P. 137 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 13601-13700   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Definition	df-iimas 13601*	Define an image structure, which takes a structure and a function on the base set, and maps all the operations via the function. For this to work properly f must either be injective or satisfy the well-definedness condition f ( a ) = f ( c ) /\ f ( b ) = f ( d ) -> f ( a + b ) = f ( c + d ) for each relevant operation. Note that although we call this an "image" by association to df-ima 4782, in order to keep the definition simple we consider only the case when the domain of F is equal to the base set of R. Other cases can be achieved by restricting F (with df-res 4781) and/or R ( with df-iress 13338) to their common domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.) (Revised by AV, 6-Oct-2020.)
|- "s = ( f e. _V , r e. _V |-> [_ ( Base ` r ) / v ]_ { <. ( Base ` ndx ) , ran f >. , <. ( +g ` ndx ) , U_ p e. v U_ q e. v { <. <. ( f ` p ) , ( f ` q ) >. , ( f ` ( p ( +g ` r ) q ) ) >. } >. , <. ( .r ` ndx ) , U_ p e. v U_ q e. v { <. <. ( f ` p ) , ( f ` q ) >. , ( f ` ( p ( .r ` r ) q ) ) >. } >. } )
Definition	df-qus 13602*	Define a quotient ring (or quotient group), which is a special case of an image structure df-iimas 13601 where the image function is x |-> [ x ] e. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- /.s = ( r e. _V , e e. _V |-> ( ( x e. ( Base ` r ) |-> [ x ] e ) "s r ) )
Theorem	imasex 13603	Existence of the image structure. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Mar-2025.)
|- ( ( F e. V /\ R e. W ) -> ( F "s R ) e. _V )
Theorem	imasival 13604*	Value of an image structure. The is a lemma for the theorems imasbas 13605, imasplusg 13606, and imasmulr 13607 and should not be needed once they are proved. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 11-Mar-2025.) (New usage is discouraged.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` R )   &    |- .X. = ( .r ` R )   &    |- .x. = ( .s ` R )   &    |- ( ph -> .+b = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .+ q ) ) >. } )   &    |- ( ph -> .xb = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .X. q ) ) >. } )   &    |- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   =>    |- ( ph -> U = { <. ( Base ` ndx ) , B >. , <. ( +g ` ndx ) , .+b >. , <. ( .r ` ndx ) , .xb >. } )
Theorem	imasbas 13605	The base set of an image structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 11-Jul-2015.) (Revised by Thierry Arnoux, 16-Jun-2019.) (Revised by AV, 6-Oct-2020.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   =>    |- ( ph -> B = ( Base ` U ) )
Theorem	imasplusg 13606*	The group operation in an image structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 11-Jul-2015.) (Revised by Thierry Arnoux, 16-Jun-2019.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` R )   &    |- .+b = ( +g ` U )   =>    |- ( ph -> .+b = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .+ q ) ) >. } )
Theorem	imasmulr 13607*	The ring multiplication in an image structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 11-Jul-2015.) (Revised by Thierry Arnoux, 16-Jun-2019.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .x. = ( .r ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( .r ` U )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) >. } )
Theorem	f1ocpbllem 13608	Lemma for f1ocpbl 13609. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -1-1-onto-> X )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ( A e. V /\ B e. V ) /\ ( C e. V /\ D e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` A ) = ( F ` C ) /\ ( F ` B ) = ( F ` D ) ) <-> ( A = C /\ B = D ) ) )
Theorem	f1ocpbl 13609	An injection is compatible with any operations on the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -1-1-onto-> X )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ( A e. V /\ B e. V ) /\ ( C e. V /\ D e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` A ) = ( F ` C ) /\ ( F ` B ) = ( F ` D ) ) -> ( F ` ( A .+ B ) ) = ( F ` ( C .+ D ) ) ) )
Theorem	f1ovscpbl 13610	An injection is compatible with any operations on the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -1-1-onto-> X )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ( A e. K /\ B e. V /\ C e. V ) ) -> ( ( F ` B ) = ( F ` C ) -> ( F ` ( A .+ B ) ) = ( F ` ( A .+ C ) ) ) )
Theorem	f1olecpbl 13611	An injection is compatible with any relations on the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -1-1-onto-> X )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ( A e. V /\ B e. V ) /\ ( C e. V /\ D e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` A ) = ( F ` C ) /\ ( F ` B ) = ( F ` D ) ) -> ( A N B <-> C N D ) ) )
Theorem	imasaddfnlemg 13612*	The image structure operation is a function if the original operation is compatible with the function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .xb = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) >. } )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- ( ph -> .x. e. C )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb Fn ( B X. B ) )
