P. 22 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 2101-2200   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	ferio 2101	"Ferio" ("Ferioque"), one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, and some ch is ph, therefore some ch is not ps. (In Aristotelian notation, EIO-1: MeP and SiM therefore SoP.) For example, given "No homework is fun" and "Some reading is homework", therefore "Some reading is not fun". This is essentially a logical axiom in Aristotelian logic. Example from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 24-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- E. x ( ch /\ ph )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ps )
Theorem	barbari 2102	"Barbari", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, all ch is ph, and some ch exist, therefore some ch is ps. (In Aristotelian notation, AAI-1: MaP and SaM therefore SiP.) For example, given "All men are mortal", "All Greeks are men", and "Greeks exist", therefore "Some Greeks are mortal". Note the existence hypothesis (to prove the "some" in the conclusion). Example from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 27-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 30-Aug-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- A. x ( ch -> ph )   &    |- E. x ch   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ ps )
Theorem	celaront 2103	"Celaront", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, all ch is ph, and some ch exist, therefore some ch is not ps. (In Aristotelian notation, EAO-1: MeP and SaM therefore SoP.) For example, given "No reptiles have fur", "All snakes are reptiles.", and "Snakes exist.", prove "Some snakes have no fur". Note the existence hypothesis. Example from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 27-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- A. x ( ch -> ph )   &    |- E. x ch   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ps )
Theorem	cesare 2104	"Cesare", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, and all ch is ps, therefore no ch is ph. (In Aristotelian notation, EAE-2: PeM and SaM therefore SeP.) Related to celarent 2099. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 27-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 13-Nov-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- A. x ( ch -> ps )   =>    |- A. x ( ch -> -. ph )
Theorem	camestres 2105	"Camestres", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, and no ch is ps, therefore no ch is ph. (In Aristotelian notation, AEE-2: PaM and SeM therefore SeP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- A. x ( ch -> -. ps )   =>    |- A. x ( ch -> -. ph )
Theorem	festino 2106	"Festino", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, and some ch is ps, therefore some ch is not ph. (In Aristotelian notation, EIO-2: PeM and SiM therefore SoP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 25-Nov-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- E. x ( ch /\ ps )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ph )
Theorem	baroco 2107	"Baroco", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, and some ch is not ps, therefore some ch is not ph. (In Aristotelian notation, AOO-2: PaM and SoM therefore SoP.) For example, "All informative things are useful", "Some websites are not useful", therefore "Some websites are not informative." (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ps )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ph )
Theorem	cesaro 2108	"Cesaro", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, all ch is ps, and ch exist, therefore some ch is not ph. (In Aristotelian notation, EAO-2: PeM and SaM therefore SoP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- A. x ( ch -> ps )   &    |- E. x ch   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ph )
Theorem	camestros 2109	"Camestros", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, no ch is ps, and ch exist, therefore some ch is not ph. (In Aristotelian notation, AEO-2: PaM and SeM therefore SoP.) For example, "All horses have hooves", "No humans have hooves", and humans exist, therefore "Some humans are not horses". (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- A. x ( ch -> -. ps )   &    |- E. x ch   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ph )
Theorem	datisi 2110	"Datisi", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, and some ph is ch, therefore some ch is ps. (In Aristotelian notation, AII-3: MaP and MiS therefore SiP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- E. x ( ph /\ ch )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ ps )
Theorem	disamis 2111	"Disamis", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. Some ph is ps, and all ph is ch, therefore some ch is ps. (In Aristotelian notation, IAI-3: MiP and MaS therefore SiP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.)
|- E. x ( ph /\ ps )   &    |- A. x ( ph -> ch )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ ps )
Theorem	ferison 2112	"Ferison", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, and some ph is ch, therefore some ch is not ps. (In Aristotelian notation, EIO-3: MeP and MiS therefore SoP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- E. x ( ph /\ ch )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ps )
Theorem	bocardo 2113	"Bocardo", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. Some ph is not ps, and all ph is ch, therefore some ch is not ps. (In Aristotelian notation, OAO-3: MoP and MaS therefore SoP.) For example, "Some cats have no tails", "All cats are mammals", therefore "Some mammals have no tails". A reorder of disamis 2111; prefer using that instead. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (New usage is discouraged.)
