P. 15 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 1401-1500   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
1.2.14  Truth tables: Operations on true and false constants For classical logic, truth tables can be used to define propositional logic operations, by showing the results of those operations for all possible combinations of true (T.) and false (F.). Although the intuitionistic logic connectives are not as simply defined, T. and F. do play similar roles as in classical logic and most theorems from classical logic continue to hold. Here we show that our definitions and axioms produce equivalent results for T. and F. as we would get from truth tables for /\ (conjunction aka logical 'and') wa 104, \/ (disjunction aka logical inclusive 'or') wo 708, -> (implies) wi 4, -. (not) wn 3, <-> (logical equivalence) df-bi 117, and \/_ (exclusive or) df-xor 1376.
Theorem	truantru 1401	A /\ identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( T. /\ T. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	truanfal 1402	A /\ identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( T. /\ F. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	falantru 1403	A /\ identity. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 23-Feb-2018.)
|- ( ( F. /\ T. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	falanfal 1404	A /\ identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( F. /\ F. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	truortru 1405	A \/ identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ( T. \/ T. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	truorfal 1406	A \/ identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( T. \/ F. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	falortru 1407	A \/ identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( F. \/ T. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	falorfal 1408	A \/ identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ( F. \/ F. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	truimtru 1409	A -> identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( T. -> T. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	truimfal 1410	A -> identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ( T. -> F. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	falimtru 1411	A -> identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( F. -> T. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	falimfal 1412	A -> identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( ( F. -> F. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	nottru 1413	A -. identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.)
|- ( -. T. <-> F. )
Theorem	notfal 1414	A -. identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( -. F. <-> T. )
Theorem	trubitru 1415	A <-> identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ( T. <-> T. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	trubifal 1416	A <-> identity. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 23-Feb-2018.)
|- ( ( T. <-> F. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	falbitru 1417	A <-> identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ( F. <-> T. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	falbifal 1418	A <-> identity. (Contributed by Anthony Hart, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ( F. <-> F. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	truxortru 1419	A \/_ identity. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 2-Mar-2018.)
|- ( ( T. \/_ T. ) <-> F. )
Theorem	truxorfal 1420	A \/_ identity. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 2-Mar-2018.)
|- ( ( T. \/_ F. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	falxortru 1421	A \/_ identity. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 2-Mar-2018.)
|- ( ( F. \/_ T. ) <-> T. )
Theorem	falxorfal 1422	A \/_ identity. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 2-Mar-2018.)
|- ( ( F. \/_ F. ) <-> F. )
1.2.15  Stoic logic indemonstrables (Chrysippus of Soli) The Greek Stoics developed a system of logic. The Stoic Chrysippus, in particular, was often considered one of the greatest logicians of antiquity. Stoic logic is different from Aristotle's system, since it focuses on propositional logic, though later thinkers did combine the systems of the Stoics with Aristotle. Jan Lukasiewicz reports, "For anybody familiar with mathematical logic it is self-evident that the Stoic dialectic is the ancient form of modern propositional logic" ( On the history of the logic of proposition by Jan Lukasiewicz (1934), translated in: Selected Works - Edited by Ludwik Borkowski - Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1970 pp. 197-217, referenced in "History of Logic" https://www.historyoflogic.com/logic-stoics.htm). For more about Aristotle's system, see barbara and related theorems. A key part of the Stoic logic system is a set of five "indemonstrables" assigned to Chrysippus of Soli by Diogenes Laertius, though in general it is difficult to assign specific ideas to specific thinkers. The indemonstrables are described in, for example, [Lopez-Astorga] p. 11 , [Sanford] p. 39, and [Hitchcock] p. 5. These indemonstrables are modus ponendo ponens (modus ponens) ax-mp 5, modus tollendo tollens (modus tollens) mto 662, modus ponendo tollens I mptnan 1423, modus ponendo tollens II mptxor 1424, and modus tollendo ponens (exclusive-or version) mtpxor 1426. The first is an axiom, the second is already proved; in this section we prove the other three. Since we assume or prove all of indemonstrables, the system of logic we use here is as at least as strong as the set of Stoic indemonstrables. Note that modus tollendo ponens mtpxor 1426 originally used exclusive-or, but over time the name modus tollendo ponens has increasingly referred to an inclusive-or variation, which is proved in mtpor 1425. This set of indemonstrables is not the entire system of Stoic logic.
