P. 123 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 12201-12300   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	fsumsplitsn 12201*	Separate out a term in a finite sum. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 5-Apr-2020.)
|- F/ k ph   &    |- F/_ k D   &    |- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> -. B e. A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> C e. CC )   &    |- ( k = B -> C = D )   &    |- ( ph -> D e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( A u. { B } ) C = ( sum_ k e. A C + D ) )
Theorem	sumsn 12202*	A sum of a singleton is the term. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Apr-2014.)
|- ( k = M -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ( M e. V /\ B e. CC ) -> sum_ k e. { M } A = B )
Theorem	fsum1 12203*	The finite sum of A ( k ) from k = M to M (i.e. a sum with only one term) is B i.e. A ( M ). (Contributed by NM, 8-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 21-Apr-2014.)
|- ( k = M -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ( M e. ZZ /\ B e. CC ) -> sum_ k e. ( M ... M ) A = B )
Theorem	sumpr 12204*	A sum over a pair is the sum of the elements. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 12-Dec-2016.)
|- ( k = A -> C = D )   &    |- ( k = B -> C = E )   &    |- ( ph -> ( D e. CC /\ E e. CC ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( A e. V /\ B e. W ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A =/= B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. { A , B } C = ( D + E ) )
Theorem	sumtp 12205*	A sum over a triple is the sum of the elements. (Contributed by AV, 24-Jul-2020.)
|- ( k = A -> D = E )   &    |- ( k = B -> D = F )   &    |- ( k = C -> D = G )   &    |- ( ph -> ( E e. CC /\ F e. CC /\ G e. CC ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( A e. V /\ B e. W /\ C e. X ) )   &    |- ( ph -> A =/= B )   &    |- ( ph -> A =/= C )   &    |- ( ph -> B =/= C )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. { A , B , C } D = ( ( E + F ) + G ) )
Theorem	sumsns 12206*	A sum of a singleton is the term. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ( M e. V /\ [_ M / k ]_ A e. CC ) -> sum_ k e. { M } A = [_ M / k ]_ A )
Theorem	fsumm1 12207*	Separate out the last term in a finite sum. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( k = N -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( M ... N ) A = ( sum_ k e. ( M ... ( N - 1 ) ) A + B ) )
Theorem	fzosump1 12208*	Separate out the last term in a finite sum. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Apr-2016.)
|- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( k = N -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( M..^ ( N + 1 ) ) A = ( sum_ k e. ( M..^ N ) A + B ) )
Theorem	fsum1p 12209*	Separate out the first term in a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 3-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( k = M -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( M ... N ) A = ( B + sum_ k e. ( ( M + 1 ) ... N ) A ) )
Theorem	fsumsplitsnun 12210*	Separate out a term in a finite sum by splitting the sum into two parts. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-Dec-2021.)
|- ( ( A e. Fin /\ ( Z e. V /\ Z e/ A ) /\ A. k e. ( A u. { Z } ) B e. ZZ ) -> sum_ k e. ( A u. { Z } ) B = ( sum_ k e. A B + [_ Z / k ]_ B ) )
Theorem	fsump1 12211*	The addition of the next term in a finite sum of A ( k ) is the current term plus B i.e. A ( N + 1 ). (Contributed by NM, 4-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 21-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... ( N + 1 ) ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( k = ( N + 1 ) -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( M ... ( N + 1 ) ) A = ( sum_ k e. ( M ... N ) A + B ) )
Theorem	isumclim 12212*	An infinite sum equals the value its series converges to. (Contributed by NM, 25-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) ~~> B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z A = B )
Theorem	isumclim2 12213*	A converging series converges to its infinite sum. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) ~~> sum_ k e. Z A )
Theorem	isumclim3 12214*	The sequence of partial finite sums of a converging infinite series converges to the infinite sum of the series. Note that j must not occur in A. (Contributed by NM, 9-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> F e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. Z ) -> ( F ` j ) = sum_ k e. ( M ... j ) A )   =>    |- ( ph -> F ~~> sum_ k e. Z A )
Theorem	sumnul 12215*	The sum of a non-convergent infinite series evaluates to the empty set. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 4-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> -. seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z A = (/) )
Theorem	isumcl 12216*	The sum of a converging infinite series is a complex number. (Contributed by NM, 13-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z A e. CC )
Theorem	isummulc2 12217*	An infinite sum multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 12-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( B x. sum_ k e. Z A ) = sum_ k e. Z ( B x. A ) )
