P. 102 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 10101-10200   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	addlelt 10101	If the sum of a real number and a positive real number is less than or equal to a third real number, the first real number is less than the third real number. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jul-2021.)
|- ( ( M e. RR /\ N e. RR /\ A e. RR+ ) -> ( ( M + A ) <_ N -> M < N ) )
4.5.2  Infinity and the extended real number system (cont.)
Syntax	cxne 10102	Extend class notation to include the negative of an extended real.
class -e A
Syntax	cxad 10103	Extend class notation to include addition of extended reals.
class +e
Syntax	cxmu 10104	Extend class notation to include multiplication of extended reals.
class xe
Definition	df-xneg 10105	Define the negative of an extended real number. (Contributed by FL, 26-Dec-2011.)
|- -e A = if ( A = +oo , -oo , if ( A = -oo , +oo , -u A ) )
Definition	df-xadd 10106*	Define addition over extended real numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- +e = ( x e. RR* , y e. RR* |-> if ( x = +oo , if ( y = -oo , 0 , +oo ) , if ( x = -oo , if ( y = +oo , 0 , -oo ) , if ( y = +oo , +oo , if ( y = -oo , -oo , ( x + y ) ) ) ) ) )
Definition	df-xmul 10107*	Define multiplication over extended real numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- xe = ( x e. RR* , y e. RR* |-> if ( ( x = 0 \/ y = 0 ) , 0 , if ( ( ( ( 0 < y /\ x = +oo ) \/ ( y < 0 /\ x = -oo ) ) \/ ( ( 0 < x /\ y = +oo ) \/ ( x < 0 /\ y = -oo ) ) ) , +oo , if ( ( ( ( 0 < y /\ x = -oo ) \/ ( y < 0 /\ x = +oo ) ) \/ ( ( 0 < x /\ y = -oo ) \/ ( x < 0 /\ y = +oo ) ) ) , -oo , ( x x. y ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	ltxr 10108	The 'less than' binary relation on the set of extended reals. Definition 12-3.1 of [Gleason] p. 173. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A < B <-> ( ( ( ( A e. RR /\ B e. RR ) /\ A <RR B ) \/ ( A = -oo /\ B = +oo ) ) \/ ( ( A e. RR /\ B = +oo ) \/ ( A = -oo /\ B e. RR ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	elxr 10109	Membership in the set of extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
|- ( A e. RR* <-> ( A e. RR \/ A = +oo \/ A = -oo ) )
Theorem	xrnemnf 10110	An extended real other than minus infinity is real or positive infinite. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= -oo ) <-> ( A e. RR \/ A = +oo ) )
Theorem	xrnepnf 10111	An extended real other than plus infinity is real or negative infinite. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= +oo ) <-> ( A e. RR \/ A = -oo ) )
Theorem	xrltnr 10112	The extended real 'less than' is irreflexive. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> -. A < A )
Theorem	ltpnf 10113	Any (finite) real is less than plus infinity. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
|- ( A e. RR -> A < +oo )
Theorem	ltpnfd 10114	Any (finite) real is less than plus infinity. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 11-Dec-2019.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR )   =>    |- ( ph -> A < +oo )
Theorem	0ltpnf 10115	Zero is less than plus infinity (common case). (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 8-Dec-2018.)
|- 0 < +oo
Theorem	mnflt 10116	Minus infinity is less than any (finite) real. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
|- ( A e. RR -> -oo < A )
Theorem	mnflt0 10117	Minus infinity is less than 0 (common case). (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 8-Dec-2018.)
|- -oo < 0
Theorem	mnfltpnf 10118	Minus infinity is less than plus infinity. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
|- -oo < +oo
Theorem	mnfltxr 10119	Minus infinity is less than an extended real that is either real or plus infinity. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2006.)
|- ( ( A e. RR \/ A = +oo ) -> -oo < A )
Theorem	pnfnlt 10120	No extended real is greater than plus infinity. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-2005.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> -. +oo < A )
Theorem	nltmnf 10121	No extended real is less than minus infinity. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-2005.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> -. A < -oo )
Theorem	pnfge 10122	Plus infinity is an upper bound for extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jan-2006.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> A <_ +oo )
Theorem	0lepnf 10123	0 less than or equal to positive infinity. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 8-Dec-2018.)
|- 0 <_ +oo
Theorem	nn0pnfge0 10124	If a number is a nonnegative integer or positive infinity, it is greater than or equal to 0. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Jan-2018.)