Theorem	mptnan 1423	Modus ponendo tollens 1, one of the "indemonstrables" in Stoic logic. See rule 1 on [Lopez-Astorga] p. 12 , rule 1 on [Sanford] p. 40, and rule A3 in [Hitchcock] p. 5. Sanford describes this rule second (after mptxor 1424) as a "safer, and these days much more common" version of modus ponendo tollens because it avoids confusion between inclusive-or and exclusive-or. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 3-Jul-2016.)
|- ph   &    |- -. ( ph /\ ps )   =>    |- -. ps
Theorem	mptxor 1424	Modus ponendo tollens 2, one of the "indemonstrables" in Stoic logic. Note that this uses exclusive-or \/_. See rule 2 on [Lopez-Astorga] p. 12 , rule 4 on [Sanford] p. 39 and rule A4 in [Hitchcock] p. 5 . (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 2-Mar-2018.)
|- ph   &    |- ( ph \/_ ps )   =>    |- -. ps
Theorem	mtpor 1425	Modus tollendo ponens (inclusive-or version), aka disjunctive syllogism. This is similar to mtpxor 1426, one of the five original "indemonstrables" in Stoic logic. However, in Stoic logic this rule used exclusive-or, while the name modus tollendo ponens often refers to a variant of the rule that uses inclusive-or instead. The rule says, "if ph is not true, and ph or ps (or both) are true, then ps must be true". An alternate phrasing is, "Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth". -- Sherlock Holmes (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, 1890: The Sign of the Four, ch. 6). (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 3-Jul-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 11-Nov-2017.)
|- -. ph   &    |- ( ph \/ ps )   =>    |- ps
Theorem	mtpxor 1426	Modus tollendo ponens (original exclusive-or version), aka disjunctive syllogism, similar to mtpor 1425, one of the five "indemonstrables" in Stoic logic. The rule says, "if ph is not true, and either ph or ps (exclusively) are true, then ps must be true". Today the name "modus tollendo ponens" often refers to a variant, the inclusive-or version as defined in mtpor 1425. See rule 3 on [Lopez-Astorga] p. 12 (note that the "or" is the same as mptxor 1424, that is, it is exclusive-or df-xor 1376), rule 3 of [Sanford] p. 39 (where it is not as clearly stated which kind of "or" is used but it appears to be in the same sense as mptxor 1424), and rule A5 in [Hitchcock] p. 5 (exclusive-or is expressly used). (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 4-Jul-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 11-Nov-2017.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 19-Apr-2019.)
