P. 77 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 7601-7700   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	onntri24 7601	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) -> A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
Theorem	exmidontri2or 7602*	Ordinal trichotomy is equivalent to excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2024.)
|- (EXMID <-> A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
Theorem	onntri52 7603*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by James E. Hanson and Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. EXMID -> -. -. A. x e. On A. y e. On ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
Theorem	onntri3or 7604*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. EXMID <-> A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x e. y \/ x = y \/ y e. x ) )
Theorem	onntri2or 7605*	Double negated ordinal trichotomy. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Aug-2024.)
|- ( -. -. EXMID <-> A. x e. On A. y e. On -. -. ( x C_ y \/ y C_ x ) )
Theorem	fmelpw1o 7606	With a formula ph one can associate an element of ~P 1o, which can therefore be thought of as the set of "truth values" (but recall that there are no other genuine truth values than T. and F., by nndc 863, which translate to 1o and (/) respectively by iftrue 3645 and iffalse 3648, giving pwtrufal 17027). As proved in if0ab 3641, the associated element of ~P 1o is the extension, in ~P 1o, of the formula ph. (Contributed by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 5-May-2026.)
|- if ( ph , 1o , (/) ) e. ~P 1o
2.6.49  Apartness relations
Syntax	wap 7607	Apartness predicate symbol.
wff R Ap A
Definition	df-pap 7608*	Apartness predicate. A relation R is an apartness if it is irreflexive, symmetric, and cotransitive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Feb-2025.)
|- ( R Ap A <-> ( ( R C_ ( A X. A ) /\ A. x e. A -. x R x ) /\ ( A. x e. A A. y e. A ( x R y -> y R x ) /\ A. x e. A A. y e. A A. z e. A ( x R y -> ( x R z \/ y R z ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	papeq1 7609	Equality theorem for apartness predicate. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Jun-2026.)
|- ( R = S -> ( R Ap A <-> S Ap A ) )
Theorem	papeq2 7610	Equality theorem for apartness predicate. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Jun-2026.)
|- ( A = B -> ( R Ap A <-> R Ap B ) )
Theorem	papirr 7611	An apartness is irreflexive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-May-2026.)
|- ( ( R Ap A /\ X e. A ) -> -. X R X )
Theorem	papsym 7612	An apartness is symmetric. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-May-2026.)
|- ( ph -> R Ap A )   &    |- ( ph -> X e. A )   &    |- ( ph -> Y e. A )   &    |- ( ph -> X R Y )   =>    |- ( ph -> Y R X )
Theorem	papcotr 7613	An apartness is cotransitive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-May-2026.)
|- ( ph -> R Ap A )   &    |- ( ph -> X e. A )   &    |- ( ph -> Y e. A )   &    |- ( ph -> X R Y )   &    |- ( ph -> Z e. A )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( X R Z \/ Y R Z ) )
Syntax	wtap 7614	Tight apartness predicate symbol.
wff R TAp A
Definition	df-tap 7615*	Tight apartness predicate. A relation R is a tight apartness if it is irreflexive, symmetric, cotransitive, and tight. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Feb-2025.)
|- ( R TAp A <-> ( R Ap A /\ A. x e. A A. y e. A ( -. x R y -> x = y ) ) )
Theorem	tapap 7616	A tight apartness is an apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-May-2026.)
|- ( R TAp A -> R Ap A )
Theorem	dftap2 7617*	Tight apartness with the apartness properties from df-pap 7608 expanded. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2025.)
|- ( R TAp A <-> ( R C_ ( A X. A ) /\ ( A. x e. A -. x R x /\ A. x e. A A. y e. A ( x R y -> y R x ) ) /\ ( A. x e. A A. y e. A A. z e. A ( x R y -> ( x R z \/ y R z ) ) /\ A. x e. A A. y e. A ( -. x R y -> x = y ) ) ) )
Theorem	tapeq1 7618	Equality theorem for tight apartness predicate. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Feb-2025.)
|- ( R = S -> ( R TAp A <-> S TAp A ) )
Theorem	tapeq2 7619	Equality theorem for tight apartness predicate. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Feb-2025.)
|- ( A = B -> ( R TAp A <-> R TAp B ) )
Theorem	netap 7620*	Negated equality on a set with decidable equality is a tight apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Feb-2025.)