Theorem	isummulc1 12218*	An infinite sum multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 13-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. Z A x. B ) = sum_ k e. Z ( A x. B ) )
Theorem	isumdivapc 12219*	An infinite sum divided by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> B # 0 )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. Z A / B ) = sum_ k e. Z ( A / B ) )
Theorem	isumrecl 12220*	The sum of a converging infinite real series is a real number. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. RR )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z A e. RR )
Theorem	isumge0 12221*	An infinite sum of nonnegative terms is nonnegative. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. RR )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> 0 <_ A )   =>    |- ( ph -> 0 <_ sum_ k e. Z A )
Theorem	isumadd 12222*	Addition of infinite sums. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( G ` k ) = B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> B e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , G ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z ( A + B ) = ( sum_ k e. Z A + sum_ k e. Z B ) )
Theorem	sumsplitdc 12223*	Split a sum into two parts. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> ( A i^i B ) = (/) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( A u. B ) C_ Z )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> DECID k e. A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> DECID k e. B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = if ( k e. A , C , 0 ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( G ` k ) = if ( k e. B , C , 0 ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( A u. B ) ) -> C e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , G ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( A u. B ) C = ( sum_ k e. A C + sum_ k e. B C ) )
Theorem	fsump1i 12224*	Optimized version of fsump1 12211 for making sums of a concrete number of terms. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- N = ( K + 1 )   &    |- ( k = N -> A = B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> ( K e. Z /\ sum_ k e. ( M ... K ) A = S ) )   &    |- ( ph -> ( S + B ) = T )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( N e. Z /\ sum_ k e. ( M ... N ) A = T ) )
Theorem	fsum2dlemstep 12225*	Lemma for fsum2d 12226- induction step. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 8-Oct-2022.)
|- ( z = <. j , k >. -> D = C )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. A ) -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. A /\ k e. B ) ) -> C e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> -. y e. x )   &    |- ( ph -> ( x u. { y } ) C_ A )   &    |- ( ph -> x e. Fin )   &    |- ( ps <-> sum_ j e. x sum_ k e. B C = sum_ z e. U_ j e. x ( { j } X. B ) D )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> sum_ j e. ( x u. { y } ) sum_ k e. B C = sum_ z e. U_ j e. ( x u. { y } ) ( { j } X. B ) D )
Theorem	fsum2d 12226*	Write a double sum as a sum over a two-dimensional region. Note that B ( j ) is a function of j. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Apr-2014.)
|- ( z = <. j , k >. -> D = C )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. A ) -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. A /\ k e. B ) ) -> C e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. A sum_ k e. B C = sum_ z e. U_ j e. A ( { j } X. B ) D )
Theorem	fsumxp 12227*	Combine two sums into a single sum over the cartesian product. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- ( z = <. j , k >. -> D = C )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. A /\ k e. B ) ) -> C e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. A sum_ k e. B C = sum_ z e. ( A X. B ) D )
Theorem	fsumcnv 12228*	Transform a region of summation by using the converse operation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- ( x = <. j , k >. -> B = D )   &    |- ( y = <. k , j >. -> C = D )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> Rel A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ x e. A B = sum_ y e. `' A C )
Theorem	fisumcom2 12229*	Interchange order of summation. Note that B ( j ) and D ( k ) are not necessarily constant expressions. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2016.) (Proof shortened by JJ, 2-Aug-2021.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. A ) -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. C ) -> D e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> ( ( j e. A /\ k e. B ) <-> ( k e. C /\ j e. D ) ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. A /\ k e. B ) ) -> E e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. A sum_ k e. B E = sum_ k e. C sum_ j e. D E )
Theorem	fsumcom 12230*	Interchange order of summation. (Contributed by NM, 15-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. A /\ k e. B ) ) -> C e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. A sum_ k e. B C = sum_ k e. B sum_ j e. A C )
Theorem	fsum0diaglem 12231*	Lemma for fisum0diag 12232. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2016.)