|- -. ph   &    |- ( ph \/_ ps )   =>    |- ps
Theorem	stoic2a 1427	Stoic logic Thema 2 version a. Statement T2 of [Bobzien] p. 117 shows a reconstructed version of Stoic logic thema 2 as follows: "When from two assertibles a third follows, and from the third and one (or both) of the two another follows, then this other follows from the first two." Bobzien uses constructs such as ph, ps |- ch; in Metamath we will represent that construct as ph /\ ps -> ch. This version a is without the phrase "or both"; see stoic2b 1428 for the version with the phrase "or both". We already have this rule as syldan 282, so here we show the equivalence and discourage its use. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 17-Feb-2019.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ch )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ch ) -> th )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> th )
Theorem	stoic2b 1428	Stoic logic Thema 2 version b. See stoic2a 1427. Version b is with the phrase "or both". We already have this rule as mpd3an3 1338, so here we prove the equivalence and discourage its use. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 17-Feb-2019.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ch )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ) -> th )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> th )
Theorem	stoic3 1429	Stoic logic Thema 3. Statement T3 of [Bobzien] p. 116-117 discusses Stoic logic thema 3. "When from two (assemblies) a third follows, and from the one that follows (i.e., the third) together with another, external external assumption, another follows, then other follows from the first two and the externally co-assumed one. (Simp. Cael. 237.2-4)" (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 17-Feb-2019.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ch )   &    |- ( ( ch /\ th ) -> ta )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps /\ th ) -> ta )
Theorem	stoic4a 1430	Stoic logic Thema 4 version a. Statement T4 of [Bobzien] p. 117 shows a reconstructed version of Stoic logic thema 4: "When from two assertibles a third follows, and from the third and one (or both) of the two and one (or more) external assertible(s) another follows, then this other follows from the first two and the external(s)." We use th to represent the "external" assertibles. This is version a, which is without the phrase "or both"; see stoic4b 1431 for the version with the phrase "or both". (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 17-Feb-2019.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ch )   &    |- ( ( ch /\ ph /\ th ) -> ta )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps /\ th ) -> ta )
Theorem	stoic4b 1431	Stoic logic Thema 4 version b. This is version b, which is with the phrase "or both". See stoic4a 1430 for more information. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 17-Feb-2019.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ch )   &    |- ( ( ( ch /\ ph /\ ps ) /\ th ) -> ta )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps /\ th ) -> ta )
1.2.16  Logical implication (continued)
Theorem	syl6an 1432	A syllogism deduction combined with conjoining antecedents. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 28-Oct-2011.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> th ) )   &    |- ( ( ps /\ th ) -> ta )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> ta ) )
Theorem	syl10 1433	A nested syllogism inference. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 17-Jul-2011.)
|- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ( th -> ta ) ) )   &    |- ( ch -> ( ta -> et ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ( th -> et ) ) )
Theorem	exbir 1434	Exportation implication also converting head from biconditional to conditional. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 31-Dec-2011.)
|- ( ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ( ch <-> th ) ) -> ( ph -> ( ps -> ( th -> ch ) ) ) )
Theorem	3impexp 1435	impexp 263 with a 3-conjunct antecedent. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 31-Dec-2011.)
|- ( ( ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ) -> th ) <-> ( ph -> ( ps -> ( ch -> th ) ) ) )
Theorem	3impexpbicom 1436	3impexp 1435 with biconditional consequent of antecedent that is commuted in consequent. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 31-Dec-2011.)
|- ( ( ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ) -> ( th <-> ta ) ) <-> ( ph -> ( ps -> ( ch -> ( ta <-> th ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	3impexpbicomi 1437	Deduction form of 3impexpbicom 1436. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 31-Dec-2011.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ) -> ( th <-> ta ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ( ch -> ( ta <-> th ) ) ) )
Theorem	ancomsimp 1438	Closed form of ancoms 268. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 31-Dec-2011.)
|- ( ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ch ) <-> ( ( ps /\ ph ) -> ch ) )
Theorem	expcomd 1439	Deduction form of expcom 116. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 22-Jul-2012.)
|- ( ph -> ( ( ps /\ ch ) -> th ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> ( ps -> th ) ) )
Theorem	expdcom 1440	Commuted form of expd 258. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 18-Mar-2012.)
|- ( ph -> ( ( ps /\ ch ) -> th ) )   =>    |- ( ps -> ( ch -> ( ph -> th ) ) )
Theorem	simplbi2comg 1441	Implication form of simplbi2com 1442. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 22-Jul-2012.)
|- ( ( ph <-> ( ps /\ ch ) ) -> ( ch -> ( ps -> ph ) ) )
Theorem	simplbi2com 1442	A deduction eliminating a conjunct, similar to simplbi2 385. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 22-Jul-2012.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 10-Nov-2012.)
|- ( ph <-> ( ps /\ ch ) )   =>    |- ( ch -> ( ps -> ph ) )
Theorem	syl6ci 1443	A syllogism inference combined with contraction. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 18-Mar-2012.)
|- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> th )   &    |- ( ch -> ( th -> ta ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ta ) )
Theorem	mpisyl 1444	A syllogism combined with a modus ponens inference. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 25-Jul-2011.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   &    |- ch   &    |- ( ps -> ( ch -> th ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> th )
1.3  Predicate calculus mostly without distinct variables
1.3.1  Universal quantifier (continued) The universal quantifier was introduced above in wal 1351 for use by df-tru 1356. See the comments in that section. In this section, we continue with the first "real" use of it.