|- ( A. x e. A A. y e. A DECID x = y -> { <. u , v >. | ( ( u e. A /\ v e. A ) /\ u =/= v ) } TAp A )
Theorem	2onetap 7621*	Negated equality is a tight apartness on 2o. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Feb-2025.)
|- { <. u , v >. | ( ( u e. 2o /\ v e. 2o ) /\ u =/= v ) } TAp 2o
Theorem	2oneel 7622*	(/) and 1o are two unequal elements of 2o. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Feb-2025.)
|- <. (/) , 1o >. e. { <. u , v >. | ( ( u e. 2o /\ v e. 2o ) /\ u =/= v ) }
Theorem	2omotaplemap 7623*	Lemma for 2omotap 7625. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Feb-2025.)
|- ( -. -. ph -> { <. u , v >. | ( ( u e. 2o /\ v e. 2o ) /\ ( ph /\ u =/= v ) ) } TAp 2o )
Theorem	2omotaplemst 7624*	Lemma for 2omotap 7625. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Feb-2025.)
|- ( ( E* r r TAp 2o /\ -. -. ph ) -> ph )
Theorem	2omotap 7625	If there is at most one tight apartness on 2o, excluded middle follows. Based on online discussions by Tom de Jong, Andrew W Swan, and Martin Escardo. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Feb-2025.)
|- ( E* r r TAp 2o -> EXMID )
Theorem	exmidapne 7626*	Excluded middle implies there is only one tight apartness on any class, namely negated equality. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Feb-2025.)
|- (EXMID -> ( R TAp A <-> R = { <. u , v >. | ( ( u e. A /\ v e. A ) /\ u =/= v ) } ) )
Theorem	exmidmotap 7627*	The proposition that every class has at most one tight apartness is equivalent to excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Feb-2025.)
|- (EXMID <-> A. x E* r r TAp x )
PART 3  CHOICE PRINCIPLES We have already introduced the full Axiom of Choice df-ac 7562 but since it implies excluded middle as shown at exmidac 7565, it is not especially relevant to us. In this section we define countable choice and dependent choice, which are not as strong as thus often considered in mathematics which seeks to avoid full excluded middle.
3.1  Countable Choice and Dependent Choice
3.1.1  Introduce Countable Choice
Syntax	wacc 7628	Formula for an abbreviation of countable choice.
wff CCHOICE
Definition	df-cc 7629*	The expression CCHOICE will be used as a readable shorthand for any form of countable choice, analogous to df-ac 7562 for full choice. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Nov-2023.)
|- (CCHOICE <-> A. x ( dom x ~~ om -> E. f ( f C_ x /\ f Fn dom x ) ) )
Theorem	ccfunen 7630*	Existence of a choice function for a countably infinite set. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Nov-2023.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A ~~ om )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. A E. w w e. x )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f Fn A /\ A. x e. A ( f ` x ) e. x ) )
Theorem	cc1 7631*	Countable choice in terms of a choice function on a countably infinite set of inhabited sets. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Apr-2024.)
|- (CCHOICE -> A. x ( ( x ~~ om /\ A. z e. x E. w w e. z ) -> E. f A. z e. x ( f ` z ) e. z ) )
Theorem	cc2lem 7632*	Lemma for cc2 7633. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Apr-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> F Fn om )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. om E. w w e. ( F ` x ) )   &    |- A = ( n e. om |-> ( { n } X. ( F ` n ) ) )   &    |- G = ( n e. om |-> ( 2nd ` ( f ` ( A ` n ) ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. g ( g Fn om /\ A. n e. om ( g ` n ) e. ( F ` n ) ) )
Theorem	cc2 7633*	Countable choice using sequences instead of countable sets. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Apr-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> F Fn om )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. om E. w w e. ( F ` x ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. g ( g Fn om /\ A. n e. om ( g ` n ) e. ( F ` n ) ) )
Theorem	cc3 7634*	Countable choice using a sequence F(n) . (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 29-Apr-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N F e. _V )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. w w e. F )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f Fn N /\ A. n e. N ( f ` n ) e. F ) )
Theorem	cc4f 7635*	Countable choice by showing the existence of a function f which can choose a value at each index n such that ch holds. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 3-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   &    |- F/_ n A   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f : N --> A /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
Theorem	cc4 7636*	Countable choice by showing the existence of a function f which can choose a value at each index n such that ch holds. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 1-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f : N --> A /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
Theorem	cc4n 7637*	Countable choice with a simpler restriction on how every set in the countable collection needs to be inhabited. That is, compared with cc4 7636, the hypotheses only require an A(n) for each value of n, not a single set A which suffices for every n e. om. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 3-May-2024.)