Theorem	imasaddvallemg 13613*	The operation of an image structure is defined to distribute over the mapping function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .xb = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) >. } )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- ( ph -> .x. e. C )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ X e. V /\ Y e. V ) -> ( ( F ` X ) .xb ( F ` Y ) ) = ( F ` ( X .x. Y ) ) )
Theorem	imasaddflemg 13614*	The image set operations are closed if the original operation is. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .xb = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) >. } )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- ( ph -> .x. e. C )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb : ( B X. B ) --> B )
Theorem	imasaddfn 13615*	The image structure's group operation is a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jul-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .x. = ( +g ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( +g ` U )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb Fn ( B X. B ) )
Theorem	imasaddval 13616*	The value of an image structure's group operation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .x. = ( +g ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( +g ` U )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ X e. V /\ Y e. V ) -> ( ( F ` X ) .xb ( F ` Y ) ) = ( F ` ( X .x. Y ) ) )
Theorem	imasaddf 13617*	The image structure's group operation is closed in the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .x. = ( +g ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( +g ` U )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb : ( B X. B ) --> B )
Theorem	imasmulfn 13618*	The image structure's ring multiplication is a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .x. = ( .r ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( .r ` U )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb Fn ( B X. B ) )
Theorem	imasmulval 13619*	The value of an image structure's ring multiplication. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .x. = ( .r ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( .r ` U )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ X e. V /\ Y e. V ) -> ( ( F ` X ) .xb ( F ` Y ) ) = ( F ` ( X .x. Y ) ) )
Theorem	imasmulf 13620*	The image structure's ring multiplication is closed in the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` a ) = ( F ` p ) /\ ( F ` b ) = ( F ` q ) ) -> ( F ` ( a .x. b ) ) = ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) ) )   &    |- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- .x. = ( .r ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( .r ` U )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb : ( B X. B ) --> B )
Theorem	qusval 13621*	Value of a quotient structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ e. W )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   =>    |- ( ph -> U = ( F "s R ) )
Theorem	quslem 13622*	The function in qusval 13621 is a surjection onto a quotient set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ e. W )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   =>    |- ( ph -> F : V -onto-> ( V /. .~ ) )
Theorem	qusex 13623	Existence of a quotient structure. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Apr-2025.)
|- ( ( R e. V /\ .~ e. W ) -> ( R /.s .~ ) e. _V )
Theorem	qusin 13624	Restrict the equivalence relation in a quotient structure to the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ e. W )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- ( ph -> ( .~ " V ) C_ V )   =>    |- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s ( .~ i^i ( V X. V ) ) ) )
Theorem	qusbas 13625	Base set of a quotient structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ e. W )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( V /. .~ ) = ( Base ` U ) )
Theorem	divsfval 13626*	Value of the function in qusval 13621. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2015.) (Revised by AV, 12-Jul-2024.)
|- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( F ` A ) = [ A ] .~ )
Theorem	divsfvalg 13627*	Value of the function in qusval 13621. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2015.) (Revised by AV, 12-Jul-2024.)
|- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( F ` A ) = [ A ] .~ )
Theorem	ercpbllemg 13628*	Lemma for ercpbl 13629. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.) (Revised by AV, 12-Jul-2024.)
|- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. V )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( F ` A ) = ( F ` B ) <-> A .~ B ) )
Theorem	ercpbl 13629*	Translate the function compatibility relation to a quotient set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2015.) (Revised by AV, 12-Jul-2024.)
|- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( a e. V /\ b e. V ) ) -> ( a .+ b ) e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( A .~ C /\ B .~ D ) -> ( A .+ B ) .~ ( C .+ D ) ) )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ( A e. V /\ B e. V ) /\ ( C e. V /\ D e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` A ) = ( F ` C ) /\ ( F ` B ) = ( F ` D ) ) -> ( F ` ( A .+ B ) ) = ( F ` ( C .+ D ) ) ) )
Theorem	erlecpbl 13630*	Translate the relation compatibility relation to a quotient set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2015.) (Revised by AV, 12-Jul-2024.)
|- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> V e. W )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( A .~ C /\ B .~ D ) -> ( A N B <-> C N D ) ) )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ( A e. V /\ B e. V ) /\ ( C e. V /\ D e. V ) ) -> ( ( ( F ` A ) = ( F ` C ) /\ ( F ` B ) = ( F ` D ) ) -> ( A N B <-> C N D ) ) )
Theorem	qusaddvallemg 13631*	Value of an operation defined on a quotient structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( a .~ p /\ b .~ q ) -> ( a .x. b ) .~ ( p .x. q ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ph -> .xb = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) >. } )   &    |- ( ph -> .x. e. W )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ X e. V /\ Y e. V ) -> ( [ X ] .~ .xb [ Y ] .~ ) = [ ( X .x. Y ) ] .~ )
Theorem	qusaddflemg 13632*	The operation of a quotient structure is a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( a .~ p /\ b .~ q ) -> ( a .x. b ) .~ ( p .x. q ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   &    |- F = ( x e. V |-> [ x ] .~ )   &    |- ( ph -> .xb = U_ p e. V U_ q e. V { <. <. ( F ` p ) , ( F ` q ) >. , ( F ` ( p .x. q ) ) >. } )   &    |- ( ph -> .x. e. W )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb : ( ( V /. .~ ) X. ( V /. .~ ) ) --> ( V /. .~ ) )
Theorem	qusaddval 13633*	The addition in a quotient structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( a .~ p /\ b .~ q ) -> ( a .x. b ) .~ ( p .x. q ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   &    |- .x. = ( +g ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( +g ` U )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ X e. V /\ Y e. V ) -> ( [ X ] .~ .xb [ Y ] .~ ) = [ ( X .x. Y ) ] .~ )
Theorem	qusaddf 13634*	The addition in a quotient structure as a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( a .~ p /\ b .~ q ) -> ( a .x. b ) .~ ( p .x. q ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   &    |- .x. = ( +g ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( +g ` U )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb : ( ( V /. .~ ) X. ( V /. .~ ) ) --> ( V /. .~ ) )
Theorem	qusmulval 13635*	The multiplication in a quotient structure. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( a .~ p /\ b .~ q ) -> ( a .x. b ) .~ ( p .x. q ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   &    |- .x. = ( .r ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( .r ` U )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ X e. V /\ Y e. V ) -> ( [ X ] .~ .xb [ Y ] .~ ) = [ ( X .x. Y ) ] .~ )
Theorem	qusmulf 13636*	The multiplication in a quotient structure as a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2015.)
|- ( ph -> U = ( R /.s .~ ) )   &    |- ( ph -> V = ( Base ` R ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .~ Er V )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. Z )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( a .~ p /\ b .~ q ) -> ( a .x. b ) .~ ( p .x. q ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( p e. V /\ q e. V ) ) -> ( p .x. q ) e. V )   &    |- .x. = ( .r ` R )   &    |- .xb = ( .r ` U )   =>    |- ( ph -> .xb : ( ( V /. .~ ) X. ( V /. .~ ) ) --> ( V /. .~ ) )
Theorem	fnpr2o 13637	Function with a domain of 2o. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Sep-2023.)
|- ( ( A e. V /\ B e. W ) -> { <. (/) , A >. , <. 1o , B >. } Fn 2o )
Theorem	fnpr2ob 13638	Biconditional version of fnpr2o 13637. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Sep-2023.)
|- ( ( A e. _V /\ B e. _V ) <-> { <. (/) , A >. , <. 1o , B >. } Fn 2o )
Theorem	fvpr0o 13639	The value of a function with a domain of (at most) two elements. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Sep-2023.)
|- ( A e. V -> ( { <. (/) , A >. , <. 1o , B >. } ` (/) ) = A )
Theorem	fvpr1o 13640	The value of a function with a domain of (at most) two elements. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Sep-2023.)
|- ( B e. V -> ( { <. (/) , A >. , <. 1o , B >. } ` 1o ) = B )
Theorem	fvprif 13641	The value of the pair function at an element of 2o. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
|- ( ( A e. V /\ B e. W /\ C e. 2o ) -> ( { <. (/) , A >. , <. 1o , B >. } ` C ) = if ( C = (/) , A , B ) )
Theorem	xpsfrnel 13642*	Elementhood in the target space of the function F appearing in xpsval 14178. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
|- ( G e. X_ k e. 2o if ( k = (/) , A , B ) <-> ( G Fn 2o /\ ( G ` (/) ) e. A /\ ( G ` 1o ) e. B ) )
Theorem	xpsfeq 13643	A function on 2o is determined by its values at zero and one. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Aug-2015.)