Axiom	ax-5 1445	Axiom of Quantified Implication. Axiom C4 of [Monk2] p. 105. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) -> ( A. x ph -> A. x ps ) )
Axiom	ax-7 1446	Axiom of Quantifier Commutation. This axiom says universal quantifiers can be swapped. One of the predicate logic axioms which do not involve equality. Axiom scheme C6' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). Also appears as Lemma 12 of [Monk2] p. 109 and Axiom C5-3 of [Monk2] p. 113. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x A. y ph -> A. y A. x ph )
Axiom	ax-gen 1447	Rule of Generalization. The postulated inference rule of predicate calculus. See, e.g., Rule 2 of [Hamilton] p. 74. This rule says that if something is unconditionally true, then it is true for all values of a variable. For example, if we have proved x = x, we can conclude A. x x = x or even A. y x = x. Theorem spi 1534 shows we can go the other way also: in other words we can add or remove universal quantifiers from the beginning of any theorem as required. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ph   =>    |- A. x ph
Theorem	gen2 1448	Generalization applied twice. (Contributed by NM, 30-Apr-1998.)
|- ph   =>    |- A. x A. y ph
Theorem	mpg 1449	Modus ponens combined with generalization. (Contributed by NM, 24-May-1994.)
|- ( A. x ph -> ps )   &    |- ph   =>    |- ps
Theorem	mpgbi 1450	Modus ponens on biconditional combined with generalization. (Contributed by NM, 24-May-1994.) (Proof shortened by Stefan Allan, 28-Oct-2008.)
|- ( A. x ph <-> ps )   &    |- ph   =>    |- ps
Theorem	mpgbir 1451	Modus ponens on biconditional combined with generalization. (Contributed by NM, 24-May-1994.) (Proof shortened by Stefan Allan, 28-Oct-2008.)
|- ( ph <-> A. x ps )   &    |- ps   =>    |- ph
Theorem	a7s 1452	Swap quantifiers in an antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x A. y ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( A. y A. x ph -> ps )
Theorem	alimi 1453	Inference quantifying both antecedent and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( A. x ph -> A. x ps )
Theorem	2alimi 1454	Inference doubly quantifying both antecedent and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2005.)
|- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( A. x A. y ph -> A. x A. y ps )
Theorem	alim 1455	Theorem 19.20 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by O'Cat, 30-Mar-2008.)
|- ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) -> ( A. x ph -> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	al2imi 1456	Inference quantifying antecedent, nested antecedent, and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( A. x ph -> ( A. x ps -> A. x ch ) )
Theorem	alanimi 1457	Variant of al2imi 1456 with conjunctive antecedent. (Contributed by Andrew Salmon, 8-Jun-2011.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ch )   =>    |- ( ( A. x ph /\ A. x ps ) -> A. x ch )
Syntax	wnf 1458	Extend wff definition to include the not-free predicate.