|- ( ph -> CCHOICE )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N { x e. A | ps } e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> N ~~ om )   &    |- ( x = ( f ` n ) -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A. n e. N E. x e. A ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> E. f ( f Fn N /\ A. n e. N ch ) )
Theorem	acnccim 7638	Given countable choice, every set has choice sets of length om. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
|- (CCHOICE -> AC om = _V )
PART 4  REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBERS This section derives the basics of real and complex numbers. To construct the real numbers constructively, we follow two main sources. The first is Metamath Proof Explorer, which has the advantage of being already formalized in metamath. Its disadvantage, for our purposes, is that it assumes the law of the excluded middle throughout. Since we have already developed natural numbers ( for example, nna0 6747 and similar theorems ), going from there to positive integers (df-ni 7671) and then positive rational numbers (df-nqqs 7715) does not involve a major change in approach compared with the Metamath Proof Explorer. It is when we proceed to Dedekind cuts that we bring in more material from Section 11.2 of [HoTT], which focuses on the aspects of Dedekind cuts which are different without excluded middle or choice principles. With excluded middle, it is natural to define a cut as the lower set only (as Metamath Proof Explorer does), but here we define the cut as a pair of both the lower and upper sets, as [HoTT] does. There are also differences in how we handle order and replacing "not equal to zero" with "apart from zero". When working constructively, there are several possible definitions of real numbers. Here we adopt the most common definition, as two-sided Dedekind cuts with the properties described at df-inp 7833. The Cauchy reals (without countable choice) fail to satisfy ax-caucvg 8299 and the MacNeille reals fail to satisfy axltwlin 8393, and we do not develop them here. For more on differing definitions of the reals, see the introduction to Chapter 11 in [HoTT] or Section 1.2 of [BauerHanson].
4.1  Construction and axiomatization of real and complex numbers
4.1.1  Dedekind-cut construction of real and complex numbers
Syntax	cnpi 7639	The set of positive integers, which is the set of natural numbers om with 0 removed. Note: This is the start of the Dedekind-cut construction of real and complex numbers.
class N.
Syntax	cpli 7640	Positive integer addition.
class +N
Syntax	cmi 7641	Positive integer multiplication.
class .N
Syntax	clti 7642	Positive integer ordering relation.
class <N
Syntax	cplpq 7643	Positive pre-fraction addition.
class +pQ
Syntax	cmpq 7644	Positive pre-fraction multiplication.
class .pQ
Syntax	cltpq 7645	Positive pre-fraction ordering relation.
class <pQ
Syntax	ceq 7646	Equivalence class used to construct positive fractions.
class ~Q
Syntax	cnq 7647	Set of positive fractions.
class Q.
Syntax	c1q 7648	The positive fraction constant 1.
class 1Q
Syntax	cplq 7649	Positive fraction addition.
class +Q
Syntax	cmq 7650	Positive fraction multiplication.
class .Q
Syntax	crq 7651	Positive fraction reciprocal operation.
class *Q
Syntax	cltq 7652	Positive fraction ordering relation.
class <Q
Syntax	ceq0 7653	Equivalence class used to construct nonnegative fractions.
class ~Q0
Syntax	cnq0 7654	Set of nonnegative fractions.
class Q0
Syntax	c0q0 7655	The nonnegative fraction constant 0.
class 0Q0
Syntax	cplq0 7656	Nonnegative fraction addition.
class +Q0
Syntax	cmq0 7657	Nonnegative fraction multiplication.
class ·Q0
Syntax	cnp 7658	Set of positive reals.
class P.
Syntax	c1p 7659	Positive real constant 1.
class 1P
Syntax	cpp 7660	Positive real addition.
class +P.
Syntax	cmp 7661	Positive real multiplication.
class .P.