|- ( ( j e. ( 0 ... N ) /\ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - j ) ) ) -> ( k e. ( 0 ... N ) /\ j e. ( 0 ... ( N - k ) ) ) )
Theorem	fisum0diag 12232*	Two ways to express "the sum of A ( j , k ) over the triangular region M <_ j, M <_ k, j + k <_ N". (Contributed by NM, 31-Dec-2005.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2016.)
|- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. ( 0 ... N ) /\ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - j ) ) ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( 0 ... N ) sum_ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - j ) ) A = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... N ) sum_ j e. ( 0 ... ( N - k ) ) A )
Theorem	mptfzshft 12233*	1-1 onto function in maps-to notation which shifts a finite set of sequential integers. (Contributed by AV, 24-Aug-2019.)
|- ( ph -> K e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( j e. ( ( M + K ) ... ( N + K ) ) |-> ( j - K ) ) : ( ( M + K ) ... ( N + K ) ) -1-1-onto-> ( M ... N ) )
Theorem	fsumrev 12234*	Reversal of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 26-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> K e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( j = ( K - k ) -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M ... N ) A = sum_ k e. ( ( K - N ) ... ( K - M ) ) B )
Theorem	fsumshft 12235*	Index shift of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.) (Proof shortened by AV, 8-Sep-2019.)
|- ( ph -> K e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( j = ( k - K ) -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M ... N ) A = sum_ k e. ( ( M + K ) ... ( N + K ) ) B )
Theorem	fsumshftm 12236*	Negative index shift of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 28-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> K e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( j = ( k + K ) -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M ... N ) A = sum_ k e. ( ( M - K ) ... ( N - K ) ) B )
Theorem	fisumrev2 12237*	Reversal of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 13-Apr-2016.)
|- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( j = ( ( M + N ) - k ) -> A = B )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M ... N ) A = sum_ k e. ( M ... N ) B )
Theorem	fisum0diag2 12238*	Two ways to express "the sum of A ( j , k ) over the triangular region 0 <_ j, 0 <_ k, j + k <_ N". (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jul-2014.)
|- ( x = k -> B = A )   &    |- ( x = ( k - j ) -> B = C )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( j e. ( 0 ... N ) /\ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - j ) ) ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( 0 ... N ) sum_ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - j ) ) A = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... N ) sum_ j e. ( 0 ... k ) C )
Theorem	fsummulc2 12239*	A finite sum multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 12-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( C x. sum_ k e. A B ) = sum_ k e. A ( C x. B ) )
Theorem	fsummulc1 12240*	A finite sum multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 13-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. A B x. C ) = sum_ k e. A ( B x. C ) )
Theorem	fsumdivapc 12241*	A finite sum divided by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> C # 0 )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. A B / C ) = sum_ k e. A ( B / C ) )
Theorem	fsumneg 12242*	Negation of a finite sum. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 12-Jun-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. A -u B = -u sum_ k e. A B )
Theorem	fsumsub 12243*	Split a finite sum over a subtraction. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 12-Jun-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> C e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. A ( B - C ) = ( sum_ k e. A B - sum_ k e. A C ) )
Theorem	fsum2mul 12244*	Separate the nested sum of the product C ( j ) x. D ( k ). (Contributed by NM, 13-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. A ) -> C e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. B ) -> D e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. A sum_ k e. B ( C x. D ) = ( sum_ j e. A C x. sum_ k e. B D ) )
Theorem	fsumconst 12245*	The sum of constant terms ( k is not free in B). (Contributed by NM, 24-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ( A e. Fin /\ B e. CC ) -> sum_ k e. A B = ( (♯ ` A ) x. B ) )
Theorem	fsumdifsnconst 12246*	The sum of constant terms ( k is not free in C) over an index set excluding a singleton. (Contributed by AV, 7-Jan-2022.)
|- ( ( A e. Fin /\ B e. A /\ C e. CC ) -> sum_ k e. ( A \ { B } ) C = ( ( (♯ ` A ) - 1 ) x. C ) )
Theorem	modfsummodlem1 12247*	Lemma for modfsummod 12249. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Sep-2018.)
|- ( A. k e. ( A u. { z } ) B e. ZZ -> [_ z / k ]_ B e. ZZ )
Theorem	modfsummodlemstep 12248*	Induction step for modfsummod 12249. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Sep-2018.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 12-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> A. k e. ( A u. { z } ) B e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> -. z e. A )   &    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. A B mod N ) = ( sum_ k e. A ( B mod N ) mod N ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. ( A u. { z } ) B mod N ) = ( sum_ k e. ( A u. { z } ) ( B mod N ) mod N ) )
Theorem	modfsummod 12249*	A finite sum modulo a positive integer equals the finite sum of their summands modulo the positive integer, modulo the positive integer. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Sep-2018.)
