P. 73 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 7201-7300   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	pw1nel3 7201	Negated excluded middle implies that the power set of 1o is not an element of 3o. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 30-Jul-2024.)
|- ( -. EXMID -> -. ~P 1o e. 3o )
Theorem	sucpw1ne3 7202	Negated excluded middle implies that the successor of the power set of 1o is not three . (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 30-Jul-2024.)
|- ( -. EXMID -> suc ~P 1o =/= 3o )
Theorem	sucpw1nel3 7203	The successor of the power set of 1o is not an element of 3o. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 30-Jul-2024.)
|- -. suc ~P 1o e. 3o
Theorem	3nelsucpw1 7204	Three is not an element of the successor of the power set of 1o. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 30-Jul-2024.)
|- -. 3o e. suc ~P 1o
Theorem	sucpw1nss3 7205	Negated excluded middle implies that the successor of the power set of 1o is not a subset of 3o. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2024.)
|- ( -. EXMID -> -. suc ~P 1o C_ 3o )
Theorem	3nsssucpw1 7206	Negated excluded middle implies that 3o is not a subset of the successor of the power set of 1o. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2024.)
|- ( -. EXMID -> -. 3o C_ suc ~P 1o )
Theorem	onntri35 7207*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. There are five equivalent statements: (1) -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ), (2) -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ), (3) A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ), (4) A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ), and (5) -. -. EXMID. That these are all equivalent is expressed by (1) implies (3) (onntri13 7208), (3) implies (5) (onntri35 7207), (5) implies (1) (onntri51 7210), (2) implies (4) (onntri24 7212), (4) implies (5) (onntri45 7211), and (5) implies (2) (onntri52 7214). Another way of stating this is that EXMID is equivalent to trichotomy, either the x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x or the x C_ y \/ y C_ x form, as shown in exmidontri 7209 and exmidontri2or 7213, respectively. Thus -. -. EXMID is equivalent to (1) or (2). In addition, -. -. EXMID is equivalent to (3) by onntri3or 7215 and (4) by onntri2or 7216. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ) -> -. -. EXMID )
Theorem	onntri13 7208	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ) -> A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ) )
Theorem	exmidontri 7209*	Ordinal trichotomy is equivalent to excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2024.)
|- (EXMID <-> A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ) )
Theorem	onntri51 7210*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. EXMID -> -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ) )
Theorem	onntri45 7211*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) -> -. -. EXMID )
Theorem	onntri24 7212	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) -> A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
Theorem	exmidontri2or 7213*	Ordinal trichotomy is equivalent to excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2024.)
|- (EXMID <-> A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
Theorem	onntri52 7214*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. EXMID -> -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
Theorem	onntri3or 7215*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. EXMID <-> A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ) )
Theorem	onntri2or 7216*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. EXMID <-> A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
PART 3  CHOICE PRINCIPLES We have already introduced the full Axiom of Choice df-ac 7176 but since it implies excluded middle as shown at exmidac 7179, it is not especially relevant to us. In this section we define countable choice and dependent choice, which are not as strong as thus often considered in mathematics which seeks to avoid full excluded middle.
3.1  Countable Choice and Dependent Choice
3.1.1  Introduce Countable Choice
Syntax	wacc 7217	Formula for an abbreviation of countable choice.
wff CCHOICE
Definition	df-cc 7218*	The expression CCHOICE will be used as a readable shorthand for any form of countable choice, analogous to df-ac 7176 for full choice. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Nov-2023.)
|- (CCHOICE <-> A. x ( dom x ~~ om -> E. f ( f C_ x /\ f Fn dom x ) ) )
Theorem	ccfunen 7219*	Existence of a choice function for a countably infinite set. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Nov-2023.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A ~~ om )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. A E. w w e. x )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f Fn A /\ A. x e. A ( f ` x ) e. x ) )
Theorem	cc1 7220*	Countable choice in terms of a choice function on a countably infinite set of inhabited sets. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Apr-2024.)
