P. 16 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 1501-1600   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	ax12or 1501	Alias for ax-i12 1500, to be used in place of it for labeling consistency. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2015.)
|- ( A. z z = x \/ ( A. z z = y \/ A. z ( x = y -> A. z x = y ) ) )
Axiom	ax-bndl 1502	Axiom of bundling. The general idea of this axiom is that two variables are either distinct or non-distinct. That idea could be expressed as A. z z = x \/ -. A. z z = x. However, we instead choose an axiom which has many of the same consequences, but which is different with respect to a universe which contains only one object. A. z z = x holds if z and x are the same variable, likewise for z and y, and A. x A. z ( x = y -> A. z x = y ) holds if z is distinct from the others (and the universe has at least two objects). As with other statements of the form "x is decidable (either true or false)", this does not entail the full Law of the Excluded Middle (which is the proposition that all statements are decidable), but instead merely the assertion that particular kinds of statements are decidable (or in this case, an assertion similar to decidability). This axiom implies ax-i12 1500 as can be seen at axi12 1507. Whether ax-bndl 1502 can be proved from the remaining axioms including ax-i12 1500 is not known. The reason we call this "bundling" is that a statement without a distinct variable constraint "bundles" together two statements, one in which the two variables are the same and one in which they are different. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 14-Mar-2018.)
|- ( A. z z = x \/ ( A. z z = y \/ A. x A. z ( x = y -> A. z x = y ) ) )
Axiom	ax-4 1503	Axiom of Specialization. A quantified wff implies the wff without a quantifier (i.e. an instance, or special case, of the generalized wff). In other words if something is true for all x, it is true for any specific x (that would typically occur as a free variable in the wff substituted for ph). (A free variable is one that does not occur in the scope of a quantifier: x and y are both free in x = y, but only x is free in A. y x = y.) Axiom scheme C5' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). Also appears as Axiom B5 of [Tarski] p. 67 (under his system S2, defined in the last paragraph on p. 77). Note that the converse of this axiom does not hold in general, but a weaker inference form of the converse holds and is expressed as rule ax-gen 1442. Conditional forms of the converse are given by ax12 1505, ax-16 1807, and ax-17 1519. Unlike the more general textbook Axiom of Specialization, we cannot choose a variable different from x for the special case. For use, that requires the assistance of equality axioms, and we deal with it later after we introduce the definition of proper substitution - see stdpc4 1768. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ph -> ph )
Theorem	sp 1504	Specialization. Another name for ax-4 1503. (Contributed by NM, 21-May-2008.)
|- ( A. x ph -> ph )
Theorem	ax12 1505	Rederive the original version of the axiom from ax-i12 1500. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 3-Feb-2015.)
|- ( -. A. z z = x -> ( -. A. z z = y -> ( x = y -> A. z x = y ) ) )
Theorem	hbequid 1506	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for x = x. This theorem tells us that any variable, including x, is effectively not free in x = x, even though x is technically free according to the traditional definition of free variable. The proof uses only ax-8 1497 and ax-i12 1500 on top of (the FOL analogue of) modal logic KT. This shows that this can be proved without ax-i9 1523, even though Theorem equid 1694 cannot. A shorter proof using ax-i9 1523 is obtainable from equid 1694 and hbth 1456. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jan-2011.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 23-Mar-2014.)
|- ( x = x -> A. y x = x )
Theorem	axi12 1507	Proof that ax-i12 1500 follows from ax-bndl 1502. So that we can track which theorems rely on ax-bndl 1502, proofs should reference ax12or 1501 rather than this theorem. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Aug-2018.) (New usage is discouraged). (Proof modification is discouraged.)
|- ( A. z z = x \/ ( A. z z = y \/ A. z ( x = y -> A. z x = y ) ) )
Theorem	alequcom 1508	Commutation law for identical variable specifiers. The antecedent and consequent are true when x and y are substituted with the same variable. Lemma L12 in [Megill] p. 445 (p. 12 of the preprint). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x x = y -> A. y y = x )
Theorem	alequcoms 1509	A commutation rule for identical variable specifiers. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x x = y -> ph )   =>    |- ( A. y y = x -> ph )
Theorem	nalequcoms 1510	A commutation rule for distinct variable specifiers. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2015.)