wff F/ x ph
Definition	df-nf 1459	Define the not-free predicate for wffs. This is read " x is not free in ph". Not-free means that the value of x cannot affect the value of ph, e.g., any occurrence of x in ph is effectively bound by a "for all" or something that expands to one (such as "there exists"). In particular, substitution for a variable not free in a wff does not affect its value (sbf 1775). An example of where this is used is stdpc5 1582. See nf2 1666 for an alternate definition which does not involve nested quantifiers on the same variable. Nonfreeness is a commonly used condition, so it is useful to have a notation for it. Surprisingly, there is no common formal notation for it, so here we devise one. Our definition lets us work with the notion of nonfreeness within the logic itself rather than as a metalogical side condition. To be precise, our definition really means "effectively not free", because it is slightly less restrictive than the usual textbook definition for "not free" (which considers syntactic freedom). For example, x is effectively not free in the expression x = x (even though x is syntactically free in it, so would be considered "free" in the usual textbook definition) because the value of x in the formula x = x does not affect the truth of that formula (and thus substitutions will not change the result), see nfequid 1700. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- ( F/ x ph <-> A. x ( ph -> A. x ph ) )
Theorem	nfi 1460	Deduce that x is not free in ph from the definition. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   =>    |- F/ x ph
Theorem	hbth 1461	No variable is (effectively) free in a theorem. This and later "hypothesis-building" lemmas, with labels starting "hb...", allow us to construct proofs of formulas of the form |- ( ph -> A. x ph ) from smaller formulas of this form. These are useful for constructing hypotheses that state " x is (effectively) not free in ph". (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ph   =>    |- ( ph -> A. x ph )
Theorem	nfth 1462	No variable is (effectively) free in a theorem. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- ph   =>    |- F/ x ph
Theorem	nfnth 1463	No variable is (effectively) free in a non-theorem. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Dec-2016.)
|- -. ph   =>    |- F/ x ph
Theorem	nftru 1464	The true constant has no free variables. (This can also be proven in one step with nfv 1526, but this proof does not use ax-17 1524.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Oct-2016.)
|- F/ x T.
Theorem	alimdh 1465	Deduction from Theorem 19.20 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jan-2002.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A. x ps -> A. x ch ) )
Theorem	albi 1466	Theorem 19.15 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ( ph <-> ps ) -> ( A. x ph <-> A. x ps ) )
Theorem	alrimih 1467	Inference from Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (New usage is discouraged.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> A. x ps )
Theorem	albii 1468	Inference adding universal quantifier to both sides of an equivalence. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   =>    |- ( A. x ph <-> A. x ps )
Theorem	2albii 1469	Inference adding 2 universal quantifiers to both sides of an equivalence. (Contributed by NM, 9-Mar-1997.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   =>    |- ( A. x A. y ph <-> A. x A. y ps )
Theorem	hbxfrbi 1470	A utility lemma to transfer a bound-variable hypothesis builder into a definition. (Contributed by Jonathan Ben-Naim, 3-Jun-2011.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( ph -> A. x ph )
Theorem	nfbii 1471	Equality theorem for not-free. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   =>    |- ( F/ x ph <-> F/ x ps )
Theorem	nfxfr 1472	A utility lemma to transfer a bound-variable hypothesis builder into a definition. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   &    |- F/ x ps   =>    |- F/ x ph
Theorem	nfxfrd 1473	A utility lemma to transfer a bound-variable hypothesis builder into a definition. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
|- ( ph <-> ps )   &    |- ( ch -> F/ x ps )   =>    |- ( ch -> F/ x ph )
Theorem	alcoms 1474	Swap quantifiers in an antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 11-May-1993.)
|- ( A. x A. y ph -> ps )   =>    |- ( A. y A. x ph -> ps )
Theorem	hbal 1475	If x is not free in ph, it is not free in A. y ph. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   =>    |- ( A. y ph -> A. x A. y ph )
Theorem	alcom 1476	Theorem 19.5 of [Margaris] p. 89. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x A. y ph <-> A. y A. x ph )
Theorem	alrimdh 1477	Deduction from Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ps -> A. x ps )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ch ) )
Theorem	albidh 1478	Formula-building rule for universal quantifier (deduction form). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ph -> A. x ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps <-> ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A. x ps <-> A. x ch ) )
Theorem	19.26 1479	Theorem 19.26 of [Margaris] p. 90. Also Theorem *10.22 of [WhiteheadRussell] p. 119. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 4-Jul-2014.)
|- ( A. x ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( A. x ph /\ A. x ps ) )
Theorem	19.26-2 1480	Theorem 19.26 of [Margaris] p. 90 with two quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2005.)
|- ( A. x A. y ( ph /\ ps ) <-> ( A. x A. y ph /\ A. x A. y ps ) )
Theorem	19.26-3an 1481	Theorem 19.26 of [Margaris] p. 90 with triple conjunction. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-2011.)