|- (CCHOICE -> A. x ( ( x ~~ om /\ A. z e. x E. w w e. z ) -> E. f A. z e. x ( f ` z ) e. z ) )
Theorem	cc2lem 7221*	Lemma for cc2 7222. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Apr-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> F Fn om )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. om E. w w e. ( F ` x ) )   &    |- A = ( n e. om |-> ( { n } X. ( F ` n ) ) )   &    |- G = ( n e. om |-> ( 2nd ` ( f ` ( A ` n ) ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. g ( g Fn om /\ A. n e. om ( g ` n ) e. ( F ` n ) ) )
Theorem	cc2 7222*	Countable choice using sequences instead of countable sets. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Apr-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> F Fn om )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. om E. w w e. ( F ` x ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. g ( g Fn om /\ A. n e. om ( g ` n ) e. ( F ` n ) ) )
Theorem	cc3 7223*	Countable choice using a sequence F(n) . (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 29-Apr-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N F e. _V )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. w w e. F )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f Fn N /\ A. n e. N ( f ` n ) e. F ) )
Theorem	cc4f 7224*	Countable choice by showing the existence of a function f which can choose a value at each index n such that ch holds. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 3-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   &    |- F/_ n A   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f : N --> A /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
Theorem	cc4 7225*	Countable choice by showing the existence of a function f which can choose a value at each index n such that ch holds. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 1-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f : N --> A /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
Theorem	cc4n 7226*	Countable choice with a simpler restriction on how every set in the countable collection needs to be inhabited. That is, compared with cc4 7225, the hypotheses only require an A(n) for each value of n, not a single set A which suffices for every n e. om. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 3-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N { x e. A | ps } e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f Fn N /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
PART 4  REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBERS This section derives the basics of real and complex numbers. To construct the real numbers constructively, we follow two main sources. The first is Metamath Proof Explorer, which has the advantage of being already formalized in metamath. Its disadvantage, for our purposes, is that it assumes the law of the excluded middle throughout. Since we have already developed natural numbers ( for example, nna0 6451 and similar theorems ), going from there to positive integers (df-ni 7259) and then positive rational numbers (df-nqqs 7303) does not involve a major change in approach compared with the Metamath Proof Explorer. It is when we proceed to Dedekind cuts that we bring in more material from Section 11.2 of [HoTT], which focuses on the aspects of Dedekind cuts which are different without excluded middle or choice principles. With excluded middle, it is natural to define a cut as the lower set only (as Metamath Proof Explorer does), but here we define the cut as a pair of both the lower and upper sets, as [HoTT] does. There are also differences in how we handle order and replacing "not equal to zero" with "apart from zero". When working constructively, there are several possible definitions of real numbers. Here we adopt the most common definition, as two-sided Dedekind cuts with the properties described at df-inp 7421. The Cauchy reals (without countable choice) fail to satisfy ax-caucvg 7887 and the MacNeille reals fail to satisfy axltwlin 7980, and we do not develop them here. For more on differing definitions of the reals, see the introduction to Chapter 11 in [HoTT] or Section 1.2 of [BauerHanson].
4.1  Construction and axiomatization of real and complex numbers
4.1.1  Dedekind-cut construction of real and complex numbers
Syntax	cnpi 7227	The set of positive integers, which is the set of natural numbers om with 0 removed. Note: This is the start of the Dedekind-cut construction of real and complex numbers.
class N.
Syntax	cpli 7228	Positive integer addition.
class +N
Syntax	cmi 7229	Positive integer multiplication.
class .N
Syntax	clti 7230	Positive integer ordering relation.
class <N
Syntax	cplpq 7231	Positive pre-fraction addition.
class +pQ
Syntax	cmpq 7232	Positive pre-fraction multiplication.
class .pQ
Syntax	cltpq 7233	Positive pre-fraction ordering relation.
class <pQ
Syntax	ceq 7234	Equivalence class used to construct positive fractions.
class ~Q
Syntax	cnq 7235	Set of positive fractions.
class Q.