|- ( ph -> N e. NN )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> A. k e. A B e. ZZ )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. A B mod N ) = ( sum_ k e. A ( B mod N ) mod N ) )
Theorem	fsumge0 12250*	If all of the terms of a finite sum are nonnegative, so is the sum. (Contributed by NM, 26-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> 0 <_ B )   =>    |- ( ph -> 0 <_ sum_ k e. A B )
Theorem	fsumlessfi 12251*	A shorter sum of nonnegative terms is no greater than a longer one. (Contributed by NM, 26-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 12-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> 0 <_ B )   &    |- ( ph -> C C_ A )   &    |- ( ph -> C e. Fin )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. C B <_ sum_ k e. A B )
Theorem	fsumge1 12252*	A sum of nonnegative numbers is greater than or equal to any one of its terms. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 4-Jun-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> 0 <_ B )   &    |- ( k = M -> B = C )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. A )   =>    |- ( ph -> C <_ sum_ k e. A B )
Theorem	fsum00 12253*	A sum of nonnegative numbers is zero iff all terms are zero. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> 0 <_ B )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( sum_ k e. A B = 0 <-> A. k e. A B = 0 ) )
Theorem	fsumle 12254*	If all of the terms of finite sums compare, so do the sums. (Contributed by NM, 11-Dec-2005.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> C e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B <_ C )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. A B <_ sum_ k e. A C )
Theorem	fsumlt 12255*	If every term in one finite sum is less than the corresponding term in another, then the first sum is less than the second. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Jun-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> A =/= (/) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> C e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B < C )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. A B < sum_ k e. A C )
Theorem	fsumabs 12256*	Generalized triangle inequality: the absolute value of a finite sum is less than or equal to the sum of absolute values. (Contributed by NM, 9-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( abs ` sum_ k e. A B ) <_ sum_ k e. A ( abs ` B ) )
Theorem	telfsumo 12257*	Sum of a telescoping series, using half-open intervals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
|- ( k = j -> A = B )   &    |- ( k = ( j + 1 ) -> A = C )   &    |- ( k = M -> A = D )   &    |- ( k = N -> A = E )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M..^ N ) ( B - C ) = ( D - E ) )
Theorem	telfsumo2 12258*	Sum of a telescoping series. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
|- ( k = j -> A = B )   &    |- ( k = ( j + 1 ) -> A = C )   &    |- ( k = M -> A = D )   &    |- ( k = N -> A = E )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M..^ N ) ( C - B ) = ( E - D ) )
Theorem	telfsum 12259*	Sum of a telescoping series. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 24-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
|- ( k = j -> A = B )   &    |- ( k = ( j + 1 ) -> A = C )   &    |- ( k = M -> A = D )   &    |- ( k = ( N + 1 ) -> A = E )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> ( N + 1 ) e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... ( N + 1 ) ) ) -> A e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M ... N ) ( B - C ) = ( D - E ) )
Theorem	telfsum2 12260*	Sum of a telescoping series. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jun-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
|- ( k = j -> A = B )   &    |- ( k = ( j + 1 ) -> A = C )   &    |- ( k = M -> A = D )   &    |- ( k = ( N + 1 ) -> A = E )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> ( N + 1 ) e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... ( N + 1 ) ) ) -> A e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M ... N ) ( C - B ) = ( E - D ) )
Theorem	fsumparts 12261*	Summation by parts. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Apr-2016.)