|- E. x ( ph /\ -. ps )   &    |- A. x ( ph -> ch )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ps )
Theorem	felapton 2114	"Felapton", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, all ph is ch, and some ph exist, therefore some ch is not ps. (In Aristotelian notation, EAO-3: MeP and MaS therefore SoP.) For example, "No flowers are animals" and "All flowers are plants", therefore "Some plants are not animals". (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- A. x ( ph -> ch )   &    |- E. x ph   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ps )
Theorem	darapti 2115	"Darapti", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, all ph is ch, and some ph exist, therefore some ch is ps. (In Aristotelian notation, AAI-3: MaP and MaS therefore SiP.) For example, "All squares are rectangles" and "All squares are rhombuses", therefore "Some rhombuses are rectangles". (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- A. x ( ph -> ch )   &    |- E. x ph   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ ps )
Theorem	calemes 2116	"Calemes", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, and no ps is ch, therefore no ch is ph. (In Aristotelian notation, AEE-4: PaM and MeS therefore SeP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- A. x ( ps -> -. ch )   =>    |- A. x ( ch -> -. ph )
Theorem	dimatis 2117	"Dimatis", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. Some ph is ps, and all ps is ch, therefore some ch is ph. (In Aristotelian notation, IAI-4: PiM and MaS therefore SiP.) For example, "Some pets are rabbits.", "All rabbits have fur", therefore "Some fur bearing animals are pets". Like darii 2100 with positions interchanged. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.)
|- E. x ( ph /\ ps )   &    |- A. x ( ps -> ch )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ ph )
Theorem	fresison 2118	"Fresison", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps (PeM), and some ps is ch (MiS), therefore some ch is not ph (SoP). (In Aristotelian notation, EIO-4: PeM and MiS therefore SoP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- E. x ( ps /\ ch )   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ph )
Theorem	calemos 2119	"Calemos", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps (PaM), no ps is ch (MeS), and ch exist, therefore some ch is not ph (SoP). (In Aristotelian notation, AEO-4: PaM and MeS therefore SoP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- A. x ( ps -> -. ch )   &    |- E. x ch   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ph )
Theorem	fesapo 2120	"Fesapo", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. No ph is ps, all ps is ch, and ps exist, therefore some ch is not ph. (In Aristotelian notation, EAO-4: PeM and MaS therefore SoP.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 2-Sep-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> -. ps )   &    |- A. x ( ps -> ch )   &    |- E. x ps   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ -. ph )
Theorem	bamalip 2121	"Bamalip", one of the syllogisms of Aristotelian logic. All ph is ps, all ps is ch, and ph exist, therefore some ch is ph. (In Aristotelian notation, AAI-4: PaM and MaS therefore SiP.) Like barbari 2102. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 28-Aug-2016.)
|- A. x ( ph -> ps )   &    |- A. x ( ps -> ch )   &    |- E. x ph   =>    |- E. x ( ch /\ ph )
PART 2  SET THEORY Set theory uses the formalism of propositional and predicate calculus to assert properties of arbitrary mathematical objects called "sets." A set can be an element of another set, and this relationship is indicated by the e. symbol. Starting with the simplest mathematical object, called the empty set, set theory builds up more and more complex structures whose existence follows from the axioms, eventually resulting in extremely complicated sets that we identify with the real numbers and other familiar mathematical objects. Here we develop set theory based on the Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel (IZF) system, mostly following the IZF axioms as laid out in [Crosilla]. Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel (CZF), also described in Crosilla, is not as easy to formalize in Metamath because the statement of some of its axioms uses the notion of "bounded formula". Since Metamath has, purposefully, a very weak metalogic, that notion must be developed in the logic itself. This is similar to our treatment of substitution (df-sb 1737) and our definition of the nonfreeness predicate (df-nf 1438), whereas substitution and bound and free variables are ordinarily defined in the metalogic. The development of CZF has begun in BJ's mathbox, see wbd 13181.