|- ( A. x ( ph /\ ps /\ ch ) <-> ( A. x ph /\ A. x ps /\ A. x ch ) )
Theorem	19.33 1482	Theorem 19.33 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( ( A. x ph \/ A. x ps ) -> A. x ( ph \/ ps ) )
Theorem	alrot3 1483	Theorem *11.21 in [WhiteheadRussell] p. 160. (Contributed by Andrew Salmon, 24-May-2011.)
|- ( A. x A. y A. z ph <-> A. y A. z A. x ph )
Theorem	alrot4 1484	Rotate 4 universal quantifiers twice. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2005.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 28-Jun-2014.)
|- ( A. x A. y A. z A. w ph <-> A. z A. w A. x A. y ph )
Theorem	albiim 1485	Split a biconditional and distribute quantifier. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1993.)
|- ( A. x ( ph <-> ps ) <-> ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) /\ A. x ( ps -> ph ) ) )
Theorem	2albiim 1486	Split a biconditional and distribute 2 quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2005.)
|- ( A. x A. y ( ph <-> ps ) <-> ( A. x A. y ( ph -> ps ) /\ A. x A. y ( ps -> ph ) ) )
Theorem	hband 1487	Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hban 1545. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.)
|- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> A. x ch ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ps /\ ch ) -> A. x ( ps /\ ch ) ) )
Theorem	hb3and 1488	Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hb3an 1548. (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2013.)
|- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ch -> A. x ch ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( th -> A. x th ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( ps /\ ch /\ th ) -> A. x ( ps /\ ch /\ th ) ) )
Theorem	hbald 1489	Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hbal 1475. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.)
|- ( ph -> A. y ph )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ps -> A. x ps ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( A. y ps -> A. x A. y ps ) )
Syntax	wex 1490	Extend wff definition to include the existential quantifier ("there exists").
wff E. x ph
Axiom	ax-ie1 1491	x is bound in E. x ph. One of the axioms of predicate logic. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
|- ( E. x ph -> A. x E. x ph )
Axiom	ax-ie2 1492	Define existential quantification. E. x ph means "there exists at least one set x such that ph is true". One of the axioms of predicate logic. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
|- ( A. x ( ps -> A. x ps ) -> ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) <-> ( E. x ph -> ps ) ) )
Theorem	hbe1 1493	x is not free in E. x ph. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
|- ( E. x ph -> A. x E. x ph )
Theorem	nfe1 1494	x is not free in E. x ph. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
|- F/ x E. x ph
Theorem	19.23ht 1495	Closed form of Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 1-Feb-2015.)
|- ( A. x ( ps -> A. x ps ) -> ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) <-> ( E. x ph -> ps ) ) )
Theorem	19.23h 1496	Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 1-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ps -> A. x ps )   =>    |- ( A. x ( ph -> ps ) <-> ( E. x ph -> ps ) )
Theorem	alnex 1497	Theorem 19.7 of [Margaris] p. 89. To read this intuitionistically, think of it as "if ph can be refuted for all x, then it is not possible to find an x for which ph holds" (and likewise for the converse). Comparing this with dfexdc 1499 illustrates that statements which look similar (to someone used to classical logic) can be different intuitionistically due to different placement of negations. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by NM, 1-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 12-May-2015.)
|- ( A. x -. ph <-> -. E. x ph )
Theorem	nex 1498	Generalization rule for negated wff. (Contributed by NM, 18-May-1994.)
|- -. ph   =>    |- -. E. x ph
Theorem	dfexdc 1499	Defining E. x ph given decidability. It is common in classical logic to define E. x ph as -. A. x -. ph but in intuitionistic logic without a decidability condition, that is only an implication not an equivalence, as seen at exalim 1500. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Mar-2018.)
|- (DECID E. x ph -> ( E. x ph <-> -. A. x -. ph ) )
Theorem	exalim 1500	One direction of a classical definition of existential quantification. One direction of Definition of [Margaris] p. 49. For a decidable proposition, this is an equivalence, as seen as dfexdc 1499. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2018.)
|- ( E. x ph -> -. A. x -. ph )