Syntax	cltp 7662	Positive real ordering relation.
class <P
Syntax	cer 7663	Equivalence class used to construct signed reals.
class ~R
Syntax	cnr 7664	Set of signed reals.
class R.
Syntax	c0r 7665	The signed real constant 0.
class 0R
Syntax	c1r 7666	The signed real constant 1.
class 1R
Syntax	cm1r 7667	The signed real constant -1.
class -1R
Syntax	cplr 7668	Signed real addition.
class +R
Syntax	cmr 7669	Signed real multiplication.
class .R
Syntax	cltr 7670	Signed real ordering relation.
class <R
Definition	df-ni 7671	Define the class of positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- N. = ( om \ { (/) } )
Definition	df-pli 7672	Define addition on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- +N = ( +o |` ( N. X. N. ) )
Definition	df-mi 7673	Define multiplication on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- .N = ( .o |` ( N. X. N. ) )
Definition	df-lti 7674	Define 'less than' on positive integers. This is a "temporary" set used in the construction of complex numbers, and is intended to be used only by the construction. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-1996.)
|- <N = ( _E i^i ( N. X. N. ) )
Theorem	elni 7675	Membership in the class of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. <-> ( A e. om /\ A =/= (/) ) )
Theorem	pinn 7676	A positive integer is a natural number. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. -> A e. om )
Theorem	pion 7677	A positive integer is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 23-Mar-1996.)
|- ( A e. N. -> A e. On )
Theorem	piord 7678	A positive integer is ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 29-Jan-1996.)
|- ( A e. N. -> Ord A )
Theorem	niex 7679	The class of positive integers is a set. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1995.)
|- N. e. _V
Theorem	0npi 7680	The empty set is not a positive integer. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- -. (/) e. N.
Theorem	elni2 7681	Membership in the class of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-1995.)
|- ( A e. N. <-> ( A e. om /\ (/) e. A ) )
Theorem	1pi 7682	Ordinal 'one' is a positive integer. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.)
|- 1o e. N.
Theorem	addpiord 7683	Positive integer addition in terms of ordinal addition. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) = ( A +o B ) )
Theorem	mulpiord 7684	Positive integer multiplication in terms of ordinal multiplication. (Contributed by NM, 27-Aug-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) = ( A .o B ) )
Theorem	mulidpi 7685	1 is an identity element for multiplication on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 4-Mar-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-Nov-2014.)
|- ( A e. N. -> ( A .N 1o ) = A )
Theorem	ltpiord 7686	Positive integer 'less than' in terms of ordinal membership. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> A e. B ) )
Theorem	ltsopi 7687	Positive integer 'less than' is a strict ordering. (Contributed by NM, 8-Feb-1996.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2014.)
|- <N Or N.
Theorem	pitric 7688	Trichotomy for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B <-> -. ( A = B \/ B <N A ) ) )
Theorem	pitri3or 7689	Trichotomy for positive integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A <N B \/ A = B \/ B <N A ) )
Theorem	ltdcpi 7690	Less-than for positive integers is decidable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Dec-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> DECID A <N B )
Theorem	ltrelpi 7691	Positive integer 'less than' is a relation on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 8-Feb-1996.)
|- <N C_ ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	dmaddpi 7692	Domain of addition on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- dom +N = ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	dmmulpi 7693	Domain of multiplication on positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
|- dom .N = ( N. X. N. )
Theorem	addclpi 7694	Closure of addition of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) e. N. )
Theorem	mulclpi 7695	Closure of multiplication of positive integers. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) e. N. )
Theorem	addcompig 7696	Addition of positive integers is commutative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A +N B ) = ( B +N A ) )
Theorem	addasspig 7697	Addition of positive integers is associative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A +N B ) +N C ) = ( A +N ( B +N C ) ) )
Theorem	mulcompig 7698	Multiplication of positive integers is commutative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. ) -> ( A .N B ) = ( B .N A ) )
Theorem	mulasspig 7699	Multiplication of positive integers is associative. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( ( A .N B ) .N C ) = ( A .N ( B .N C ) ) )
Theorem	distrpig 7700	Multiplication of positive integers is distributive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ( A e. N. /\ B e. N. /\ C e. N. ) -> ( A .N ( B +N C ) ) = ( ( A .N B ) +N ( A .N C ) ) )