|- ( k = j -> ( A = B /\ V = W ) )   &    |- ( k = ( j + 1 ) -> ( A = C /\ V = X ) )   &    |- ( k = M -> ( A = D /\ V = Y ) )   &    |- ( k = N -> ( A = E /\ V = Z ) )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... N ) ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. ( M ... N ) ) -> V e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. ( M..^ N ) ( B x. ( X - W ) ) = ( ( ( E x. Z ) - ( D x. Y ) ) - sum_ j e. ( M..^ N ) ( ( C - B ) x. X ) ) )
Theorem	fsumrelem 12262*	Lemma for fsumre 12263, fsumim 12264, and fsumcj 12265. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   &    |- F : CC --> CC   &    |- ( ( x e. CC /\ y e. CC ) -> ( F ` ( x + y ) ) = ( ( F ` x ) + ( F ` y ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( F ` sum_ k e. A B ) = sum_ k e. A ( F ` B ) )
Theorem	fsumre 12263*	The real part of a sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( Re ` sum_ k e. A B ) = sum_ k e. A ( Re ` B ) )
Theorem	fsumim 12264*	The imaginary part of a sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( Im ` sum_ k e. A B ) = sum_ k e. A ( Im ` B ) )
Theorem	fsumcj 12265*	The complex conjugate of a sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. A ) -> B e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( * ` sum_ k e. A B ) = sum_ k e. A ( * ` B ) )
Theorem	iserabs 12266*	Generalized triangle inequality: the absolute value of an infinite sum is less than or equal to the sum of absolute values. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 10-Sep-2007.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 14-Dec-2022.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) ~~> A )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , G ) ~~> B )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( G ` k ) = ( abs ` ( F ` k ) ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( abs ` A ) <_ B )
Theorem	cvgcmpub 12267*	An upper bound for the limit of a real infinite series. This theorem can also be used to compare two infinite series. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Mar-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. Z )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( G ` k ) e. RR )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) ~~> A )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , G ) ~~> B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( G ` k ) <_ ( F ` k ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> B <_ A )
Theorem	fsumiun 12268*	Sum over a disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 1-Jul-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Dec-2016.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A ) -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> Disj x e. A B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ ( x e. A /\ k e. B ) ) -> C e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. U_ x e. A B C = sum_ x e. A sum_ k e. B C )
Theorem	hashiun 12269*	The cardinality of a disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jan-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Dec-2016.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A ) -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> Disj x e. A B )   =>    |- ( ph -> (♯ ` U_ x e. A B ) = sum_ x e. A (♯ ` B ) )
Theorem	hash2iun 12270*	The cardinality of a nested disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jan-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A ) -> B e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A /\ y e. B ) -> C e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> Disj x e. A U_ y e. B C )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A ) -> Disj y e. B C )   =>    |- ( ph -> (♯ ` U_ x e. A U_ y e. B C ) = sum_ x e. A sum_ y e. B (♯ ` C ) )
Theorem	hash2iun1dif1 12271*	The cardinality of a nested disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jan-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- B = ( A \ { x } )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A /\ y e. B ) -> C e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> Disj x e. A U_ y e. B C )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A ) -> Disj y e. B C )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ x e. A /\ y e. B ) -> (♯ ` C ) = 1 )   =>    |- ( ph -> (♯ ` U_ x e. A U_ y e. B C ) = ( (♯ ` A ) x. ( (♯ ` A ) - 1 ) ) )
Theorem	hashrabrex 12272*	The number of elements in a class abstraction with a restricted existential quantification. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 29-Jul-2018.)
|- ( ph -> Y e. Fin )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ y e. Y ) -> { x e. X | ps } e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> Disj y e. Y { x e. X | ps } )   =>    |- ( ph -> (♯ ` { x e. X | E. y e. Y ps } ) = sum_ y e. Y (♯ ` { x e. X | ps } ) )
Theorem	hashuni 12273*	The cardinality of a disjoint union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jan-2015.)
|- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> A C_ Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> Disj x e. A x )   =>    |- ( ph -> (♯ ` U. A ) = sum_ x e. A (♯ ` x ) )
4.9.3  The binomial theorem
Theorem	binomlem 12274*	Lemma for binom 12275 (binomial theorem). Inductive step. (Contributed by NM, 6-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ph -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. NN0 )   &    |- ( ps -> ( ( A + B ) ^ N ) = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... N ) ( ( N _C k ) x. ( ( A ^ ( N - k ) ) x. ( B ^ k ) ) ) )   =>    |- ( ( ph /\ ps ) -> ( ( A + B ) ^ ( N + 1 ) ) = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... ( N + 1 ) ) ( ( ( N + 1 ) _C k ) x. ( ( A ^ ( ( N + 1 ) - k ) ) x. ( B ^ k ) ) ) )
Theorem	binom 12275*	The binomial theorem: ( A + B ) ^ N is the sum from k = 0 to N of ( N _C k ) x. ( ( A ^ k ) x. ( B ^ ( N - k ) ). Theorem 15-2.8 of [Gleason] p. 296. This part of the proof sets up the induction and does the base case, with the bulk of the work (the induction step) in binomlem 12274. This is Metamath 100 proof #44. (Contributed by NM, 7-Dec-2005.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ( A e. CC /\ B e. CC /\ N e. NN0 ) -> ( ( A + B ) ^ N ) = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... N ) ( ( N _C k ) x. ( ( A ^ ( N - k ) ) x. ( B ^ k ) ) ) )
Theorem	binom1p 12276*	Special case of the binomial theorem for ( 1 + A ) ^ N. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 10-May-2007.)