|- ( G Fn 2o -> { <. (/) , ( G ` (/) ) >. , <. 1o , ( G ` 1o ) >. } = G )
Theorem	xpsfrnel2 13644*	Elementhood in the target space of the function F appearing in xpsval 14178. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2015.)
|- ( { <. (/) , X >. , <. 1o , Y >. } e. X_ k e. 2o if ( k = (/) , A , B ) <-> ( X e. A /\ Y e. B ) )
Theorem	xpscf 13645	Equivalent condition for the pair function to be a proper function on A. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2015.)
|- ( { <. (/) , X >. , <. 1o , Y >. } : 2o --> A <-> ( X e. A /\ Y e. A ) )
Theorem	xpsfval 13646*	The value of the function appearing in xpsval 14178. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2015.)
|- F = ( x e. A , y e. B |-> { <. (/) , x >. , <. 1o , y >. } )   =>    |- ( ( X e. A /\ Y e. B ) -> ( X F Y ) = { <. (/) , X >. , <. 1o , Y >. } )
Theorem	xpsff1o 13647*	The function appearing in xpsval 14178 is a bijection from the cartesian product to the indexed cartesian product indexed on the pair 2o = { (/) , 1o }. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2015.)
|- F = ( x e. A , y e. B |-> { <. (/) , x >. , <. 1o , y >. } )   =>    |- F : ( A X. B ) -1-1-onto-> X_ k e. 2o if ( k = (/) , A , B )
Theorem	xpsfrn 13648*	A short expression for the indexed cartesian product on two indices. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2015.)
|- F = ( x e. A , y e. B |-> { <. (/) , x >. , <. 1o , y >. } )   =>    |- ran F = X_ k e. 2o if ( k = (/) , A , B )
Theorem	xpsff1o2 13649*	The function appearing in xpsval 14178 is a bijection from the cartesian product to the indexed cartesian product indexed on the pair 2o = { (/) , 1o }. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jan-2015.)
|- F = ( x e. A , y e. B |-> { <. (/) , x >. , <. 1o , y >. } )   =>    |- F : ( A X. B ) -1-1-onto-> ran F
PART 7  BASIC ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES
7.1  Monoids
7.1.1  Magmas According to Wikipedia ("Magma (algebra)", 08-Jan-2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magma_(algebra)) "In abstract algebra, a magma [...] is a basic kind of algebraic structure. Specifically, a magma consists of a set equipped with a single binary operation. The binary operation must be closed by definition but no other properties are imposed.". Since the concept of a "binary operation" is used in different variants, these differences are explained in more detail in the following: With df-mpo 6080, binary operations are defined by a rule, and with df-ov 6078, the value of a binary operation applied to two operands can be expressed. In both cases, the two operands can belong to different sets, and the result can be an element of a third set. However, according to Wikipedia "Binary operation", see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operation 6078 (19-Jan-2020), "... a binary operation on a set S is a mapping of the elements of the Cartesian product S X. S to S: f : S X. S --> S. Because the result of performing the operation on a pair of elements of S is again an element of S, the operation is called a closed binary operation on S (or sometimes expressed as having the property of closure).". To distinguish this more restrictive definition (in Wikipedia and most of the literature) from the general case, binary operations mapping the elements of the Cartesian product S X. S are more precisely called internal binary operations. If, in addition, the result is also contained in the set S, the operation should be called closed internal binary operation. Therefore, a "binary operation on a set S" according to Wikipedia is a "closed internal binary operation" in a more precise terminology. If the sets are different, the operation is explicitly called external binary operation (see Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_operation#External_binary_operations 6078). The definition of magmas (Mgm, see df-mgm 13653) concentrates on the closure property of the associated operation, and poses no additional restrictions on it. In this way, it is most general and flexible.
Syntax	cplusf 13650	Extend class notation with group addition as a function.
class +f
Syntax	cmgm 13651	Extend class notation with class of all magmas.
class Mgm
Definition	df-plusf 13652*	Define group addition function. Usually we will use +g directly instead of +f, and they have the same behavior in most cases. The main advantage of +f for any magma is that it is a guaranteed function (mgmplusf 13663), while +g only has closure (mgmcl 13656). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
|- +f = ( g e. _V |-> ( x e. ( Base ` g ) , y e. ( Base ` g ) |-> ( x ( +g ` g ) y ) ) )
Definition	df-mgm 13653*	A magma is a set equipped with an everywhere defined internal operation. Definition 1 in [BourbakiAlg1] p. 1, or definition of a groupoid in section I.1 of [Bruck] p. 1. Note: The term "groupoid" is now widely used to refer to other objects: (small) categories all of whose morphisms are invertible, or groups with a partial function replacing the binary operation. Therefore, we will only use the term "magma" for the present notion in set.mm. (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jan-2020.)
