2 16120	Lemma for perfect 16121. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 17-Sep-2020.)
|- ( ph -> A e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> -. 2 || B )   &    |- ( ph -> ( 1 sigma ( ( 2 ^ A ) x. B ) ) = ( 2 x. ( ( 2 ^ A ) x. B ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( B e. Prime /\ B = ( ( 2 ^ ( A + 1 ) ) - 1 ) ) )
Theorem	perfect 16121*	The Euclid-Euler theorem, or Perfect Number theorem. A positive even integer N is a perfect number (that is, its divisor sum is 2 N) if and only if it is of the form 2 ^ ( p - 1 ) x. ( 2 ^ p - 1 ), where 2 ^ p - 1 is prime (a Mersenne prime), and therefore p is also prime, see mersenne 16117. This is Metamath 100 proof #70. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
|- ( ( N e. NN /\ 2 || N ) -> ( ( 1 sigma N ) = ( 2 x. N ) <-> E. p e. ZZ ( ( ( 2 ^ p ) - 1 ) e. Prime /\ N = ( ( 2 ^ ( p - 1 ) ) x. ( ( 2 ^ p ) - 1 ) ) ) ) )
11.4.4  Bertrand's postulate
Theorem	bcctr 16122	Value of the central binomial coefficient. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Mar-2014.)
|- ( N e. NN0 -> ( ( 2 x. N ) _C N ) = ( ( ! ` ( 2 x. N ) ) / ( ( ! ` N ) x. ( ! ` N ) ) ) )
Theorem	pcbcctr 16123*	Prime count of a central binomial coefficient. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Mar-2014.)
|- ( ( N e. NN /\ P e. Prime ) -> ( P pCnt ( ( 2 x. N ) _C N ) ) = sum_ k e. ( 1 ... ( 2 x. N ) ) ( ( |_ ` ( ( 2 x. N ) / ( P ^ k ) ) ) - ( 2 x. ( |_ ` ( N / ( P ^ k ) ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	bcmono 16124	The binomial coefficient is monotone in its second argument, up to the midway point. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Mar-2014.)
|- ( ( N e. NN0 /\ B e. ( ZZ>= ` A ) /\ B <_ ( N / 2 ) ) -> ( N _C A ) <_ ( N _C B ) )
Theorem	bcmax 16125	The binomial coefficient takes its maximum value at the center. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Mar-2014.)
|- ( ( N e. NN0 /\ K e. ZZ ) -> ( ( 2 x. N ) _C K ) <_ ( ( 2 x. N ) _C N ) )
Theorem	bcp1ctr 16126	Ratio of two central binomial coefficients. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Mar-2014.)
|- ( N e. NN0 -> ( ( 2 x. ( N + 1 ) ) _C ( N + 1 ) ) = ( ( ( 2 x. N ) _C N ) x. ( 2 x. ( ( ( 2 x. N ) + 1 ) / ( N + 1 ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	bclbnd 16127	A bound on the binomial coefficient. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Mar-2014.)
|- ( N e. ( ZZ>= ` 4 ) -> ( ( 4 ^ N ) / N ) < ( ( 2 x. N ) _C N ) )
11.4.5  Quadratic residues and the Legendre symbol If the congruence ( ( x ^ 2 ) mod p ) = ( n mod p ) has a solution we say that n is a quadratic residue mod p. If the congruence has no solution we say that n is a quadratic nonresidue mod p, see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 178. The Legendre symbol ( n /L p ) is defined in a way that its value is 1 if n is a quadratic residue mod p and -u 1 if n is a quadratic nonresidue mod p (and 0 if p divides n). Originally, the Legendre symbol ( N /L P ) was defined for odd primes P only (and arbitrary integers N) by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798, see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 179. It was generalized to be defined for any positive odd integer by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi in 1837 (therefore called "Jacobi symbol" since then), see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 188. Finally, it was generalized to be defined for any integer by Leopold Kronecker in 1885 (therefore called "Kronecker symbol" since then). The definition df-lgs 16129 for the "Legendre symbol" /L is actually the definition of the "Kronecker symbol". Since only one definition (and one class symbol) are provided in set.mm, the names "Legendre symbol", "Jacobi symbol" and "Kronecker symbol" are used synonymously for /L, but mostly it is called "Legendre symbol", even if it is used in the context of a "Jacobi symbol" or "Kronecker symbol".