|- ( ( N e. NN0 \/ N = +oo ) -> 0 <_ N )
Theorem	mnfle 10125	Minus infinity is less than or equal to any extended real. (Contributed by NM, 19-Jan-2006.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> -oo <_ A )
Theorem	xrltnsym 10126	Ordering on the extended reals is not symmetric. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-2005.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A < B -> -. B < A ) )
Theorem	xrltnsym2 10127	'Less than' is antisymmetric and irreflexive for extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-2007.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> -. ( A < B /\ B < A ) )
Theorem	xrlttr 10128	Ordering on the extended reals is transitive. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-2005.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* /\ C e. RR* ) -> ( ( A < B /\ B < C ) -> A < C ) )
Theorem	xrltso 10129	'Less than' is a weakly linear ordering on the extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-2005.)
|- < Or RR*
Theorem	xrlttri3 10130	Extended real version of lttri3 8353. (Contributed by NM, 9-Feb-2006.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A = B <-> ( -. A < B /\ -. B < A ) ) )
Theorem	xrltle 10131	'Less than' implies 'less than or equal' for extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 19-Jan-2006.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A < B -> A <_ B ) )
Theorem	xrltled 10132	'Less than' implies 'less than or equal to' for extended reals. Deduction form of xrltle 10131. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 11-Dec-2019.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> A < B )   =>    |- ( ph -> A <_ B )
Theorem	xrleid 10133	'Less than or equal to' is reflexive for extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 7-Feb-2007.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> A <_ A )
Theorem	xrleidd 10134	'Less than or equal to' is reflexive for extended reals. Deduction form of xrleid 10133. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 26-Jun-2021.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   =>    |- ( ph -> A <_ A )
Theorem	xnn0dcle 10135	Decidability of <_ for extended nonnegative integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Oct-2024.)
|- ( ( A e. NN0* /\ B e. NN0* ) -> DECID A <_ B )
Theorem	xnn0letri 10136	Dichotomy for extended nonnegative integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Oct-2024.)
|- ( ( A e. NN0* /\ B e. NN0* ) -> ( A <_ B \/ B <_ A ) )
Theorem	xrletri3 10137	Trichotomy law for extended reals. (Contributed by FL, 2-Aug-2009.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A = B <-> ( A <_ B /\ B <_ A ) ) )
Theorem	xrletrid 10138	Trichotomy law for extended reals. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 17-Aug-2020.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> A <_ B )   &    |- ( ph -> B <_ A )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = B )
Theorem	xrlelttr 10139	Transitive law for ordering on extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 19-Jan-2006.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* /\ C e. RR* ) -> ( ( A <_ B /\ B < C ) -> A < C ) )
Theorem	xrltletr 10140	Transitive law for ordering on extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 19-Jan-2006.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* /\ C e. RR* ) -> ( ( A < B /\ B <_ C ) -> A < C ) )
Theorem	xrletr 10141	Transitive law for ordering on extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 9-Feb-2006.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* /\ C e. RR* ) -> ( ( A <_ B /\ B <_ C ) -> A <_ C ) )
Theorem	xrlttrd 10142	Transitive law for ordering on extended reals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> A < B )   &    |- ( ph -> B < C )   =>    |- ( ph -> A < C )
Theorem	xrlelttrd 10143	Transitive law for ordering on extended reals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> A <_ B )   &    |- ( ph -> B < C )   =>    |- ( ph -> A < C )
Theorem	xrltletrd 10144	Transitive law for ordering on extended reals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> A < B )   &    |- ( ph -> B <_ C )   =>    |- ( ph -> A < C )
Theorem	xrletrd 10145	Transitive law for ordering on extended reals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. RR* )   &    |- ( ph -> A <_ B )   &    |- ( ph -> B <_ C )   =>    |- ( ph -> A <_ C )
Theorem	xrltne 10146	'Less than' implies not equal for extended reals. (Contributed by NM, 20-Jan-2006.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* /\ A < B ) -> B =/= A )
Theorem	nltpnft 10147	An extended real is not less than plus infinity iff they are equal. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jan-2006.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A = +oo <-> -. A < +oo ) )
Theorem	npnflt 10148	An extended real is less than plus infinity iff they are not equal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Apr-2023.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A < +oo <-> A =/= +oo ) )
Theorem	xgepnf 10149	An extended real which is greater than plus infinity is plus infinity. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 18-Dec-2016.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( +oo <_ A <-> A = +oo ) )
Theorem	ngtmnft 10150	An extended real is not greater than minus infinity iff they are equal. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2006.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A = -oo <-> -. -oo < A ) )
Theorem	nmnfgt 10151	An extended real is greater than minus infinite iff they are not equal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Apr-2023.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( -oo < A <-> A =/= -oo ) )
Theorem	xrrebnd 10152	An extended real is real iff it is strictly bounded by infinities. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2006.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A e. RR <-> ( -oo < A /\ A < +oo ) ) )
Theorem	xrre 10153	A way of proving that an extended real is real. (Contributed by NM, 9-Mar-2006.)
|- ( ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR ) /\ ( -oo < A /\ A <_ B ) ) -> A e. RR )
Theorem	xrre2 10154	An extended real between two others is real. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-2007.)
|- ( ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* /\ C e. RR* ) /\ ( A < B /\ B < C ) ) -> B e. RR )
Theorem	xrre3 10155	A way of proving that an extended real is real. (Contributed by FL, 29-May-2014.)
|- ( ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR ) /\ ( B <_ A /\ A < +oo ) ) -> A e. RR )
Theorem	ge0gtmnf 10156	A nonnegative extended real is greater than negative infinity. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ 0 <_ A ) -> -oo < A )
Theorem	ge0nemnf 10157	A nonnegative extended real is greater than negative infinity. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ 0 <_ A ) -> A =/= -oo )
Theorem	xrrege0 10158	A nonnegative extended real that is less than a real bound is real. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR ) /\ ( 0 <_ A /\ A <_ B ) ) -> A e. RR )
Theorem	z2ge 10159*	There exists an integer greater than or equal to any two others. (Contributed by NM, 28-Aug-2005.)
|- ( ( M e. ZZ /\ N e. ZZ ) -> E. k e. ZZ ( M <_ k /\ N <_ k ) )
Theorem	xnegeq 10160	Equality of two extended numbers with -e in front of them. (Contributed by FL, 26-Dec-2011.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A = B -> -e A = -e B )
Theorem	xnegpnf 10161	Minus +oo. Remark of [BourbakiTop1] p. IV.15. (Contributed by FL, 26-Dec-2011.)
|- -e +oo = -oo
Theorem	xnegmnf 10162	Minus -oo. Remark of [BourbakiTop1] p. IV.15. (Contributed by FL, 26-Dec-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- -e -oo = +oo
Theorem	rexneg 10163	Minus a real number. Remark [BourbakiTop1] p. IV.15. (Contributed by FL, 26-Dec-2011.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR -> -e A = -u A )
Theorem	xneg0 10164	The negative of zero. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- -e 0 = 0
Theorem	xnegcl 10165	Closure of extended real negative. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> -e A e. RR* )
Theorem	xnegneg 10166	Extended real version of negneg 8523. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> -e -e A = A )
Theorem	xneg11 10167	Extended real version of neg11 8524. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( -e A = -e B <-> A = B ) )
Theorem	xltnegi 10168	Forward direction of xltneg 10169. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* /\ A < B ) -> -e B < -e A )
Theorem	xltneg 10169	Extended real version of ltneg 8736. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A < B <-> -e B < -e A ) )
Theorem	xleneg 10170	Extended real version of leneg 8739. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A <_ B <-> -e B <_ -e A ) )
Theorem	xlt0neg1 10171	Extended real version of lt0neg1 8742. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A < 0 <-> 0 < -e A ) )
Theorem	xlt0neg2 10172	Extended real version of lt0neg2 8743. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( 0 < A <-> -e A < 0 ) )
Theorem	xle0neg1 10173	Extended real version of le0neg1 8744. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A <_ 0 <-> 0 <_ -e A ) )
Theorem	xle0neg2 10174	Extended real version of le0neg2 8745. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( 0 <_ A <-> -e A <_ 0 ) )
Theorem	xrpnfdc 10175	An extended real is or is not plus infinity. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Apr-2023.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> DECID A = +oo )
Theorem	xrmnfdc 10176	An extended real is or is not minus infinity. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Apr-2023.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> DECID A = -oo )
Theorem	xaddf 10177	The extended real addition operation is closed in extended reals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Aug-2015.)