|- ( -. A. x x = y -> ph )   =>    |- ( -. A. y y = x -> ph )
Theorem	nfr 1511	Consequence of the definition of not-free. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 26-Sep-2016.)
|- ( F/ x ph -> ( ph -> A. x ph ) )
Theorem	nfri 1512	Consequence of the definition of not-free. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- ( ph -> A. x ph )
Theorem	nfrd 1513	Consequence of the definition of not-free in a context. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	alimd 1514	Deduction from Theorem 19.20 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A. x ps -> A. x ch ) )
Theorem	alrimi 1515	Inference from Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> A. x ps )
Theorem	nfd 1516	Deduce that x is not free in ps in a context. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ps )
Theorem	nfdh 1517	Deduce that x is not free in ps in a context. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ps )
Theorem	nfrimi 1518	Moving an antecedent outside F/. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Mar-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- F/ x ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ps )
1.3.3  Axiom ax-17 - first use of the $d distinct variable statement
Axiom	ax-17 1519*	Axiom to quantify a variable over a formula in which it does not occur. Axiom C5 in [Megill] p. 444 (p. 11 of the preprint). Also appears as Axiom B6 (p. 75) of system S2 of [Tarski] p. 77 and Axiom C5-1 of [Monk2] p. 113. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )
Theorem	a17d 1520*	ax-17 1519 with antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 1-Mar-2013.)
|- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	nfv 1521*	If x is not present in ph, then x is not free in ph. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x ph
Theorem	nfvd 1522*	nfv 1521 with antecedent. Useful in proofs of deduction versions of bound-variable hypothesis builders such as nfimd 1578. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Oct-2016.)
|- ( ph -> F/ x ps )
1.3.4  Introduce Axiom of Existence
Axiom	ax-i9 1523	Axiom of Existence. One of the equality and substitution axioms of predicate calculus with equality. One thing this axiom tells us is that at least one thing exists (although ax-4 1503 and possibly others also tell us that, i.e. they are not valid in the empty domain of a "free logic"). In this form (not requiring that x and y be distinct) it was used in an axiom system of Tarski (see Axiom B7' in footnote 1 of [KalishMontague] p. 81.) Another name for this theorem is a9e 1689, which has additional remarks. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
|- E. x x = y
Theorem	ax-9 1524	Derive ax-9 1524 from ax-i9 1523, the modified version for intuitionistic logic. Although ax-9 1524 does hold intuistionistically, in intuitionistic logic it is weaker than ax-i9 1523. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2015.)
|- -. A. x -. x = y
Theorem	equidqe 1525	equid 1694 with some quantification and negation without using ax-4 1503 or ax-17 1519. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jan-2011.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 27-Feb-2014.)
|- -. A. y -. x = x
Theorem	ax4sp1 1526	A special case of ax-4 1503 without using ax-4 1503 or ax-17 1519. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jan-2011.)
|- ( A. y -. x = x -> -. x = x )
1.3.5  Additional intuitionistic axioms
Axiom	ax-ial 1527	x is not free in A. x ph. One of the axioms of predicate logic. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
|- ( A. x ph -> A. x A. x ph )
Axiom	ax-i5r 1528	Axiom of quantifier collection. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
|- ( ( A. x ph -> A. x ps ) -> A. x ( A. x ph -> ps ) )
1.3.6  Predicate calculus including ax-4, without distinct variables
Theorem	spi 1529	Inference reversing generalization (specialization). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- A. x ph   =>    |- ph
Theorem	sps 1530	Generalization of antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( A. x ph -> ps )
Theorem	spsd 1531	Deduction generalizing antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 17-Aug-1994.)
|- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A. x ps -> ch ) )
Theorem	nfbidf 1532	An equality theorem for effectively not free. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Oct-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( F/ x ps <-> F/ x ch ) )
Theorem	hba1 1533	x is not free in A. x ph. Example in Appendix in [Megill] p. 450 (p. 19 of the preprint). Also Lemma 22 of [Monk2] p. 114. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ph -> A. x A. x ph )
Theorem	nfa1 1534	x is not free in A. x ph. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x A. x ph
Theorem	axc4i 1535	Inference version of 19.21 1576. (Contributed by NM, 3-Jan-1993.)