Syntax	clgs 16128	Extend class notation with the Legendre symbol function.
class /L
Definition	df-lgs 16129*	Define the Legendre symbol (actually the Kronecker symbol, which extends the Legendre symbol to all integers, and also the Jacobi symbol, which restricts the Kronecker symbol to positive odd integers). See definition in [ApostolNT] p. 179 resp. definition in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- /L = ( a e. ZZ , n e. ZZ |-> if ( n = 0 , if ( ( a ^ 2 ) = 1 , 1 , 0 ) , ( if ( ( n < 0 /\ a < 0 ) , -u 1 , 1 ) x. ( seq 1 ( x. , ( m e. NN |-> if ( m e. Prime , ( if ( m = 2 , if ( 2 || a , 0 , if ( ( a mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( a ^ ( ( m - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod m ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( m pCnt n ) ) , 1 ) ) ) ` ( abs ` n ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	zabsle1 16130	{ -u 1 , 0 , 1 } is the set of all integers with absolute value at most 1. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
|- ( Z e. ZZ -> ( Z e. { -u 1 , 0 , 1 } <-> ( abs ` Z ) <_ 1 ) )
Theorem	lgslem1 16131	When a is coprime to the prime p, a ^ ( ( p - 1 ) / 2 ) is equivalent mod p to 1 or -u 1, and so adding 1 makes it equivalent to 0 or 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) /\ -. P || A ) -> ( ( ( A ^ ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod P ) e. { 0 , 2 } )
Theorem	lgslem2 16132	The set Z of all integers with absolute value at most 1 contains { -u 1 , 0 , 1 }. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- Z = { x e. ZZ | ( abs ` x ) <_ 1 }   =>    |- ( -u 1 e. Z /\ 0 e. Z /\ 1 e. Z )
Theorem	lgslem3 16133*	The set Z of all integers with absolute value at most 1 is closed under multiplication. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- Z = { x e. ZZ | ( abs ` x ) <_ 1 }   =>    |- ( ( A e. Z /\ B e. Z ) -> ( A x. B ) e. Z )
Theorem	lgslem4 16134*	Lemma for lgsfcl2 16137. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 19-Mar-2022.)
|- Z = { x e. ZZ | ( abs ` x ) <_ 1 }   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) ) -> ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod P ) - 1 ) e. Z )
Theorem	lgsval 16135*	Value of the Legendre symbol at an arbitrary integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( A /L N ) = if ( N = 0 , if ( ( A ^ 2 ) = 1 , 1 , 0 ) , ( if ( ( N < 0 /\ A < 0 ) , -u 1 , 1 ) x. ( seq 1 ( x. , F ) ` ( abs ` N ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	lgsfvalg 16136*	Value of the function F which defines the Legendre symbol at the primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 4-Nov-2024.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. NN /\ M e. NN ) -> ( F ` M ) = if ( M e. Prime , ( if ( M = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( M - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod M ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( M pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )
Theorem	lgsfcl2 16137*	The function F is closed in integers with absolute value less than 1 (namely { -u 1 , 0 , 1 }, see zabsle1 16130). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   &    |- Z = { x e. ZZ | ( abs ` x ) <_ 1 }   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ /\ N =/= 0 ) -> F : NN --> Z )
Theorem	lgscllem 16138*	The Legendre symbol is an element of Z. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   &    |- Z = { x e. ZZ | ( abs ` x ) <_ 1 }   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( A /L N ) e. Z )
Theorem	lgsfcl 16139*	Closure of the function F which defines the Legendre symbol at the primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ /\ N =/= 0 ) -> F : NN --> ZZ )