2.1  IZF Set Theory - start with the Axiom of Extensionality
2.1.1  Introduce the Axiom of Extensionality
Axiom	ax-ext 2122*	Axiom of Extensionality. It states that two sets are identical if they contain the same elements. Axiom 1 of [Crosilla] p. "Axioms of CZF and IZF" (with unnecessary quantifiers removed). Set theory can also be formulated with a single primitive predicate e. on top of traditional predicate calculus without equality. In that case the Axiom of Extensionality becomes ( A. w ( w e. x <-> w e. y ) -> ( x e. z -> y e. z ) ), and equality x = y is defined as A. w ( w e. x <-> w e. y ). All of the usual axioms of equality then become theorems of set theory. See, for example, Axiom 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 8. To use the above "equality-free" version of Extensionality with Metamath's logical axioms, we would rewrite ax-8 1483 through ax-16 1787 with equality expanded according to the above definition. Some of those axioms could be proved from set theory and would be redundant. Not all of them are redundant, since our axioms of predicate calculus make essential use of equality for the proper substitution that is a primitive notion in traditional predicate calculus. A study of such an axiomatization would be an interesting project for someone exploring the foundations of logic. It is important to understand that strictly speaking, all of our set theory axioms are really schemes that represent an infinite number of actual axioms. This is inherent in the design of Metamath ("metavariable math"), which manipulates only metavariables. For example, the metavariable x in ax-ext 2122 can represent any actual variable v1, v2, v3,... . Distinct variable restrictions ($d) prevent us from substituting say v1 for both x and z. This is in contrast to typical textbook presentations that present actual axioms (except for axioms which involve wff metavariables). In practice, though, the theorems and proofs are essentially the same. The $d restrictions make each of the infinite axioms generated by the ax-ext 2122 scheme exactly logically equivalent to each other and in particular to the actual axiom of the textbook version. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. z ( z e. x <-> z e. y ) -> x = y )
Theorem	axext3 2123*	A generalization of the Axiom of Extensionality in which x and y need not be distinct. (Contributed by NM, 15-Sep-1993.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 12-Aug-2011.)
|- ( A. z ( z e. x <-> z e. y ) -> x = y )
Theorem	axext4 2124*	A bidirectional version of Extensionality. Although this theorem "looks" like it is just a definition of equality, it requires the Axiom of Extensionality for its proof under our axiomatization. See the comments for ax-ext 2122. (Contributed by NM, 14-Nov-2008.)
|- ( x = y <-> A. z ( z e. x <-> z e. y ) )
Theorem	bm1.1 2125*	Any set defined by a property is the only set defined by that property. Theorem 1.1 of [BellMachover] p. 462. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-1994.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- ( E. x A. y ( y e. x <-> ph ) -> E! x A. y ( y e. x <-> ph ) )
2.1.2  Class abstractions (a.k.a. class builders)
Syntax	cab 2126	Introduce the class builder or class abstraction notation ("the class of sets x such that ph is true"). Our class variables A, B, etc. range over class builders (sometimes implicitly). Note that a setvar variable can be expressed as a class builder per theorem cvjust 2135, justifying the assignment of setvar variables to class variables via the use of cv 1331.
class { x | ph }
Definition	df-clab 2127	Define class abstraction notation (so-called by Quine), also called a "class builder" in the literature. x and y need not be distinct. Definition 2.1 of [Quine] p. 16. Typically, ph will have y as a free variable, and " { y | ph } " is read "the class of all sets y such that ph ( y ) is true." We do not define { y | ph } in isolation but only as part of an expression that extends or "overloads" the e. relationship. This is our first use of the e. symbol to connect classes instead of sets. The syntax definition wcel 1481, which extends or "overloads" the wel 1482 definition connecting setvar variables, requires that both sides of e. be a class. In df-cleq 2133 and df-clel 2136, we introduce a new kind of variable (class variable) that can substituted with expressions such as { y | ph }. In the present definition, the x on the left-hand side is a setvar variable. Syntax definition cv 1331 allows us to substitute a setvar variable x for a class variable: all sets are classes by cvjust 2135 (but not necessarily vice-versa). For a full description of how classes are introduced and how to recover the primitive language, see the discussion in Quine (and under abeq2 2249 for a quick overview). Because class variables can be substituted with compound expressions and setvar variables cannot, it is often useful to convert a theorem containing a free setvar variable to a more general version with a class variable. This is called the "axiom of class comprehension" by [Levy] p. 338, who treats the theory of classes as an extralogical extension to our logic and set theory axioms. He calls the construction { y | ph } a "class term". For a general discussion of the theory of classes, see https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/mmset.html#class 2249. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( x e. { y | ph } <-> [ x / y ] ph )
Theorem	abid 2128	Simplification of class abstraction notation when the free and bound variables are identical. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( x e. { x | ph } <-> ph )
