P. 72 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 7101-7200   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	cc4f 7101*	Countable choice by showing the existence of a function f which can choose a value at each index n such that ch holds. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 3-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   &    |- F/_ n A   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f : N --> A /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
Theorem	cc4 7102*	Countable choice by showing the existence of a function f which can choose a value at each index n such that ch holds. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 1-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f : N --> A /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
Theorem	cc4n 7103*	Countable choice with a simpler restriction on how every set in the countable collection needs to be inhabited. That is, compared with cc4 7102, the hypotheses only require an A(n) for each value of n, not a single set A which suffices for every n e. om. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 3-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N { x e. A | ps } e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f Fn N /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
PART 4  REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBERS This section derives the basics of real and complex numbers. To construct the real numbers constructively, we follow two main sources. The first is Metamath Proof Explorer, which has the advantage of being already formalized in metamath. Its disadvantage, for our purposes, is that it assumes the law of the excluded middle throughout. Since we have already developed natural numbers ( for example, nna0 6378 and similar theorems ), going from there to positive integers (df-ni 7136) and then positive rational numbers (df-nqqs 7180) does not involve a major change in approach compared with the Metamath Proof Explorer. It is when we proceed to Dedekind cuts that we bring in more material from Section 11.2 of [HoTT], which focuses on the aspects of Dedekind cuts which are different without excluded middle. With excluded middle, it is natural to define the cut as the lower set only (as Metamath Proof Explorer does), but we define the cut as a pair of both the lower and upper sets, as [HoTT] does. There are also differences in how we handle order and replacing "not equal to zero" with "apart from zero".
4.1  Construction and axiomatization of real and complex numbers
4.1.1  Dedekind-cut construction of real and complex numbers
Syntax	cnpi 7104	The set of positive integers, which is the set of natural numbers om with 0 removed. Note: This is the start of the Dedekind-cut construction of real and complex numbers.
class N.
Syntax	cpli 7105	Positive integer addition.
class +N
Syntax	cmi 7106	Positive integer multiplication.
class .N
Syntax	clti 7107	Positive integer ordering relation.
class <N
Syntax	cplpq 7108	Positive pre-fraction addition.
class +pQ
Syntax	cmpq 7109	Positive pre-fraction multiplication.
class .pQ
Syntax	cltpq 7110	Positive pre-fraction ordering relation.
class <pQ
Syntax	ceq 7111	Equivalence class used to construct positive fractions.
class ~Q
Syntax	cnq 7112	Set of positive fractions.
class Q.
Syntax	c1q 7113	The positive fraction constant 1.
class 1Q
Syntax	cplq 7114	Positive fraction addition.
class +Q
Syntax	cmq 7115	Positive fraction multiplication.
class .Q
Syntax	crq 7116	Positive fraction reciprocal operation.
class *Q
Syntax	cltq 7117	Positive fraction ordering relation.
class <Q
Syntax	ceq0 7118	Equivalence class used to construct nonnegative fractions.
class ~Q0
Syntax	cnq0 7119	Set of nonnegative fractions.
class Q0
Syntax	c0q0 7120	The nonnegative fraction constant 0.
class 0Q0
Syntax	cplq0 7121	Nonnegative fraction addition.
class +Q0
Syntax	cmq0 7122	Nonnegative fraction multiplication.
class ·Q0
Syntax	cnp 7123	Set of positive reals.
class P.
Syntax	c1p 7124	Positive real constant 1.
class 1P
Syntax	cpp 7125	Positive real addition.
class +P.
Syntax	cmp 7126	Positive real multiplication.
class .P.
Syntax	cltp 7127	Positive real ordering relation.
class <P
Syntax	cer 7128	Equivalence class used to construct signed reals.
class ~R
Syntax	cnr 7129	Set of signed reals.
class R.