Theorem	lgsfle1 16140*	The function F has magnitude less or equal to 1. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ /\ N =/= 0 ) /\ M e. NN ) -> ( abs ` ( F ` M ) ) <_ 1 )
Theorem	lgsval2lem 16141*	Lemma for lgsval2 16147. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. Prime ) -> ( A /L N ) = if ( N = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( N - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod N ) - 1 ) ) )
Theorem	lgsval4lem 16142*	Lemma for lgsval4 16151. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( if ( n = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod n ) - 1 ) ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ /\ N =/= 0 ) -> F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( ( A /L n ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) ) )
Theorem	lgscl2 16143*	The Legendre symbol is an integer with absolute value less than or equal to 1. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- Z = { x e. ZZ | ( abs ` x ) <_ 1 }   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( A /L N ) e. Z )
Theorem	lgs0 16144	The Legendre symbol when the second argument is zero. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( A e. ZZ -> ( A /L 0 ) = if ( ( A ^ 2 ) = 1 , 1 , 0 ) )
Theorem	lgscl 16145	The Legendre symbol is an integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( A /L N ) e. ZZ )
Theorem	lgsle1 16146	The Legendre symbol has absolute value less than or equal to 1. Together with lgscl 16145 this implies that it takes values in { -u 1 , 0 , 1 }. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( abs ` ( A /L N ) ) <_ 1 )
Theorem	lgsval2 16147	The Legendre symbol at a prime (this is the traditional domain of the Legendre symbol, except for the addition of prime 2). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ P e. Prime ) -> ( A /L P ) = if ( P = 2 , if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) , ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod P ) - 1 ) ) )
Theorem	lgs2 16148	The Legendre symbol at 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( A e. ZZ -> ( A /L 2 ) = if ( 2 || A , 0 , if ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } , 1 , -u 1 ) ) )
Theorem	lgsval3 16149	The Legendre symbol at an odd prime (this is the traditional domain of the Legendre symbol). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) ) -> ( A /L P ) = ( ( ( ( A ^ ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 ) ) + 1 ) mod P ) - 1 ) )
Theorem	lgsvalmod 16150	The Legendre symbol is equivalent to a ^ ( ( p - 1 ) / 2 ), mod p. This theorem is also called "Euler's criterion", see theorem 9.2 in [ApostolNT] p. 180, or a representation of Euler's criterion using the Legendre symbol. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) ) -> ( ( A /L P ) mod P ) = ( ( A ^ ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 ) ) mod P ) )
Theorem	lgsval4 16151*	Restate lgsval 16135 for nonzero N, where the function F has been abbreviated into a self-referential expression taking the value of /L on the primes as given. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( ( A /L n ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ /\ N =/= 0 ) -> ( A /L N ) = ( if ( ( N < 0 /\ A < 0 ) , -u 1 , 1 ) x. ( seq 1 ( x. , F ) ` ( abs ` N ) ) ) )
Theorem	lgsfcl3 16152*	Closure of the function F which defines the Legendre symbol at the primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( ( A /L n ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ /\ N =/= 0 ) -> F : NN --> ZZ )
Theorem	lgsval4a 16153*	Same as lgsval4 16151 for positive N. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( ( A /L n ) ^ ( n pCnt N ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. NN ) -> ( A /L N ) = ( seq 1 ( x. , F ) ` N ) )