Theorem	hbab1 2129*	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for a class abstraction. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( y e. { x | ph } -> A. x y e. { x | ph } )
Theorem	nfsab1 2130*	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for a class abstraction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x y e. { x | ph }
Theorem	hbab 2131*	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for a class abstraction. (Contributed by NM, 1-Mar-1995.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   =>    |- ( z e. { y | ph } -> A. x z e. { y | ph } )
Theorem	nfsab 2132*	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for a class abstraction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x ph   =>    |- F/ x z e. { y | ph }
Definition	df-cleq 2133*	Define the equality connective between classes. Definition 2.7 of [Quine] p. 18. Also Definition 4.5 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 13; Chapter 4 provides its justification and methods for eliminating it. Note that its elimination will not necessarily result in a single wff in the original language but possibly a "scheme" of wffs. This is an example of a somewhat "risky" definition, meaning that it has a more complex than usual soundness justification (outside of Metamath), because it "overloads" or reuses the existing equality symbol rather than introducing a new symbol. This allows us to make statements that may not hold for the original symbol. For example, it permits us to deduce y = z <-> A. x ( x e. y <-> x e. z ), which is not a theorem of logic but rather presupposes the Axiom of Extensionality (see theorem axext4 2124). We therefore include this axiom as a hypothesis, so that the use of Extensionality is properly indicated. We could avoid this complication by introducing a new symbol, say =2, in place of =. This would also have the advantage of making elimination of the definition straightforward, so that we could eliminate Extensionality as a hypothesis. We would then also have the advantage of being able to identify in various proofs exactly where Extensionality truly comes into play rather than just being an artifact of a definition. One of our theorems would then be x =2 y <-> x = y by invoking Extensionality. However, to conform to literature usage, we retain this overloaded definition. This also makes some proofs shorter and probably easier to read, without the constant switching between two kinds of equality. See also comments under df-clab 2127, df-clel 2136, and abeq2 2249. In the form of dfcleq 2134, this is called the "axiom of extensionality" by [Levy] p. 338, who treats the theory of classes as an extralogical extension to our logic and set theory axioms. For a general discussion of the theory of classes, see https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/mmset.html#class 2134. (Contributed by NM, 15-Sep-1993.)
|- ( A. x ( x e. y <-> x e. z ) -> y = z )   =>    |- ( A = B <-> A. x ( x e. A <-> x e. B ) )
Theorem	dfcleq 2134*	The same as df-cleq 2133 with the hypothesis removed using the Axiom of Extensionality ax-ext 2122. (Contributed by NM, 15-Sep-1993.)
|- ( A = B <-> A. x ( x e. A <-> x e. B ) )
Theorem	cvjust 2135*	Every set is a class. Proposition 4.9 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 13. This theorem shows that a setvar variable can be expressed as a class abstraction. This provides a motivation for the class syntax construction cv 1331, which allows us to substitute a setvar variable for a class variable. See also cab 2126 and df-clab 2127. Note that this is not a rigorous justification, because cv 1331 is used as part of the proof of this theorem, but a careful argument can be made outside of the formalism of Metamath, for example as is done in Chapter 4 of Takeuti and Zaring. See also the discussion under the definition of class in [Jech] p. 4 showing that "Every set can be considered to be a class." (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2006.)
|- x = { y | y e. x }
Definition	df-clel 2136*	Define the membership connective between classes. Theorem 6.3 of [Quine] p. 41, or Proposition 4.6 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 13, which we adopt as a definition. See these references for its metalogical justification. Note that like df-cleq 2133 it extends or "overloads" the use of the existing membership symbol, but unlike df-cleq 2133 it does not strengthen the set of valid wffs of logic when the class variables are replaced with setvar variables (see cleljust 1911), so we don't include any set theory axiom as a hypothesis. See also comments about the syntax under df-clab 2127. This is called the "axiom of membership" by [Levy] p. 338, who treats the theory of classes as an extralogical extension to our logic and set theory axioms. For a general discussion of the theory of classes, see https://us.metamath.org/mpeuni/mmset.html#class 2127. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A e. B <-> E. x ( x = A /\ x e. B ) )
Theorem	eqriv 2137*	Infer equality of classes from equivalence of membership. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( x e. A <-> x e. B )   =>    |- A = B
Theorem	eqrdv 2138*	Deduce equality of classes from equivalence of membership. (Contributed by NM, 17-Mar-1996.)
|- ( ph -> ( x e. A <-> x e. B ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = B )
Theorem	eqrdav 2139*	Deduce equality of classes from an equivalence of membership that depends on the membership variable. (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2008.)