|- Mgm = { g | [. ( Base ` g ) / b ]. [. ( +g ` g ) / o ]. A. x e. b A. y e. b ( x o y ) e. b }
Theorem	ismgm 13654*	The predicate "is a magma". (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jan-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( M e. V -> ( M e. Mgm <-> A. x e. B A. y e. B ( x .o. y ) e. B ) )
Theorem	ismgmn0 13655*	The predicate "is a magma" for a structure with a nonempty base set. (Contributed by AV, 29-Jan-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( A e. B -> ( M e. Mgm <-> A. x e. B A. y e. B ( x .o. y ) e. B ) )
Theorem	mgmcl 13656	Closure of the operation of a magma. (Contributed by FL, 14-Sep-2010.) (Revised by AV, 13-Jan-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( ( M e. Mgm /\ X e. B /\ Y e. B ) -> ( X .o. Y ) e. B )
Theorem	isnmgm 13657	A condition for a structure not to be a magma. (Contributed by AV, 30-Jan-2020.) (Proof shortened by NM, 5-Feb-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( ( X e. B /\ Y e. B /\ ( X .o. Y ) e/ B ) -> M e/ Mgm )
Theorem	mgmsscl 13658	If the base set of a magma is contained in the base set of another magma, and the group operation of the magma is the restriction of the group operation of the other magma to its base set, then the base set of the magma is closed under the group operation of the other magma. (Contributed by AV, 17-Feb-2024.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- S = ( Base ` H )   =>    |- ( ( ( G e. Mgm /\ H e. Mgm ) /\ ( S C_ B /\ ( +g ` H ) = ( ( +g ` G ) |` ( S X. S ) ) ) /\ ( X e. S /\ Y e. S ) ) -> ( X ( +g ` G ) Y ) e. S )
Theorem	plusffvalg 13659*	The group addition operation as a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 2-Mar-2024.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- .+^ = ( +f ` G )   =>    |- ( G e. V -> .+^ = ( x e. B , y e. B |-> ( x .+ y ) ) )
Theorem	plusfvalg 13660	The group addition operation as a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- .+^ = ( +f ` G )   =>    |- ( ( G e. V /\ X e. B /\ Y e. B ) -> ( X .+^ Y ) = ( X .+ Y ) )
Theorem	plusfeqg 13661	If the addition operation is already a function, the functionalization of it is equal to the original operation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- .+^ = ( +f ` G )   =>    |- ( ( G e. V /\ .+ Fn ( B X. B ) ) -> .+^ = .+ )
Theorem	plusffng 13662	The group addition operation is a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Sep-2015.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+^ = ( +f ` G )   =>    |- ( G e. V -> .+^ Fn ( B X. B ) )
Theorem	mgmplusf 13663	The group addition function of a magma is a function into its base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.) (Revisd by AV, 28-Jan-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .+^ = ( +f ` M )   =>    |- ( M e. Mgm -> .+^ : ( B X. B ) --> B )
Theorem	intopsn 13664	The internal operation for a set is the trivial operation iff the set is a singleton. (Contributed by FL, 13-Feb-2010.) (Revised by AV, 23-Jan-2020.)
|- ( ( .o. : ( B X. B ) --> B /\ Z e. B ) -> ( B = { Z } <-> .o. = { <. <. Z , Z >. , Z >. } ) )
Theorem	mgmb1mgm1 13665	The only magma with a base set consisting of one element is the trivial magma (at least if its operation is an internal binary operation). (Contributed by AV, 23-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 7-Feb-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( ( M e. Mgm /\ Z e. B /\ .+ Fn ( B X. B ) ) -> ( B = { Z } <-> .+ = { <. <. Z , Z >. , Z >. } ) )
Theorem	mgm0 13666	Any set with an empty base set and any group operation is a magma. (Contributed by AV, 28-Aug-2021.)
|- ( ( M e. V /\ ( Base ` M ) = (/) ) -> M e. Mgm )
Theorem	mgm1 13667	The structure with one element and the only closed internal operation for a singleton is a magma. (Contributed by AV, 10-Feb-2020.)