Theorem	lgscl1 16154	The value of the Legendre symbol is either -1 or 0 or 1. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( A /L N ) e. { -u 1 , 0 , 1 } )
Theorem	lgsneg 16155	The Legendre symbol is either even or odd under negation with respect to the second parameter according to the sign of the first. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ /\ N =/= 0 ) -> ( A /L -u N ) = ( if ( A < 0 , -u 1 , 1 ) x. ( A /L N ) ) )
Theorem	lgsneg1 16156	The Legendre symbol for nonnegative first parameter is unchanged by negation of the second. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. NN0 /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( A /L -u N ) = ( A /L N ) )
Theorem	lgsmod 16157	The Legendre (Jacobi) symbol is preserved under reduction mod n when n is odd. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. NN /\ -. 2 || N ) -> ( ( A mod N ) /L N ) = ( A /L N ) )
Theorem	lgsdilem 16158	Lemma for lgsdi 16168 and lgsdir 16166: the sign part of the Legendre symbol is multiplicative. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) /\ ( A =/= 0 /\ B =/= 0 ) ) -> if ( ( N < 0 /\ ( A x. B ) < 0 ) , -u 1 , 1 ) = ( if ( ( N < 0 /\ A < 0 ) , -u 1 , 1 ) x. if ( ( N < 0 /\ B < 0 ) , -u 1 , 1 ) ) )
Theorem	lgsdir2lem1 16159	Lemma for lgsdir2 16164. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( ( 1 mod 8 ) = 1 /\ ( -u 1 mod 8 ) = 7 ) /\ ( ( 3 mod 8 ) = 3 /\ ( -u 3 mod 8 ) = 5 ) )
Theorem	lgsdir2lem2 16160	Lemma for lgsdir2 16164. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( K e. ZZ /\ 2 || ( K + 1 ) /\ ( ( A e. ZZ /\ -. 2 || A ) -> ( ( A mod 8 ) e. ( 0 ... K ) -> ( A mod 8 ) e. S ) ) )   &    |- M = ( K + 1 )   &    |- N = ( M + 1 )   &    |- N e. S   =>    |- ( N e. ZZ /\ 2 || ( N + 1 ) /\ ( ( A e. ZZ /\ -. 2 || A ) -> ( ( A mod 8 ) e. ( 0 ... N ) -> ( A mod 8 ) e. S ) ) )
Theorem	lgsdir2lem3 16161	Lemma for lgsdir2 16164. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ -. 2 || A ) -> ( A mod 8 ) e. ( { 1 , 7 } u. { 3 , 5 } ) )
Theorem	lgsdir2lem4 16162	Lemma for lgsdir2 16164. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ ) /\ ( A mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } ) -> ( ( ( A x. B ) mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } <-> ( B mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } ) )
Theorem	lgsdir2lem5 16163	Lemma for lgsdir2 16164. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ ) /\ ( ( A mod 8 ) e. { 3 , 5 } /\ ( B mod 8 ) e. { 3 , 5 } ) ) -> ( ( A x. B ) mod 8 ) e. { 1 , 7 } )
Theorem	lgsdir2 16164	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative at 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ ) -> ( ( A x. B ) /L 2 ) = ( ( A /L 2 ) x. ( B /L 2 ) ) )
Theorem	lgsdirprm 16165	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative at the primes. See theorem 9.3 in [ApostolNT] p. 180. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 18-Mar-2022.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ /\ P e. Prime ) -> ( ( A x. B ) /L P ) = ( ( A /L P ) x. ( B /L P ) ) )
Theorem	lgsdir 16166	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative in its left argument. Generalization of theorem 9.9(a) in [ApostolNT] p. 188 (which assumes that A and B are odd positive integers). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) /\ ( A =/= 0 /\ B =/= 0 ) ) -> ( ( A x. B ) /L N ) = ( ( A /L N ) x. ( B /L N ) ) )
Theorem	lgsdilem2 16167*	Lemma for lgsdi 16168. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> M =/= 0 )   &    |- ( ph -> N =/= 0 )   &    |- F = ( n e. NN |-> if ( n e. Prime , ( ( A /L n ) ^ ( n pCnt M ) ) , 1 ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( seq 1 ( x. , F ) ` ( abs ` M ) ) = ( seq 1 ( x. , F ) ` ( abs ` ( M x. N ) ) ) )