|- ( ( ph /\ x e. A ) -> x e. C )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> x e. C )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. C ) -> ( x e. A <-> x e. B ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = B )
Theorem	eqid 2140	Law of identity (reflexivity of class equality). Theorem 6.4 of [Quine] p. 41. This law is thought to have originated with Aristotle (Metaphysics, Zeta, 17, 1041 a, 10-20). (Thanks to Stefan Allan and BJ for this information.) (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by BJ, 14-Oct-2017.)
|- A = A
Theorem	eqidd 2141	Class identity law with antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 21-Aug-2008.)
|- ( ph -> A = A )
Theorem	eqcom 2142	Commutative law for class equality. Theorem 6.5 of [Quine] p. 41. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A = B <-> B = A )
Theorem	eqcoms 2143	Inference applying commutative law for class equality to an antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A = B -> ph )   =>    |- ( B = A -> ph )
Theorem	eqcomi 2144	Inference from commutative law for class equality. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- A = B   =>    |- B = A
Theorem	neqcomd 2145	Commute an inequality. (Contributed by Rohan Ridenour, 3-Aug-2023.)
|- ( ph -> -. A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> -. B = A )
Theorem	eqcomd 2146	Deduction from commutative law for class equality. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1994.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> B = A )
Theorem	eqeq1 2147	Equality implies equivalence of equalities. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A = B -> ( A = C <-> B = C ) )
Theorem	eqeq1i 2148	Inference from equality to equivalence of equalities. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- A = B   =>    |- ( A = C <-> B = C )
Theorem	eqeq1d 2149	Deduction from equality to equivalence of equalities. (Contributed by NM, 27-Dec-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A = C <-> B = C ) )
Theorem	eqeq2 2150	Equality implies equivalence of equalities. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A = B -> ( C = A <-> C = B ) )
Theorem	eqeq2i 2151	Inference from equality to equivalence of equalities. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- A = B   =>    |- ( C = A <-> C = B )
Theorem	eqeq2d 2152	Deduction from equality to equivalence of equalities. (Contributed by NM, 27-Dec-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( C = A <-> C = B ) )
Theorem	eqeq12 2153	Equality relationship among 4 classes. (Contributed by NM, 3-Aug-1994.)
|- ( ( A = B /\ C = D ) -> ( A = C <-> B = D ) )
Theorem	eqeq12i 2154	A useful inference for substituting definitions into an equality. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- A = B   &    |- C = D   =>    |- ( A = C <-> B = D )
Theorem	eqeq12d 2155	A useful inference for substituting definitions into an equality. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A = C <-> B = D ) )
Theorem	eqeqan12d 2156	A useful inference for substituting definitions into an equality. (Contributed by NM, 9-Aug-1994.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ps -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ( A = C <-> B = D ) )
Theorem	eqeqan12rd 2157	A useful inference for substituting definitions into an equality. (Contributed by NM, 9-Aug-1994.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ps -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ( ps /\ ph ) -> ( A = C <-> B = D ) )
Theorem	eqtr 2158	Transitive law for class equality. Proposition 4.7(3) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 13. (Contributed by NM, 25-Jan-2004.)
|- ( ( A = B /\ B = C ) -> A = C )
Theorem	eqtr2 2159	A transitive law for class equality. (Contributed by NM, 20-May-2005.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- ( ( A = B /\ A = C ) -> B = C )
Theorem	eqtr3 2160	A transitive law for class equality. (Contributed by NM, 20-May-2005.)
|- ( ( A = C /\ B = C ) -> A = B )
Theorem	eqtri 2161	An equality transitivity inference. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- A = B   &    |- B = C   =>    |- A = C
Theorem	eqtr2i 2162	An equality transitivity inference. (Contributed by NM, 21-Feb-1995.)
|- A = B   &    |- B = C   =>    |- C = A
Theorem	eqtr3i 2163	An equality transitivity inference. (Contributed by NM, 6-May-1994.)
|- A = B   &    |- A = C   =>    |- B = C
Theorem	eqtr4i 2164	An equality transitivity inference. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- A = B   &    |- C = B   =>    |- A = C
Theorem	3eqtri 2165	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 29-Aug-1993.)
|- A = B   &    |- B = C   &    |- C = D   =>    |- A = D
Theorem	3eqtrri 2166	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 3-Aug-2006.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- A = B   &    |- B = C   &    |- C = D   =>    |- D = A
Theorem	3eqtr2i 2167	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 3-Aug-2006.)