|- ( ( A e. CC /\ N e. NN0 ) -> ( ( 1 + A ) ^ N ) = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... N ) ( ( N _C k ) x. ( A ^ k ) ) )
Theorem	binom11 12277*	Special case of the binomial theorem for 2 ^ N. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Mar-2014.)
|- ( N e. NN0 -> ( 2 ^ N ) = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... N ) ( N _C k ) )
Theorem	binom1dif 12278*	A summation for the difference between ( ( A + 1 ) ^ N ) and ( A ^ N ). (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 9-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
|- ( ( A e. CC /\ N e. NN0 ) -> ( ( ( A + 1 ) ^ N ) - ( A ^ N ) ) = sum_ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - 1 ) ) ( ( N _C k ) x. ( A ^ k ) ) )
Theorem	bcxmaslem1 12279	Lemma for bcxmas 12280. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 18-May-2007.)
|- ( A = B -> ( ( N + A ) _C A ) = ( ( N + B ) _C B ) )
Theorem	bcxmas 12280*	Parallel summation (Christmas Stocking) theorem for Pascal's Triangle. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 18-May-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( ( N e. NN0 /\ M e. NN0 ) -> ( ( ( N + 1 ) + M ) _C M ) = sum_ j e. ( 0 ... M ) ( ( N + j ) _C j ) )
4.9.4  Infinite sums (cont.)
Theorem	isumshft 12281*	Index shift of an infinite sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 31-Oct-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- W = ( ZZ>= ` ( M + K ) )   &    |- ( j = ( K + k ) -> A = B )   &    |- ( ph -> K e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ j e. W ) -> A e. CC )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ j e. W A = sum_ k e. Z B )
Theorem	isumsplit 12282*	Split off the first N terms of an infinite sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Feb-2008.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 21-Oct-2022.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- W = ( ZZ>= ` N )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. Z )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z A = ( sum_ k e. ( M ... ( N - 1 ) ) A + sum_ k e. W A ) )
Theorem	isum1p 12283*	The infinite sum of a converging infinite series equals the first term plus the infinite sum of the rest of it. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z A = ( ( F ` M ) + sum_ k e. ( ZZ>= ` ( M + 1 ) ) A ) )
Theorem	isumnn0nn 12284*	Sum from 0 to infinity in terms of sum from 1 to infinity. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- ( k = 0 -> A = B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. NN0 ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. NN0 ) -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> seq 0 ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. NN0 A = ( B + sum_ k e. NN A ) )
Theorem	isumrpcl 12285*	The infinite sum of positive reals is positive. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Feb-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- W = ( ZZ>= ` N )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. Z )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. RR+ )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. W A e. RR+ )
Theorem	isumle 12286*	Comparison of two infinite sums. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 13-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( G ` k ) = B )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> A <_ B )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , G ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. Z A <_ sum_ k e. Z B )
Theorem	isumlessdc 12287*	A finite sum of nonnegative numbers is less than or equal to its limit. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. Fin )   &    |- ( ph -> A C_ Z )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) = B )   &    |- ( ph -> A. k e. Z DECID k e. A )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> 0 <_ B )   &    |- ( ph -> seq M ( + , F ) e. dom ~~> )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. A B <_ sum_ k e. Z B )
4.9.5  Miscellaneous converging and diverging sequences
Theorem	divcnv 12288*	The sequence of reciprocals of positive integers, multiplied by the factor A, converges to zero. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-2008.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 22-Oct-2022.)