|- ( A. x ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( A. x ph -> A. x ps )
Theorem	a5i 1536	Inference generalizing a consequent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( A. x ph -> A. x ps )
Theorem	nfnf1 1537	x is not free in F/ x ph. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x F/ x ph
Theorem	hbim 1538	If x is not free in ph and ps, it is not free in ( ph -> ps ). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by O'Cat, 3-Mar-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( ( ph -> ps ) -> A. x ( ph -> ps ) )
Theorem	hbor 1539	If x is not free in ph and ps, it is not free in ( ph \/ ps ). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by NM, 2-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( ( ph \/ ps ) -> A. x ( ph \/ ps ) )
Theorem	hban 1540	If x is not free in ph and ps, it is not free in ( ph /\ ps ). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> A. x ( ph /\ ps ) )
Theorem	hbbi 1541	If x is not free in ph and ps, it is not free in ( ph <-> ps ). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( ( ph <-> ps ) -> A. x ( ph <-> ps ) )
Theorem	hb3or 1542	If x is not free in ph, ps, and ch, it is not free in ( ph \/ ps \/ ch ). (Contributed by NM, 14-Sep-2003.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   &    |- ( ch -> A. x ch )   =>    |- ( ( ph \/ ps \/ ch ) -> A. x ( ph \/ ps \/ ch ) )
Theorem	hb3an 1543	If x is not free in ph, ps, and ch, it is not free in ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ). (Contributed by NM, 14-Sep-2003.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   &    |- ( ch -> A. x ch )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ) -> A. x ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ) )
Theorem	hba2 1544	Lemma 24 of [Monk2] p. 114. (Contributed by NM, 29-May-2008.)
|- ( A. y A. x ph -> A. x A. y A. x ph )
Theorem	hbia1 1545	Lemma 23 of [Monk2] p. 114. (Contributed by NM, 29-May-2008.)
|- ( ( A. x ph -> A. x ps ) -> A. x ( A. x ph -> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	19.3h 1546	A wff may be quantified with a variable not free in it. Theorem 19.3 of [Margaris] p. 89. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by NM, 21-May-2007.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   =>    |- ( A. x ph <-> ph )
Theorem	19.3 1547	A wff may be quantified with a variable not free in it. Theorem 19.3 of [Margaris] p. 89. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- ( A. x ph <-> ph )
Theorem	19.16 1548	Theorem 19.16 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 12-Mar-1993.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph <-> ps ) -> ( ph <-> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	19.17 1549	Theorem 19.17 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 12-Mar-1993.)
|- F/ x ps   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph <-> ps ) -> ( A. x ph <-> ps ) )
Theorem	19.21h 1550	Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. The hypothesis can be thought of as " x is not free in ph". New proofs should use 19.21 1576 instead. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (New usage is discouraged.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) <-> ( ph -> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	19.21bi 1551	Inference from Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> ps )
Theorem	19.21bbi 1552	Inference removing double quantifier. (Contributed by NM, 20-Apr-1994.)
|- ( ph -> A. x A. y ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> ps )
Theorem	19.27h 1553	Theorem 19.27 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( A. x ph /\ ps ) )
Theorem	19.27 1554	Theorem 19.27 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- F/ x ps   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( A. x ph /\ ps ) )
Theorem	19.28h 1555	Theorem 19.28 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( ph /\ A. x ps ) )
Theorem	19.28 1556	Theorem 19.28 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( ph /\ A. x ps ) )
Theorem	nfan1 1557	A closed form of nfan 1558. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   =>    |- F/ x ( ph /\ ps )
Theorem	nfan 1558	If x is not free in ph and ps, it is not free in ( ph /\ ps ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 13-Jan-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- F/ x ps   =>    |- F/ x ( ph /\ ps )
Theorem	nf3an 1559	If x is not free in ph, ps, and ch, it is not free in ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- F/ x ps   &    |- F/ x ch   =>    |- F/ x ( ph /\ ps /\ ch )
Theorem	nford 1560	If in a context x is not free in ps and ch, it is not free in ( ps \/ ch ). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Oct-2019.)
|- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x ch )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ( ps \/ ch ) )
Theorem	nfand 1561	If in a context x is not free in ps and ch, it is not free in ( ps /\ ch ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Oct-2016.)
|- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x ch )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ( ps /\ ch ) )
Theorem	nf3and 1562	Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder nf3an 1559. (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 16-Oct-2016.)
|- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x ch )   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x th )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ( ps /\ ch /\ th ) )
Theorem	hbim1 1563	A closed form of hbim 1538. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   =>    |- ( ( ph -> ps ) -> A. x ( ph -> ps ) )
Theorem	nfim1 1564	A closed form of nfim 1565. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 2-Jan-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   =>    |- F/ x ( ph -> ps )
Theorem	nfim 1565	If x is not free in ph and ps, it is not free in ( ph -> ps ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 2-Jan-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- F/ x ps   =>    |- F/ x ( ph -> ps )
Theorem	hbimd 1566	Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hbim 1538. (Contributed by NM, 1-Jan-2002.) (Revised by NM, 2-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> A. x ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ps -> ch ) -> A. x ( ps -> ch ) ) )
Theorem	nfor 1567	If x is not free in ph and ps, it is not free in ( ph \/ ps ). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-Mar-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- F/ x ps   =>    |- F/ x ( ph \/ ps )
Theorem	hbbid 1568	Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hbbi 1541. (Contributed by NM, 1-Jan-2002.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> A. x ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ps <-> ch ) -> A. x ( ps <-> ch ) ) )
Theorem	nfal 1569	If x is not free in ph, it is not free in A. y ph. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) Remove dependency on ax-4 1503. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 25-Aug-2024.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- F/ x A. y ph
Theorem	nfnf 1570	If x is not free in ph, it is not free in F/ y ph. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 30-Dec-2017.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- F/ x F/ y ph
Theorem	nfalt 1571	Closed form of nfal 1569. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-May-2018.)
|- ( A. y F/ x ph -> F/ x A. y ph )
Theorem	nfa2 1572	Lemma 24 of [Monk2] p. 114. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x A. y A. x ph
Theorem	nfia1 1573	Lemma 23 of [Monk2] p. 114. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x ( A. x ph -> A. x ps )
Theorem	19.21ht 1574	Closed form of Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 27-May-1997.) (New usage is discouraged.)
|- ( A. x ( ph -> A. x ph ) -> ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) <-> ( ph -> A. x ps ) ) )
Theorem	19.21t 1575	Closed form of Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 27-May-1997.)
|- ( F/ x ph -> ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) <-> ( ph -> A. x ps ) ) )
Theorem	19.21 1576	Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. The hypothesis can be thought of as " x is not free in ph". (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) <-> ( ph -> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	stdpc5 1577	An axiom scheme of standard predicate calculus that emulates Axiom 5 of [Mendelson] p. 69. The hypothesis F/ x ph can be thought of as emulating " x is not free in ph". With this definition, the meaning of "not free" is less restrictive than the usual textbook definition; for example x would not (for us) be free in x = x by nfequid 1695. This theorem scheme can be proved as a metatheorem of Mendelson's axiom system, even though it is slightly stronger than his Axiom 5. (Contributed by NM, 22-Sep-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 12-Oct-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 1-Jan-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) -> ( ph -> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	nfimd 1578	If in a context x is not free in ps and ch, then it is not free in ( ps -> ch ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 30-Dec-2017.)
|- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x ch )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ( ps -> ch ) )
Theorem	aaanh 1579	Rearrange universal quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 12-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. y ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( A. x A. y ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( A. x ph /\ A. y ps ) )
Theorem	aaan 1580	Rearrange universal quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 12-Aug-1993.)
|- F/ y ph   &    |- F/ x ps   =>    |- ( A. x A. y ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( A. x ph /\ A. y ps ) )
Theorem	nfbid 1581	If in a context x is not free in ps and ch, then it is not free in ( ps <-> ch ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 29-Dec-2017.)