|- M = { <. ( Base ` ndx ) , { I } >. , <. ( +g ` ndx ) , { <. <. I , I >. , I >. } >. }   =>    |- ( I e. V -> M e. Mgm )
Theorem	opifismgmdc 13668*	A structure with a group addition operation expressed by a conditional operator is a magma if both values of the conditional operator are contained in the base set. (Contributed by AV, 9-Feb-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- ( +g ` M ) = ( x e. B , y e. B |-> if ( ps , C , D ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. B /\ y e. B ) ) -> DECID ps )   &    |- ( ph -> E. x x e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. B /\ y e. B ) ) -> C e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. B /\ y e. B ) ) -> D e. B )   =>    |- ( ph -> M e. Mgm )
7.1.2  Identity elements According to Wikipedia ("Identity element", 7-Feb-2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element): "In mathematics, an identity element, or neutral element, is a special type of element of a set with respect to a binary operation on that set, which leaves any element of the set unchanged when combined with it.". Or in more detail "... an element e of S is called a left identity if e * a = a for all a in S, and a right identity if a * e = a for all a in S. If e is both a left identity and a right identity, then it is called a two-sided identity, or simply an identity." We concentrate on two-sided identities in the following. The existence of an identity (an identity is unique if it exists, see mgmidmo 13669) is an important property of monoids, and therefore also for groups, but also for magmas not required to be associative. Magmas with an identity element are called "unital magmas" (see Definition 2 in [BourbakiAlg1] p. 12) or, if the magmas are cancellative, "loops" (see definition in [Bruck] p. 15). In the context of extensible structures, the identity element (of any magma M) is defined as "group identity element" ( 0g ` M ), see df-0g 13589. Related theorems which are already valid for magmas are provided in the following.
Theorem	mgmidmo 13669*	A two-sided identity element is unique (if it exists) in any magma. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.) (Revised by NM, 17-Jun-2017.)
|- E* u e. B A. x e. B ( ( u .+ x ) = x /\ ( x .+ u ) = x )
Theorem	grpidvalg 13670*	The value of the identity element of a group. (Contributed by NM, 20-Aug-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-Oct-2015.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   =>    |- ( G e. V -> .0. = ( iota e ( e e. B /\ A. x e. B ( ( e .+ x ) = x /\ ( x .+ e ) = x ) ) ) )
Theorem	grpidpropdg 13671*	If two structures have the same base set, and the values of their group (addition) operations are equal for all pairs of elements of the base set, they have the same identity element. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Nov-2014.)
|- ( ph -> B = ( Base ` K ) )   &    |- ( ph -> B = ( Base ` L ) )   &    |- ( ph -> K e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> L e. W )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. B /\ y e. B ) ) -> ( x ( +g ` K ) y ) = ( x ( +g ` L ) y ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( 0g ` K ) = ( 0g ` L ) )
Theorem	fn0g 13672	The group zero extractor is a function. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 10-Jan-2015.)
|- 0g Fn _V
Theorem	0g0 13673	The identity element function evaluates to the empty set on an empty structure. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 2-Oct-2015.)
|- (/) = ( 0g ` (/) )
Theorem	ismgmid 13674*	The identity element of a magma, if it exists, belongs to the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> E. e e. B A. x e. B ( ( e .+ x ) = x /\ ( x .+ e ) = x ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( U e. B /\ A. x e. B ( ( U .+ x ) = x /\ ( x .+ U ) = x ) ) <-> .0. = U ) )
Theorem	mgmidcl 13675*	The identity element of a magma, if it exists, belongs to the base set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> E. e e. B A. x e. B ( ( e .+ x ) = x /\ ( x .+ e ) = x ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> .0. e. B )
Theorem	mgmlrid 13676*	The identity element of a magma, if it exists, is a left and right identity. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> E. e e. B A. x e. B ( ( e .+ x ) = x /\ ( x .+ e ) = x ) )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ X e. B ) -> ( ( .0. .+ X ) = X /\ ( X .+ .0. ) = X ) )
Theorem	ismgmid2 13677*	Show that a given element is the identity element of a magma. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> U e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( U .+ x ) = x )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( x .+ U ) = x )   =>    |- ( ph -> U = .0. )
Theorem	lidrideqd 13678*	If there is a left and right identity element for any binary operation (group operation) .+, both identity elements are equal. Generalization of statement in [Lang] p. 3: it is sufficient that "e" is a left identity element and "e`" is a right identity element instead of both being (two-sided) identity elements. (Contributed by AV, 26-Dec-2023.)