Syntax	c1q 7236	The positive fraction constant 1.
class 1Q
Syntax	cplq 7237	Positive fraction addition.
class +Q
Syntax	cmq 7238	Positive fraction multiplication.
class .Q
Syntax	crq 7239	Positive fraction reciprocal operation.
class *Q
Syntax	cltq 7240	Positive fraction ordering relation.
class <Q
Syntax	ceq0 7241	Equivalence class used to construct nonnegative fractions.
class ~Q0
Syntax	cnq0 7242	Set of nonnegative fractions.
class Q0
Syntax	c0q0 7243	The nonnegative fraction constant 0.
class 0Q0
Syntax	cplq0 7244	Nonnegative fraction addition.
class +Q0
Syntax	cmq0 7245	Nonnegative fraction multiplication.
class ·Q0
Syntax	cnp 7246	Set of positive reals.
class P.
Syntax	c1p 7247	Positive real constant 1.
class 1P
Syntax	cpp 7248	Positive real addition.
class +P.
Syntax	cmp 7249	Positive real multiplication.
class .P.
Syntax	cltp 7250	Positive real ordering relation.
class <P
Syntax	cer 7251	Equivalence class used to construct signed reals.
class ~R
Syntax	cnr 7252	Set of signed reals.
class R.
Syntax	c0r 7253	The signed real constant 0.
class 0R
Syntax	c1r 7254	The signed real constant 1.
class 1R
Syntax	cm1r 7255	The signed real constant -1.
class -1R
Syntax	cplr 7256	Signed real addition.
class +R
Syntax	cmr 7257	Signed real multiplication.
class .R
Syntax	cltr 7258	Signed real ordering relation.
class <R
Definition	df-ni 7259	Define the class of positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- N. = ( om \ { (/) } )
Definition	df-pli 7260	Define addition on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- +N = ( +o |` ( N. X. N. ) )
Definition	df-mi 7261	Define multiplication on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- .N = ( .o |` ( N. X. N. ) )
Definition	df-lti 7262	Define 'less than' on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-1996.)
|- <N = ( _E i^i ( N. X. N. ) )
Theorem	elni 7263	Membership in the class of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. <-> ( A e. om /\ A =/= (/) ) )
Theorem	pinn 7264	A positive integer is a natural number. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. -> A e. om )
Theorem	pion 7265	A positive integer is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 23-Mar-1996.)
|- ( A e. N. -> A e. On )
Theorem	piord 7266	A positive integer is ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 29-Jan-1996.)
|- ( A e. N. -> Ord A )
Theorem	niex 7267	The class of positive integers is a set. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- N. e. _V
Theorem	0npi 7268	The empty set is not a positive integer. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- -. (/) e. N.
Theorem	elni2 7269	Membership in the class of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. <-> ( A e. om /\ (/) e. A ) )
Theorem	1pi 7270	Ordinal 'one' is a positive integer. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.)
|- 1o e. N.
Theorem	addpiord 7271	Positive integer addition in terms of ordinal addition. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) = ( A +o B ) )
Theorem	mulpiord 7272	Positive integer multiplication in terms of ordinal multiplication. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) = ( A .o B ) )
Theorem	mulidpi 7273	1 is an identity element for multiplication on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 4-Mar-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-Nov-2014.)
|- ( A e. N. -> ( A .N 1o ) = A )
Theorem	ltpiord 7274	Positive integer 'less than' in terms of ordinal membership. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> A e. B ) )
Theorem	ltsopi 7275	Positive integer 'less than' is a strict ordering. (Contributed by NM, 8-Feb-1996.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2014.)
|- <N Or N.