|- ( ph -> F/ x ps )   &    |- ( ph -> F/ x ch )   =>    |- ( ph -> F/ x ( ps <-> ch ) )
Theorem	nfbi 1582	If x is not free in ph and ps, then it is not free in ( ph <-> ps ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 2-Jan-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- F/ x ps   =>    |- F/ x ( ph <-> ps )
1.3.7  The existential quantifier
Theorem	19.8a 1583	If a wff is true, then it is true for at least one instance. Special case of Theorem 19.8 of [Margaris] p. 89. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> E. x ph )
Theorem	19.8ad 1584	If a wff is true, it is true for at least one instance. Deduction form of 19.8a 1583. (Contributed by DAW, 13-Feb-2017.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. x ps )
Theorem	19.23bi 1585	Inference from Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( E. x ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> ps )
Theorem	exlimih 1586	Inference from Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ps -> A. x ps )   &    |- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x ph -> ps )
Theorem	exlimi 1587	Inference from Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- F/ x ps   &    |- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x ph -> ps )
Theorem	exlimd2 1588	Deduction from Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. Similar to exlimdh 1589 but with one slightly different hypothesis. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Dec-2017.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> A. x ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( E. x ps -> ch ) )
Theorem	exlimdh 1589	Deduction from Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 28-Jan-1997.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ch -> A. x ch )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( E. x ps -> ch ) )
Theorem	exlimd 1590	Deduction from Theorem 19.9 of [Margaris] p. 89. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.) (Proof rewritten by Jim Kingdon, 18-Jun-2018.)
|- F/ x ph   &    |- F/ x ch   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( E. x ps -> ch ) )
Theorem	exlimiv 1591*	Inference from Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. This inference, along with our many variants is used to implement a metatheorem called "Rule C" that is given in many logic textbooks. See, for example, Rule C in [Mendelson] p. 81, Rule C in [Margaris] p. 40, or Rule C in Hirst and Hirst's A Primer for Logic and Proof p. 59 (PDF p. 65) at http://www.mathsci.appstate.edu/~jlh/primer/hirst.pdf. In informal proofs, the statement "Let C be an element such that..." almost always means an implicit application of Rule C. In essence, Rule C states that if we can prove that some element x exists satisfying a wff, i.e. E. x ph ( x ) where ph ( x ) has x free, then we can use ph ( C ) as a hypothesis for the proof where C is a new (ficticious) constant not appearing previously in the proof, nor in any axioms used, nor in the theorem to be proved. The purpose of Rule C is to get rid of the existential quantifier. We cannot do this in Metamath directly. Instead, we use the original ph (containing x) as an antecedent for the main part of the proof. We eventually arrive at ( ph -> ps ) where ps is the theorem to be proved and does not contain x. Then we apply exlimiv 1591 to arrive at ( E. x ph -> ps ). Finally, we separately prove E. x ph and detach it with modus ponens ax-mp 5 to arrive at the final theorem ps. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by NM, 25-Jul-2012.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x ph -> ps )
Theorem	exim 1592	Theorem 19.22 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 4-Jul-2014.)
|- ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) -> ( E. x ph -> E. x ps ) )
Theorem	eximi 1593	Inference adding existential quantifier to antecedent and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x ph -> E. x ps )
Theorem	2eximi 1594	Inference adding 2 existential quantifiers to antecedent and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2005.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x E. y ph -> E. x E. y ps )
Theorem	eximii 1595	Inference associated with eximi 1593. (Contributed by BJ, 3-Feb-2018.)
|- E. x ph   &    |- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- E. x ps
Theorem	alinexa 1596	A transformation of quantifiers and logical connectives. (Contributed by NM, 19-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ( ph -> -. ps ) <-> -. E. x ( ph /\ ps ) )
Theorem	exbi 1597	Theorem 19.18 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ( ph <-> ps ) -> ( E. x ph <-> E. x ps ) )
Theorem	exbii 1598	Inference adding existential quantifier to both sides of an equivalence. (Contributed by NM, 24-May-1994.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x ph <-> E. x ps )
Theorem	2exbii 1599	Inference adding 2 existential quantifiers to both sides of an equivalence. (Contributed by NM, 16-Mar-1995.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x E. y ph <-> E. x E. y ps )
Theorem	3exbii 1600	Inference adding 3 existential quantifiers to both sides of an equivalence. (Contributed by NM, 2-May-1995.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   =>    |- ( E. x E. y E. z ph <-> E. x E. y E. z ps )