|- ( ph -> L e. B )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. B )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. B ( L .+ x ) = x )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. B ( x .+ R ) = x )   =>    |- ( ph -> L = R )
Theorem	lidrididd 13679*	If there is a left and right identity element for any binary operation (group operation) .+, the left identity element (and therefore also the right identity element according to lidrideqd 13678) is equal to the two-sided identity element. (Contributed by AV, 26-Dec-2023.)
|- ( ph -> L e. B )   &    |- ( ph -> R e. B )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. B ( L .+ x ) = x )   &    |- ( ph -> A. x e. B ( x .+ R ) = x )   &    |- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   =>    |- ( ph -> L = .0. )
Theorem	grpidd 13680*	Deduce the identity element of a magma from its properties. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jan-2015.)
|- ( ph -> B = ( Base ` G ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .+ = ( +g ` G ) )   &    |- ( ph -> .0. e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( .0. .+ x ) = x )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( x .+ .0. ) = x )   =>    |- ( ph -> .0. = ( 0g ` G ) )
Theorem	mgmidsssn0 13681*	Property of the set of identities of G. Either G has no identities, and O = (/), or it has one and this identity is unique and identified by the 0g function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- O = { x e. B | A. y e. B ( ( x .+ y ) = y /\ ( y .+ x ) = y ) }   =>    |- ( G e. V -> O C_ { .0. } )
Theorem	grpinvalem 13682*	Lemma for grpinva 13683. (Contributed by NM, 9-Aug-2013.)
|- ( ( ph /\ x e. B /\ y e. B ) -> ( x .+ y ) e. B )   &    |- ( ph -> O e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( O .+ x ) = x )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. B /\ y e. B /\ z e. B ) ) -> ( ( x .+ y ) .+ z ) = ( x .+ ( y .+ z ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> E. y e. B ( y .+ x ) = O )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> X e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ( X .+ X ) = X )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> X = O )
Theorem	grpinva 13683*	Deduce right inverse from left inverse and left identity in an associative structure (such as a group). (Contributed by NM, 10-Aug-2013.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jan-2015.)
|- ( ( ph /\ x e. B /\ y e. B ) -> ( x .+ y ) e. B )   &    |- ( ph -> O e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( O .+ x ) = x )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. B /\ y e. B /\ z e. B ) ) -> ( ( x .+ y ) .+ z ) = ( x .+ ( y .+ z ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> E. y e. B ( y .+ x ) = O )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> X e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> N e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ( N .+ X ) = O )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ( X .+ N ) = O )
Theorem	grprida 13684*	Deduce right identity from left inverse and left identity in an associative structure (such as a group). (Contributed by NM, 10-Aug-2013.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 6-Jan-2015.)
|- ( ( ph /\ x e. B /\ y e. B ) -> ( x .+ y ) e. B )   &    |- ( ph -> O e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( O .+ x ) = x )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. B /\ y e. B /\ z e. B ) ) -> ( ( x .+ y ) .+ z ) = ( x .+ ( y .+ z ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> E. y e. B ( y .+ x ) = O )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( x .+ O ) = x )
7.1.3  Iterated sums in a magma
Theorem	fngzsum 13685	Iterated sum has a universal domain. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jun-2025.)
|- gzsumgz Fn ( _V X. _V )
Theorem	gzsumvalx 13686*	Expand out the substitutions in df-gzsum 13590. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Sep-2015.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> G e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> F e. X )   &    |- ( ph -> dom F = A )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( G gzsumgz F ) = ( iota x ( ( A = (/) /\ x = .0. ) \/ E. m E. n e. ( ZZ>= ` m ) ( A = ( m ... n ) /\ x = ( seq m ( .+ , F ) ` n ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	gzsumval 13687*	Expand out the substitutions in df-gzsum 13590. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> G e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. X )   &    |- ( ph -> F : A --> B )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( G gzsumgz F ) = ( iota x ( ( A = (/) /\ x = .0. ) \/ E. m E. n e. ( ZZ>= ` m ) ( A = ( m ... n ) /\ x = ( seq m ( .+ , F ) ` n ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	gzsumfzval 13688	An expression for gzsumgz when summing over a finite set of sequential integers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Aug-2025.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> G e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> F : ( M ... N ) --> B )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( G gzsumgz F ) = if ( N < M , .0. , ( seq M ( .+ , F ) ` N ) ) )
Theorem	gzsumress 13689*	The group sum in a substructure is the same as the group sum in the original structure. The only requirement on the substructure is that it contain the identity element; neither G nor H need be groups. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 19-Dec-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 30-Apr-2015.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- H = ( G ↾s S )   &    |- ( ph -> G e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. X )   &    |- ( ph -> S C_ B )   &    |- ( ph -> F : A --> S )   &    |- ( ph -> .0. e. S )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. B ) -> ( ( .0. .+ x ) = x /\ ( x .+ .0. ) = x ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( G gzsumgz F ) = ( H gzsumgz F ) )
Theorem	gzsum0 13690	Value of the empty group sum. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.)