Syntax	c0r 7130	The signed real constant 0.
class 0R
Syntax	c1r 7131	The signed real constant 1.
class 1R
Syntax	cm1r 7132	The signed real constant -1.
class -1R
Syntax	cplr 7133	Signed real addition.
class +R
Syntax	cmr 7134	Signed real multiplication.
class .R
Syntax	cltr 7135	Signed real ordering relation.
class <R
Definition	df-ni 7136	Define the class of positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- N. = ( om \ { (/) } )
Definition	df-pli 7137	Define addition on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- +N = ( +o |` ( N. X. N. ) )
Definition	df-mi 7138	Define multiplication on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- .N = ( .o |` ( N. X. N. ) )
Definition	df-lti 7139	Define 'less than' on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-1996.)
|- <N = ( _E i^i ( N. X. N. ) )
Theorem	elni 7140	Membership in the class of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. <-> ( A e. om /\ A =/= (/) ) )
Theorem	pinn 7141	A positive integer is a natural number. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. -> A e. om )
Theorem	pion 7142	A positive integer is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 23-Mar-1996.)
|- ( A e. N. -> A e. On )
Theorem	piord 7143	A positive integer is ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 29-Jan-1996.)
|- ( A e. N. -> Ord A )
Theorem	niex 7144	The class of positive integers is a set. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- N. e. _V
Theorem	0npi 7145	The empty set is not a positive integer. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- -. (/) e. N.
Theorem	elni2 7146	Membership in the class of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. <-> ( A e. om /\ (/) e. A ) )
Theorem	1pi 7147	Ordinal 'one' is a positive integer. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.)
|- 1o e. N.
Theorem	addpiord 7148	Positive integer addition in terms of ordinal addition. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) = ( A +o B ) )
Theorem	mulpiord 7149	Positive integer multiplication in terms of ordinal multiplication. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) = ( A .o B ) )
Theorem	mulidpi 7150	1 is an identity element for multiplication on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 4-Mar-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-Nov-2014.)
|- ( A e. N. -> ( A .N 1o ) = A )
Theorem	ltpiord 7151	Positive integer 'less than' in terms of ordinal membership. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> A e. B ) )
Theorem	ltsopi 7152	Positive integer 'less than' is a strict ordering. (Contributed by NM, 8-Feb-1996.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2014.)
|- <N Or N.
Theorem	pitric 7153	Trichotomy for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> -. ( A = B \/ B <N A ) ) )
Theorem	pitri3or 7154	Trichotomy for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B \/ A = B \/ B <N A ) )
Theorem	ltdcpi 7155	Less-than for positive integers is decidable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Dec-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> DECID A <N B )
Theorem	ltrelpi 7156	Positive integer 'less than' is a relation on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 8-Feb-1996.)
|- <N C_ ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	dmaddpi 7157	Domain of addition on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- dom +N = ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	dmmulpi 7158	Domain of multiplication on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- dom .N = ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	addclpi 7159	Closure of addition of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) e. N. )
Theorem	mulclpi 7160	Closure of multiplication of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) e. N. )
Theorem	addcompig 7161	Addition of positive integers is commutative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) = ( B +N A ) )
Theorem	addasspig 7162	Addition of positive integers is associative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A +N B ) +N C ) = ( A +N ( B +N C ) ) )
Theorem	mulcompig 7163	Multiplication of positive integers is commutative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) = ( B .N A ) )
Theorem	mulasspig 7164	Multiplication of positive integers is associative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A .N B ) .N C ) = ( A .N ( B .N C ) ) )
Theorem	distrpig 7165	Multiplication of positive integers is distributive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( A .N ( B +N C ) ) = ( ( A .N B ) +N ( A .N C ) ) )
Theorem	addcanpig 7166	Addition cancellation law for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A +N B ) = ( A +N C ) <-> B = C ) )
Theorem	mulcanpig 7167	Multiplication cancellation law for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A .N B ) = ( A .N C ) <-> B = C ) )
Theorem	addnidpig 7168	There is no identity element for addition on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 28-Nov-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> -. ( A +N B ) = A )
Theorem	ltexpi 7169*	Ordering on positive integers in terms of existence of sum. (Contributed by NM, 15-Mar-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Jun-2013.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> E. x e. N. ( A +N x ) = B ) )
Theorem	ltapig 7170	Ordering property of addition for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> ( C +N A ) <N ( C +N B ) ) )
Theorem	ltmpig 7171	Ordering property of multiplication for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> ( C .N A ) <N ( C .N B ) ) )
Theorem	1lt2pi 7172	One is less than two (one plus one). (Contributed by NM, 13-Mar-1996.)
|- 1o <N ( 1o +N 1o )
Theorem	nlt1pig 7173	No positive integer is less than one. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Aug-2019.)
|- ( A e. N. -> -. A <N 1o )
Theorem	indpi 7174*	Principle of Finite Induction on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 23-Mar-1996.)