Theorem	lgsdi 16168	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative in its right argument. Generalization of theorem 9.9(b) in [ApostolNT] p. 188 (which assumes that M and N are odd positive integers). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ M e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) /\ ( M =/= 0 /\ N =/= 0 ) ) -> ( A /L ( M x. N ) ) = ( ( A /L M ) x. ( A /L N ) ) )
Theorem	lgsne0 16169	The Legendre symbol is nonzero (and hence equal to 1 or -u 1) precisely when the arguments are coprime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( ( A /L N ) =/= 0 <-> ( A gcd N ) = 1 ) )
Theorem	lgsabs1 16170	The Legendre symbol is nonzero (and hence equal to 1 or -u 1) precisely when the arguments are coprime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( ( abs ` ( A /L N ) ) = 1 <-> ( A gcd N ) = 1 ) )
Theorem	lgssq 16171	The Legendre symbol at a square is equal to 1. Together with lgsmod 16157 this implies that the Legendre symbol takes value 1 at every quadratic residue. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.) (Revised by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ A =/= 0 ) /\ N e. ZZ /\ ( A gcd N ) = 1 ) -> ( ( A ^ 2 ) /L N ) = 1 )
Theorem	lgssq2 16172	The Legendre symbol at a square is equal to 1. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ N e. NN /\ ( A gcd N ) = 1 ) -> ( A /L ( N ^ 2 ) ) = 1 )
Theorem	lgsprme0 16173	The Legendre symbol at any prime (even at 2) is 0 iff the prime does not divide the first argument. See definition in [ApostolNT] p. 179. (Contributed by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ P e. Prime ) -> ( ( A /L P ) = 0 <-> ( A mod P ) = 0 ) )
Theorem	1lgs 16174	The Legendre symbol at 1. See example 1 in [ApostolNT] p. 180. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
|- ( N e. ZZ -> ( 1 /L N ) = 1 )
Theorem	lgs1 16175	The Legendre symbol at 1. See definition in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
|- ( A e. ZZ -> ( A /L 1 ) = 1 )
Theorem	lgsmodeq 16176	The Legendre (Jacobi) symbol is preserved under reduction mod n when n is odd. Theorem 9.9(c) in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ /\ ( N e. NN /\ -. 2 || N ) ) -> ( ( A mod N ) = ( B mod N ) -> ( A /L N ) = ( B /L N ) ) )
Theorem	lgsmulsqcoprm 16177	The Legendre (Jacobi) symbol is preserved under multiplication with a square of an integer coprime to the second argument. Theorem 9.9(d) in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ( ( A e. ZZ /\ A =/= 0 ) /\ ( B e. ZZ /\ B =/= 0 ) /\ ( N e. ZZ /\ ( A gcd N ) = 1 ) ) -> ( ( ( A ^ 2 ) x. B ) /L N ) = ( B /L N ) )
Theorem	lgsdirnn0 16178	Variation on lgsdir 16166 valid for all A , B but only for positive N. (The exact location of the failure of this law is for A = 0, B < 0, N = -u 1 in which case ( 0 /L -u 1 ) = 1 but ( B /L -u 1 ) = -u 1.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
|- ( ( A e. ZZ /\ B e. ZZ /\ N e. NN0 ) -> ( ( A x. B ) /L N ) = ( ( A /L N ) x. ( B /L N ) ) )
Theorem	lgsdinn0 16179	Variation on lgsdi 16168 valid for all M , N but only for positive A. (The exact location of the failure of this law is for A = -u 1, M = 0, and some N in which case ( -u 1 /L 0 ) = 1 but ( -u 1 /L N ) = -u 1 when -u 1 is not a quadratic residue mod N.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
|- ( ( A e. NN0 /\ M e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> ( A /L ( M x. N ) ) = ( ( A /L M ) x. ( A /L N ) ) )
11.4.6  Gauss' Lemma Gauss' Lemma is valid for any integer not dividing the given prime number. In the following, only the special case for 2 (not dividing any odd prime) is proven, see gausslemma2d 16200. The general case is still to prove.