|- A = B   &    |- C = B   &    |- C = D   =>    |- A = D
Theorem	3eqtr2ri 2168	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 3-Aug-2006.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- A = B   &    |- C = B   &    |- C = D   =>    |- D = A
Theorem	3eqtr3i 2169	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 6-May-1994.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- A = B   &    |- A = C   &    |- B = D   =>    |- C = D
Theorem	3eqtr3ri 2170	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-2004.)
|- A = B   &    |- A = C   &    |- B = D   =>    |- D = C
Theorem	3eqtr4i 2171	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- A = B   &    |- C = A   &    |- D = B   =>    |- C = D
Theorem	3eqtr4ri 2172	An inference from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 2-Sep-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- A = B   &    |- C = A   &    |- D = B   =>    |- D = C
Theorem	eqtrd 2173	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = C )
Theorem	eqtr2d 2174	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1999.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ph -> C = A )
Theorem	eqtr3d 2175	An equality transitivity equality deduction. (Contributed by NM, 18-Jul-1995.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> A = C )   =>    |- ( ph -> B = C )
Theorem	eqtr4d 2176	An equality transitivity equality deduction. (Contributed by NM, 18-Jul-1995.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = C )
Theorem	3eqtrd 2177	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   &    |- ( ph -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = D )
Theorem	3eqtrrd 2178	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 4-Aug-2006.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   &    |- ( ph -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> D = A )
Theorem	3eqtr2d 2179	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 4-Aug-2006.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = D )
Theorem	3eqtr2rd 2180	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 4-Aug-2006.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> D = A )
Theorem	3eqtr3d 2181	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 4-Aug-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> A = C )   &    |- ( ph -> B = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> C = D )
Theorem	3eqtr3rd 2182	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 14-Jan-2006.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> A = C )   &    |- ( ph -> B = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> D = C )
Theorem	3eqtr4d 2183	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 4-Aug-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = A )   &    |- ( ph -> D = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> C = D )
Theorem	3eqtr4rd 2184	A deduction from three chained equalities. (Contributed by NM, 21-Sep-1995.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> C = A )   &    |- ( ph -> D = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> D = C )
Theorem	syl5eq 2185	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- A = B   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = C )
Theorem	syl5req 2186	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 29-Mar-1998.)
|- A = B   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ph -> C = A )
Theorem	syl5eqr 2187	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- B = A   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = C )
Theorem	syl5reqr 2188	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 29-Mar-1998.)
|- B = A   &    |- ( ph -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ph -> C = A )
Theorem	eqtrdi 2189	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- B = C   =>    |- ( ph -> A = C )
Theorem	eqtr2di 2190	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 29-Mar-1998.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- B = C   =>    |- ( ph -> C = A )
Theorem	eqtr4di 2191	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- C = B   =>    |- ( ph -> A = C )
Theorem	eqtr4id 2192	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 29-Mar-1998.)
|- A = B   &    |- ( ph -> C = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> A = C )
Theorem	sylan9eq 2193	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 8-May-1994.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ps -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> A = C )
Theorem	sylan9req 2194	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 23-Jun-2007.)
|- ( ph -> B = A )   &    |- ( ps -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> A = C )
Theorem	sylan9eqr 2195	An equality transitivity deduction. (Contributed by NM, 8-May-1994.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- ( ps -> B = C )   =>    |- ( ( ps /\ ph ) -> A = C )
Theorem	3eqtr3g 2196	A chained equality inference, useful for converting from definitions. (Contributed by NM, 15-Nov-1994.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- A = C   &    |- B = D   =>    |- ( ph -> C = D )
Theorem	3eqtr3a 2197	A chained equality inference, useful for converting from definitions. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Nov-2015.)
|- A = B   &    |- ( ph -> A = C )   &    |- ( ph -> B = D )   =>    |- ( ph -> C = D )
Theorem	3eqtr4g 2198	A chained equality inference, useful for converting to definitions. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A = B )   &    |- C = A   &    |- D = B   =>    |- ( ph -> C = D )
Theorem	3eqtr4a 2199	A chained equality inference, useful for converting to definitions. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2007.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.)
|- A = B   &    |- ( ph -> C = A )   &    |- ( ph -> D = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> C = D )
Theorem	eq2tri 2200	A compound transitive inference for class equality. (Contributed by NM, 22-Jan-2004.)
|- ( A = C -> D = F )   &    |- ( B = D -> C = G )   =>    |- ( ( A = C /\ B = F ) <-> ( B = D /\ A = G ) )