|- ( A e. CC -> ( n e. NN |-> ( A / n ) ) ~~> 0 )
4.9.6  Arithmetic series
Theorem	arisum 12289*	Arithmetic series sum of the first N positive integers. This is Metamath 100 proof #68. (Contributed by FL, 16-Nov-2006.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
|- ( N e. NN0 -> sum_ k e. ( 1 ... N ) k = ( ( ( N ^ 2 ) + N ) / 2 ) )
Theorem	arisum2 12290*	Arithmetic series sum of the first N nonnegative integers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Apr-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 2-Aug-2021.)
|- ( N e. NN0 -> sum_ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - 1 ) ) k = ( ( ( N ^ 2 ) - N ) / 2 ) )
Theorem	trireciplem 12291	Lemma for trirecip 12292. Show that the sum converges. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 22-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
|- F = ( n e. NN |-> ( 1 / ( n x. ( n + 1 ) ) ) )   =>    |- seq 1 ( + , F ) ~~> 1
Theorem	trirecip 12292	The sum of the reciprocals of the triangle numbers converge to two. This is Metamath 100 proof #42. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 23-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
|- sum_ k e. NN ( 2 / ( k x. ( k + 1 ) ) ) = 2
4.9.7  Geometric series
Theorem	expcnvap0 12293*	A sequence of powers of a complex number A with absolute value smaller than 1 converges to zero. (Contributed by NM, 8-May-2006.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 23-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> ( abs ` A ) < 1 )   &    |- ( ph -> A # 0 )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( n e. NN0 |-> ( A ^ n ) ) ~~> 0 )
Theorem	expcnvre 12294*	A sequence of powers of a nonnegative real number less than one converges to zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. RR )   &    |- ( ph -> A < 1 )   &    |- ( ph -> 0 <_ A )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( n e. NN0 |-> ( A ^ n ) ) ~~> 0 )
Theorem	expcnv 12295*	A sequence of powers of a complex number A with absolute value smaller than 1 converges to zero. (Contributed by NM, 8-May-2006.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 28-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> ( abs ` A ) < 1 )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( n e. NN0 |-> ( A ^ n ) ) ~~> 0 )
Theorem	explecnv 12296*	A sequence of terms converges to zero when it is less than powers of a number A whose absolute value is smaller than 1. (Contributed by NM, 19-Jul-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
|- Z = ( ZZ>= ` M )   &    |- ( ph -> F e. V )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. ZZ )   &    |- ( ph -> A e. RR )   &    |- ( ph -> ( abs ` A ) < 1 )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( F ` k ) e. CC )   &    |- ( ( ph /\ k e. Z ) -> ( abs ` ( F ` k ) ) <_ ( A ^ k ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> F ~~> 0 )
Theorem	geosergap 12297*	The value of the finite geometric series A ^ M + A ^ ( M + 1 ) +... + A ^ ( N - 1 ). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 24-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> A # 1 )   &    |- ( ph -> M e. NN0 )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. ( ZZ>= ` M ) )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( M..^ N ) ( A ^ k ) = ( ( ( A ^ M ) - ( A ^ N ) ) / ( 1 - A ) ) )
Theorem	geoserap 12298*	The value of the finite geometric series 1 + A ^ 1 + A ^ 2 +... + A ^ ( N - 1 ). This is Metamath 100 proof #66. (Contributed by NM, 12-May-2006.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 24-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> A # 1 )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. NN0 )   =>    |- ( ph -> sum_ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - 1 ) ) ( A ^ k ) = ( ( 1 - ( A ^ N ) ) / ( 1 - A ) ) )
Theorem	pwm1geoserap1 12299*	The n-th power of a number decreased by 1 expressed by the finite geometric series 1 + A ^ 1 + A ^ 2 +... + A ^ ( N - 1 ). (Contributed by AV, 14-Aug-2021.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 24-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> N e. NN0 )   &    |- ( ph -> A # 1 )   =>    |- ( ph -> ( ( A ^ N ) - 1 ) = ( ( A - 1 ) x. sum_ k e. ( 0 ... ( N - 1 ) ) ( A ^ k ) ) )
Theorem	absltap 12300	Less-than of absolute value implies apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Oct-2022.)
|- ( ph -> A e. CC )   &    |- ( ph -> B e. RR )   &    |- ( ph -> ( abs ` A ) < B )   =>    |- ( ph -> A # B )