|- ( x = 1o -> ( ph <-> ps ) )   &    |- ( x = y -> ( ph <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( x = ( y +N 1o ) -> ( ph <-> th ) )   &    |- ( x = A -> ( ph <-> ta ) )   &    |- ps   &    |- ( y e. N. -> ( ch -> th ) )   =>    |- ( A e. N. -> ta )
Theorem	nnppipi 7175	A natural number plus a positive integer is a positive integer. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Nov-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. om /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +o B ) e. N. )
Definition	df-plpq 7176*	Define pre-addition on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. This "pre-addition" operation works directly with ordered pairs of integers. The actual positive fraction addition +Q (df-plqqs 7181) works with the equivalence classes of these ordered pairs determined by the equivalence relation ~Q (df-enq 7179). (Analogous remarks apply to the other "pre-" operations in the complex number construction that follows.) From Proposition 9-2.3 of [Gleason] p. 117. (Contributed by NM, 28-Aug-1995.)
|- +pQ = ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) , y e. ( N. X. N. ) |-> <. ( ( ( 1st ` x ) .N ( 2nd ` y ) ) +N ( ( 1st ` y ) .N ( 2nd ` x ) ) ) , ( ( 2nd ` x ) .N ( 2nd ` y ) ) >. )
Definition	df-mpq 7177*	Define pre-multiplication on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.4 of [Gleason] p. 119. (Contributed by NM, 28-Aug-1995.)
|- .pQ = ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) , y e. ( N. X. N. ) |-> <. ( ( 1st ` x ) .N ( 1st ` y ) ) , ( ( 2nd ` x ) .N ( 2nd ` y ) ) >. )
Definition	df-ltpq 7178*	Define pre-ordering relation on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. Similar to Definition 5 of [Suppes] p. 162. (Contributed by NM, 28-Aug-1995.)
|- <pQ = { <. x , y >. | ( ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) /\ y e. ( N. X. N. ) ) /\ ( ( 1st ` x ) .N ( 2nd ` y ) ) <N ( ( 1st ` y ) .N ( 2nd ` x ) ) ) }
Definition	df-enq 7179*	Define equivalence relation for positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.1 of [Gleason] p. 117. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ~Q = { <. x , y >. | ( ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) /\ y e. ( N. X. N. ) ) /\ E. z E. w E. v E. u ( ( x = <. z , w >. /\ y = <. v , u >. ) /\ ( z .N u ) = ( w .N v ) ) ) }
Definition	df-nqqs 7180	Define class of positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.2 of [Gleason] p. 117. (Contributed by NM, 16-Aug-1995.)
|- Q. = ( ( N. X. N. ) /. ~Q )
Definition	df-plqqs 7181*	Define addition on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.3 of [Gleason] p. 117. (Contributed by NM, 24-Aug-1995.)
|- +Q = { <. <. x , y >. , z >. | ( ( x e. Q. /\ y e. Q. ) /\ E. w E. v E. u E. f ( ( x = [ <. w , v >. ] ~Q /\ y = [ <. u , f >. ] ~Q ) /\ z = [ ( <. w , v >. +pQ <. u , f >. ) ] ~Q ) ) }
Definition	df-mqqs 7182*	Define multiplication on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.4 of [Gleason] p. 119. (Contributed by NM, 24-Aug-1995.)
|- .Q = { <. <. x , y >. , z >. | ( ( x e. Q. /\ y e. Q. ) /\ E. w E. v E. u E. f ( ( x = [ <. w , v >. ] ~Q /\ y = [ <. u , f >. ] ~Q ) /\ z = [ ( <. w , v >. .pQ <. u , f >. ) ] ~Q ) ) }
Definition	df-1nqqs 7183	Define positive fraction constant 1. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.2 of [Gleason] p. 117. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.)
|- 1Q = [ <. 1o , 1o >. ] ~Q
Definition	df-rq 7184*	Define reciprocal on positive fractions. It means the same thing as one divided by the argument (although we don't define full division since we will never need it). This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. From Proposition 9-2.5 of [Gleason] p. 119, who uses an asterisk to denote this unary operation. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Sep-2019.)
|- *Q = { <. x , y >. | ( x e. Q. /\ y e. Q. /\ ( x .Q y ) = 1Q ) }
Definition	df-ltnqqs 7185*	Define ordering relation on positive fractions. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. Similar to Definition 5 of [Suppes] p. 162. (Contributed by NM, 13-Feb-1996.)