Theorem	pitric 7276	Trichotomy for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> -. ( A = B \/ B <N A ) ) )
Theorem	pitri3or 7277	Trichotomy for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B \/ A = B \/ B <N A ) )
Theorem	ltdcpi 7278	Less-than for positive integers is decidable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Dec-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> DECID A <N B )
Theorem	ltrelpi 7279	Positive integer 'less than' is a relation on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 8-Feb-1996.)
|- <N C_ ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	dmaddpi 7280	Domain of addition on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- dom +N = ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	dmmulpi 7281	Domain of multiplication on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- dom .N = ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	addclpi 7282	Closure of addition of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) e. N. )
Theorem	mulclpi 7283	Closure of multiplication of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) e. N. )
Theorem	addcompig 7284	Addition of positive integers is commutative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) = ( B +N A ) )
Theorem	addasspig 7285	Addition of positive integers is associative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A +N B ) +N C ) = ( A +N ( B +N C ) ) )
Theorem	mulcompig 7286	Multiplication of positive integers is commutative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) = ( B .N A ) )
Theorem	mulasspig 7287	Multiplication of positive integers is associative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A .N B ) .N C ) = ( A .N ( B .N C ) ) )
Theorem	distrpig 7288	Multiplication of positive integers is distributive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( A .N ( B +N C ) ) = ( ( A .N B ) +N ( A .N C ) ) )
Theorem	addcanpig 7289	Addition cancellation law for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A +N B ) = ( A +N C ) <-> B = C ) )
Theorem	mulcanpig 7290	Multiplication cancellation law for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A .N B ) = ( A .N C ) <-> B = C ) )
Theorem	addnidpig 7291	There is no identity element for addition on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 28-Nov-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> -. ( A +N B ) = A )
Theorem	ltexpi 7292*	Ordering on positive integers in terms of existence of sum. (Contributed by NM, 15-Mar-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Jun-2013.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> E. x e. N. ( A +N x ) = B ) )
Theorem	ltapig 7293	Ordering property of addition for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> ( C +N A ) <N ( C +N B ) ) )
Theorem	ltmpig 7294	Ordering property of multiplication for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> ( C .N A ) <N ( C .N B ) ) )
Theorem	1lt2pi 7295	One is less than two (one plus one). (Contributed by NM, 13-Mar-1996.)
|- 1o <N ( 1o +N 1o )
Theorem	nlt1pig 7296	No positive integer is less than one. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Aug-2019.)
|- ( A e. N. -> -. A <N 1o )
Theorem	indpi 7297*	Principle of Finite Induction on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 23-Mar-1996.)
|- ( x = 1o -> ( ph <-> ps ) )   &    |- ( x = y -> ( ph <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( x = ( y +N 1o ) -> ( ph <-> th ) )   &    |- ( x = A -> ( ph <-> ta ) )   &    |- ps   &    |- ( y e. N. -> ( ch -> th ) )   =>    |- ( A e. N. -> ta )
Theorem	nnppipi 7298	A natural number plus a positive integer is a positive integer. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Nov-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. om /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +o B ) e. N. )
Definition	df-plpq 7299*	Define pre-addition on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. This "pre-addition" operation works directly with ordered pairs of integers. The actual positive fraction addition +Q (df-plqqs 7304) works with the equivalence classes of these ordered pairs determined by the equivalence relation ~Q (df-enq 7302). (Analogous remarks apply to the other "pre-" operations in the complex number construction that follows.) From Proposition 9-2.3 of [Gleason] p. 117. (Contributed by NM, 28-Aug-1995.)
|- +pQ = ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) , y e. ( N. X. N. ) |-> <. ( ( ( 1st ` x ) .N ( 2nd ` y ) ) +N ( ( 1st ` y ) .N ( 2nd ` x ) ) ) , ( ( 2nd ` x ) .N ( 2nd ` y ) ) >. )
Definition	df-mpq 7300*	Define pre-multiplication on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.4 of [Gleason] p. 119. (Contributed by NM, 28-Aug-1995.)
|- .pQ = ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) , y e. ( N. X. N. ) |-> <. ( ( 1st ` x ) .N ( 1st ` y ) ) , ( ( 2nd ` x ) .N ( 2nd ` y ) ) >. )