|- +e : ( RR* X. RR* ) --> RR*
Theorem	xaddval 10178	Value of the extended real addition operation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A +e B ) = if ( A = +oo , if ( B = -oo , 0 , +oo ) , if ( A = -oo , if ( B = +oo , 0 , -oo ) , if ( B = +oo , +oo , if ( B = -oo , -oo , ( A + B ) ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	xaddpnf1 10179	Addition of positive infinity on the right. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= -oo ) -> ( A +e +oo ) = +oo )
Theorem	xaddpnf2 10180	Addition of positive infinity on the left. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= -oo ) -> ( +oo +e A ) = +oo )
Theorem	xaddmnf1 10181	Addition of negative infinity on the right. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= +oo ) -> ( A +e -oo ) = -oo )
Theorem	xaddmnf2 10182	Addition of negative infinity on the left. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= +oo ) -> ( -oo +e A ) = -oo )
Theorem	pnfaddmnf 10183	Addition of positive and negative infinity. This is often taken to be a "null" value or out of the domain, but we define it (somewhat arbitrarily) to be zero so that the resulting function is total, which simplifies proofs. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( +oo +e -oo ) = 0
Theorem	mnfaddpnf 10184	Addition of negative and positive infinity. This is often taken to be a "null" value or out of the domain, but we define it (somewhat arbitrarily) to be zero so that the resulting function is total, which simplifies proofs. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( -oo +e +oo ) = 0
Theorem	rexadd 10185	The extended real addition operation when both arguments are real. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR /\ B e. RR ) -> ( A +e B ) = ( A + B ) )
Theorem	rexsub 10186	Extended real subtraction when both arguments are real. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR /\ B e. RR ) -> ( A +e -e B ) = ( A - B ) )
Theorem	rexaddd 10187	The extended real addition operation when both arguments are real. Deduction version of rexadd 10185. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 24-Dec-2020.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A +e B ) = ( A + B ) )
Theorem	xnegcld 10188	Closure of extended real negative. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-May-2016.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   =>    |- ( ph -> -e A e. RR* )
Theorem	xrex 10189	The set of extended reals exists. (Contributed by NM, 24-Dec-2006.)
|- RR* e. _V
Theorem	xaddnemnf 10190	Closure of extended real addition in the subset RR* / { -oo }. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= -oo ) /\ ( B e. RR* /\ B =/= -oo ) ) -> ( A +e B ) =/= -oo )
Theorem	xaddnepnf 10191	Closure of extended real addition in the subset RR* / { +oo }. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( ( A e. RR* /\ A =/= +oo ) /\ ( B e. RR* /\ B =/= +oo ) ) -> ( A +e B ) =/= +oo )
Theorem	xnegid 10192	Extended real version of negid 8520. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A +e -e A ) = 0 )
Theorem	xaddcl 10193	The extended real addition operation is closed in extended reals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A +e B ) e. RR* )
Theorem	xaddcom 10194	The extended real addition operation is commutative. (Contributed by NM, 26-Dec-2011.)
|- ( ( A e. RR* /\ B e. RR* ) -> ( A +e B ) = ( B +e A ) )
Theorem	xaddid1 10195	Extended real version of addrid 8411. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( A +e 0 ) = A )
Theorem	xaddid2 10196	Extended real version of addlid 8412. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( A e. RR* -> ( 0 +e A ) = A )
Theorem	xaddid1d 10197	0 is a right identity for extended real addition. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 17-Aug-2020.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR* )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A +e 0 ) = A )
Theorem	xnn0lenn0nn0 10198	An extended nonnegative integer which is less than or equal to a nonnegative integer is a nonnegative integer. (Contributed by AV, 24-Nov-2021.)
|- ( ( M e. NN0* /\ N e. NN0 /\ M <_ N ) -> M e. NN0 )
Theorem	xnn0le2is012 10199	An extended nonnegative integer which is less than or equal to 2 is either 0 or 1 or 2. (Contributed by AV, 24-Nov-2021.)
|- ( ( N e. NN0* /\ N <_ 2 ) -> ( N = 0 \/ N = 1 \/ N = 2 ) )
Theorem	xnn0xadd0 10200	The sum of two extended nonnegative integers is 0 iff each of the two extended nonnegative integers is 0. (Contributed by AV, 14-Dec-2020.)
|- ( ( A e. NN0* /\ B e. NN0* ) -> ( ( A +e B ) = 0 <-> ( A = 0 /\ B = 0 ) ) )