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0a 16180	Auxiliary lemma 1 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> P e. NN )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0b 16181	Auxiliary lemma 2 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   =>    |- ( ph -> H e. NN )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0c 16182	Auxiliary lemma 3 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ! ` H ) gcd P ) = 1 )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0d 16183	Auxiliary lemma 4 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> M e. NN0 )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0e 16184	Auxiliary lemma 5 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( M x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0f 16185	Auxiliary lemma 6 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( M + 1 ) <_ H )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0g 16186	Auxiliary lemma 7 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   =>    |- ( ph -> M <_ H )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0h 16187	Auxiliary lemma 8 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- N = ( H - M )   =>    |- ( ph -> N e. NN0 )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0i 16188	Auxiliary lemma 9 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 14-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- N = ( H - M )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ( 2 /L P ) mod P ) = ( ( -u 1 ^ N ) mod P ) -> ( 2 /L P ) = ( -u 1 ^ N ) ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1a 16189*	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem1 16192. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ran R = ( 1 ... H ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1cl 16190	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem1 16192. Closure of the body of the definition of R. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Aug-2025.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. ( 1 ... H ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> if ( ( A x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( A x. 2 ) , ( P - ( A x. 2 ) ) ) e. ZZ )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1f1o 16191*	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem1 16192. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 9-Aug-2025.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> R : ( 1 ... H ) -1-1-onto-> ( 1 ... H ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1 16192*	Lemma 1 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 5-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ! ` H ) = prod_ k e. ( 1 ... H ) ( R ` k ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem2 16193*	Lemma 2 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 4-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> A. k e. ( 1 ... M ) ( R ` k ) = ( k x. 2 ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem3 16194*	Lemma 3 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 4-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> A. k e. ( ( M + 1 ) ... H ) ( R ` k ) = ( P - ( k x. 2 ) ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem4 16195*	Lemma 4 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 16-Jun-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ! ` H ) = ( prod_ k e. ( 1 ... M ) ( R ` k ) x. prod_ k e. ( ( M + 1 ) ... H ) ( R ` k ) ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem5a 16196*	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem5 16197. (Contributed by AV, 8-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( prod_ k e. ( ( M + 1 ) ... H ) ( R ` k ) mod P ) = ( prod_ k e. ( ( M + 1 ) ... H ) ( -u 1 x. ( k x. 2 ) ) mod P ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem5 16197*	Lemma 5 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- N = ( H - M )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( prod_ k e. ( ( M + 1 ) ... H ) ( R ` k ) mod P ) = ( ( ( -u 1 ^ N ) x. prod_ k e. ( ( M + 1 ) ... H ) ( k x. 2 ) ) mod P ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem6 16198*	Lemma 6 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 16-Jun-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- N = ( H - M )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ! ` H ) mod P ) = ( ( ( ( -u 1 ^ N ) x. ( 2 ^ H ) ) x. ( ! ` H ) ) mod P ) )
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem7 16199*	Lemma 7 for gausslemma2d 16200. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- N = ( H - M )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ( -u 1 ^ N ) x. ( 2 ^ H ) ) mod P ) = 1 )
Theorem	gausslemma2d 16200*	Gauss' Lemma (see also theorem 9.6 in [ApostolNT] p. 182) for integer 2: Let p be an odd prime. Let S = {2, 4, 6, ..., p - 1}. Let n denote the number of elements of S whose least positive residue modulo p is greater than p/2. Then ( 2 | p ) = (-1)^n. (Contributed by AV, 14-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ph -> P e. ( Prime \ { 2 } ) )   &    |- H = ( ( P - 1 ) / 2 )   &    |- R = ( x e. ( 1 ... H ) |-> if ( ( x x. 2 ) < ( P / 2 ) , ( x x. 2 ) , ( P - ( x x. 2 ) ) ) )   &    |- M = ( |_ ` ( P / 4 ) )   &    |- N = ( H - M )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( 2 /L P ) = ( -u 1 ^ N ) )