|- <Q = { <. x , y >. | ( ( x e. Q. /\ y e. Q. ) /\ E. z E. w E. v E. u ( ( x = [ <. z , w >. ] ~Q /\ y = [ <. v , u >. ] ~Q ) /\ ( z .N u ) <N ( w .N v ) ) ) }
Theorem	dfplpq2 7186*	Alternate definition of pre-addition on positive fractions. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Sep-2019.)
|- +pQ = { <. <. x , y >. , z >. | ( ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) /\ y e. ( N. X. N. ) ) /\ E. w E. v E. u E. f ( ( x = <. w , v >. /\ y = <. u , f >. ) /\ z = <. ( ( w .N f ) +N ( v .N u ) ) , ( v .N f ) >. ) ) }
Theorem	dfmpq2 7187*	Alternate definition of pre-multiplication on positive fractions. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Sep-2019.)
|- .pQ = { <. <. x , y >. , z >. | ( ( x e. ( N. X. N. ) /\ y e. ( N. X. N. ) ) /\ E. w E. v E. u E. f ( ( x = <. w , v >. /\ y = <. u , f >. ) /\ z = <. ( w .N u ) , ( v .N f ) >. ) ) }
Theorem	enqbreq 7188	Equivalence relation for positive fractions in terms of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) /\ ( C e. N. /\ D e. N. ) ) -> ( <. A , B >. ~Q <. C , D >. <-> ( A .N D ) = ( B .N C ) ) )
Theorem	enqbreq2 7189	Equivalence relation for positive fractions in terms of positive integers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-May-2013.)
|- ( ( A e. ( N. X. N. ) /\ B e. ( N. X. N. ) ) -> ( A ~Q B <-> ( ( 1st ` A ) .N ( 2nd ` B ) ) = ( ( 1st ` B ) .N ( 2nd ` A ) ) ) )
Theorem	enqer 7190	The equivalence relation for positive fractions is an equivalence relation. Proposition 9-2.1 of [Gleason] p. 117. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jul-2015.)
|- ~Q Er ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	enqeceq 7191	Equivalence class equality of positive fractions in terms of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 29-Nov-1995.)
|- ( ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) /\ ( C e. N. /\ D e. N. ) ) -> ( [ <. A , B >. ] ~Q = [ <. C , D >. ] ~Q <-> ( A .N D ) = ( B .N C ) ) )
Theorem	enqex 7192	The equivalence relation for positive fractions exists. (Contributed by NM, 3-Sep-1995.)
|- ~Q e. _V
Theorem	enqdc 7193	The equivalence relation for positive fractions is decidable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 7-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) /\ ( C e. N. /\ D e. N. ) ) -> DECID <. A , B >. ~Q <. C , D >. )
Theorem	enqdc1 7194	The equivalence relation for positive fractions is decidable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 7-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) /\ C e. ( N. X. N. ) ) -> DECID <. A , B >. ~Q C )
Theorem	nqex 7195	The class of positive fractions exists. (Contributed by NM, 16-Aug-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-Apr-2013.)
|- Q. e. _V
Theorem	0nnq 7196	The empty set is not a positive fraction. (Contributed by NM, 24-Aug-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-Apr-2013.)
|- -. (/) e. Q.
Theorem	ltrelnq 7197	Positive fraction 'less than' is a relation on positive fractions. (Contributed by NM, 14-Feb-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-Apr-2013.)
|- <Q C_ ( Q. X. Q. )
Theorem	1nq 7198	The positive fraction 'one'. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.)
|- 1Q e. Q.
Theorem	addcmpblnq 7199	Lemma showing compatibility of addition. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) /\ ( C e. N. /\ D e. N. ) ) /\ ( ( F e. N. /\ G e. N. ) /\ ( R e. N. /\ S e. N. ) ) ) -> ( ( ( A .N D ) = ( B .N C ) /\ ( F .N S ) = ( G .N R ) ) -> <. ( ( A .N G ) +N ( B .N F ) ) , ( B .N G ) >. ~Q <. ( ( C .N S ) +N ( D .N R ) ) , ( D .N S ) >. ) )
Theorem	mulcmpblnq 7200	Lemma showing compatibility of multiplication. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) /\ ( C e. N. /\ D e. N. ) ) /\ ( ( F e. N. /\ G e. N. ) /\ ( R e. N. /\ S e. N. ) ) ) -> ( ( ( A .N D ) = ( B .N C ) /\ ( F .N S ) = ( G .N R ) ) -> <. ( A .N F ) , ( B .N G ) >. ~Q <. ( C .N R ) , ( D .N S ) >. ) )