|- .0. = ( 0g ` G )   =>    |- ( G e. V -> ( G gzsumgz (/) ) = .0. )
Theorem	gzsumval2 13691	Value of the group sum operation over a finite set of sequential integers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Dec-2014.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> G e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ph -> F : ( M ... N ) --> B )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( G gzsumgz F ) = ( seq M ( .+ , F ) ` N ) )
Theorem	gzsumsplit1r 13692	Splitting off the rightmost summand of a group sum. This corresponds to the (inductive) definition of a (finite) product in [Lang] p. 4, first formula. (Contributed by AV, 26-Dec-2023.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .+ = ( +g ` G )   &    |- ( ph -> G e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ph -> F : ( M ... ( N + 1 ) ) --> B )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( G gzsumgz F ) = ( ( G gzsumgz ( F |` ( M ... N ) ) ) .+ ( F ` ( N + 1 ) ) ) )
7.1.4  Semigroups A semigroup (Smgrp, see df-sgrp 13694) is a set together with an associative binary operation (see Wikipedia, Semigroup, 8-Jan-2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigroup 13694). In other words, a semigroup is an associative magma. The notion of semigroup is a generalization of that of group where the existence of an identity or inverses is not required.
Syntax	csgrp 13693	Extend class notation with class of all semigroups.
class Smgrp
Definition	df-sgrp 13694*	A semigroup is a set equipped with an everywhere defined internal operation (so, a magma, see df-mgm 13653), whose operation is associative. Definition in section II.1 of [Bruck] p. 23, or of an "associative magma" in definition 5 of [BourbakiAlg1] p. 4 . (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jan-2020.)
|- Smgrp = { g e. Mgm | [. ( Base ` g ) / b ]. [. ( +g ` g ) / o ]. A. x e. b A. y e. b A. z e. b ( ( x o y ) o z ) = ( x o ( y o z ) ) }
Theorem	issgrp 13695*	The predicate "is a semigroup". (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jan-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( M e. Smgrp <-> ( M e. Mgm /\ A. x e. B A. y e. B A. z e. B ( ( x .o. y ) .o. z ) = ( x .o. ( y .o. z ) ) ) )
Theorem	issgrpv 13696*	The predicate "is a semigroup" for a structure which is a set. (Contributed by AV, 1-Feb-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( M e. V -> ( M e. Smgrp <-> A. x e. B A. y e. B ( ( x .o. y ) e. B /\ A. z e. B ( ( x .o. y ) .o. z ) = ( x .o. ( y .o. z ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	issgrpn0 13697*	The predicate "is a semigroup" for a structure with a nonempty base set. (Contributed by AV, 1-Feb-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( A e. B -> ( M e. Smgrp <-> A. x e. B A. y e. B ( ( x .o. y ) e. B /\ A. z e. B ( ( x .o. y ) .o. z ) = ( x .o. ( y .o. z ) ) ) ) )
Theorem	isnsgrp 13698	A condition for a structure not to be a semigroup. (Contributed by AV, 30-Jan-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` M )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` M )   =>    |- ( ( X e. B /\ Y e. B /\ Z e. B ) -> ( ( ( X .o. Y ) .o. Z ) =/= ( X .o. ( Y .o. Z ) ) -> M e/ Smgrp ) )
Theorem	sgrpmgm 13699	A semigroup is a magma. (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jan-2020.)
|- ( M e. Smgrp -> M e. Mgm )
Theorem	sgrpass 13700	A semigroup operation is associative. (Contributed by FL, 2-Nov-2009.) (Revised by AV, 30-Jan-2020.)
|- B = ( Base ` G )   &    |- .o. = ( +g ` G )   =>    |- ( ( G e. Smgrp /\ ( X e. B /\ Y e. B /\ Z e. B ) ) -> ( ( X .o. Y ) .o. Z ) = ( X .o. ( Y .o. Z ) ) )