P. 87 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 8601-8700   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
4.3.5  Real Apartness
Syntax	creap 8601	Class of real apartness relation.
class #ℝ
Definition	df-reap 8602*	Define real apartness. Definition in Section 11.2.1 of [HoTT], p. (varies). Although #ℝ is an apartness relation on the reals (see df-ap 8609 for more discussion of apartness relations), for our purposes it is just a stepping stone to defining # which is an apartness relation on complex numbers. On the reals, #ℝ and # agree (apreap 8614). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Jan-2020.)
⊢ #ℝ = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ((𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ) ∧ (𝑥 < 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 < 𝑥))}
Theorem	reapval 8603	Real apartness in terms of classes. Beyond the development of # itself, proofs should use reaplt 8615 instead. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Jan-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 #ℝ 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 < 𝐵 ∨ 𝐵 < 𝐴)))
Theorem	reapirr 8604	Real apartness is irreflexive. Part of Definition 11.2.7(v) of [HoTT], p. (varies). Beyond the development of # itself, proofs should use apirr 8632 instead. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Jan-2020.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℝ → ¬ 𝐴 #ℝ 𝐴)
Theorem	recexre 8605*	Existence of reciprocal of real number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Jan-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 #ℝ 0) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (𝐴 · 𝑥) = 1)
Theorem	reapti 8606	Real apartness is tight. Beyond the development of apartness itself, proofs should use apti 8649. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Jan-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 = 𝐵 ↔ ¬ 𝐴 #ℝ 𝐵))
Theorem	recexgt0 8607*	Existence of reciprocal of positive real number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 𝐴) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ (0 < 𝑥 ∧ (𝐴 · 𝑥) = 1))
4.3.6  Complex Apartness
Syntax	cap 8608	Class of complex apartness relation.
class #
Definition	df-ap 8609*	Define complex apartness. Definition 6.1 of [Geuvers], p. 17. Two numbers are considered apart if it is possible to separate them. One common usage is that we can divide by a number if it is apart from zero (see for example recclap 8706 which says that a number apart from zero has a reciprocal). The defining characteristics of an apartness are irreflexivity (apirr 8632), symmetry (apsym 8633), and cotransitivity (apcotr 8634). Apartness implies negated equality, as seen at apne 8650, and the converse would also follow if we assumed excluded middle. In addition, apartness of complex numbers is tight, which means that two numbers which are not apart are equal (apti 8649). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Jan-2020.)
⊢ # = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ∃𝑟 ∈ ℝ ∃𝑠 ∈ ℝ ∃𝑡 ∈ ℝ ∃𝑢 ∈ ℝ ((𝑥 = (𝑟 + (i · 𝑠)) ∧ 𝑦 = (𝑡 + (i · 𝑢))) ∧ (𝑟 #ℝ 𝑡 ∨ 𝑠 #ℝ 𝑢))}
Theorem	ixi 8610	i times itself is minus 1. (Contributed by NM, 6-May-1999.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 19-Nov-2011.)
⊢ (i · i) = -1
Theorem	inelr 8611	The imaginary unit i is not a real number. (Contributed by NM, 6-May-1999.)
⊢ ¬ i ∈ ℝ
Theorem	rimul 8612	A real number times the imaginary unit is real only if the number is 0. (Contributed by NM, 28-May-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ (i · 𝐴) ∈ ℝ) → 𝐴 = 0)
Theorem	rereim 8613	Decomposition of a real number into real part (itself) and imaginary part (zero). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Jan-2020.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 = (𝐵 + (i · 𝐶)))) → (𝐵 = 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 = 0))
Theorem	apreap 8614	Complex apartness and real apartness agree on the real numbers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jan-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 #ℝ 𝐵))
Theorem	reaplt 8615	Real apartness in terms of less than. Part of Definition 11.2.7(vi) of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 < 𝐵 ∨ 𝐵 < 𝐴)))
Theorem	reapltxor 8616	Real apartness in terms of less than (exclusive-or version). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Mar-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 < 𝐵 ⊻ 𝐵 < 𝐴)))
Theorem	1ap0 8617	One is apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Feb-2020.)
⊢ 1 # 0
Theorem	ltmul1a 8618	Multiplication of both sides of 'less than' by a positive number. Theorem I.19 of [Apostol] p. 20. (Contributed by NM, 15-May-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 𝐶)) ∧ 𝐴 < 𝐵) → (𝐴 · 𝐶) < (𝐵 · 𝐶))
Theorem	ltmul1 8619	Multiplication of both sides of 'less than' by a positive number. Theorem I.19 of [Apostol] p. 20. Part of Definition 11.2.7(vi) of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by NM, 13-Feb-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 𝐶)) → (𝐴 < 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 · 𝐶) < (𝐵 · 𝐶)))
Theorem	lemul1 8620	Multiplication of both sides of 'less than or equal to' by a positive number. (Contributed by NM, 21-Feb-2005.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 𝐶)) → (𝐴 ≤ 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 · 𝐶) ≤ (𝐵 · 𝐶)))
Theorem	reapmul1lem 8621	Lemma for reapmul1 8622. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 𝐶)) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 · 𝐶) # (𝐵 · 𝐶)))
Theorem	reapmul1 8622	Multiplication of both sides of real apartness by a real number apart from zero. Special case of apmul1 8815. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐶 # 0)) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 · 𝐶) # (𝐵 · 𝐶)))
Theorem	reapadd1 8623	Real addition respects apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 + 𝐶) # (𝐵 + 𝐶)))
Theorem	reapneg 8624	Real negation respects apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ -𝐴 # -𝐵))
Theorem	reapcotr 8625	Real apartness is cotransitive. Part of Definition 11.2.7(v) of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 → (𝐴 # 𝐶 ∨ 𝐵 # 𝐶)))
Theorem	remulext1 8626	Left extensionality for multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℝ) → ((𝐴 · 𝐶) # (𝐵 · 𝐶) → 𝐴 # 𝐵))
Theorem	remulext2 8627	Right extensionality for real multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 22-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℝ) → ((𝐶 · 𝐴) # (𝐶 · 𝐵) → 𝐴 # 𝐵))
Theorem	apsqgt0 8628	The square of a real number apart from zero is positive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 7-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 # 0) → 0 < (𝐴 · 𝐴))
Theorem	cru 8629	The representation of complex numbers in terms of real and imaginary parts is unique. Proposition 10-1.3 of [Gleason] p. 130. (Contributed by NM, 9-May-1999.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐷 ∈ ℝ)) → ((𝐴 + (i · 𝐵)) = (𝐶 + (i · 𝐷)) ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 = 𝐷)))
Theorem	apreim 8630	Complex apartness in terms of real and imaginary parts. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐷 ∈ ℝ)) → ((𝐴 + (i · 𝐵)) # (𝐶 + (i · 𝐷)) ↔ (𝐴 # 𝐶 ∨ 𝐵 # 𝐷)))
Theorem	mulreim 8631	Complex multiplication in terms of real and imaginary parts. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐷 ∈ ℝ)) → ((𝐴 + (i · 𝐵)) · (𝐶 + (i · 𝐷))) = (((𝐴 · 𝐶) + -(𝐵 · 𝐷)) + (i · ((𝐶 · 𝐵) + (𝐷 · 𝐴)))))
Theorem	apirr 8632	Apartness is irreflexive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℂ → ¬ 𝐴 # 𝐴)
Theorem	apsym 8633	Apartness is symmetric. This theorem for real numbers is part of Definition 11.2.7(v) of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ 𝐵 # 𝐴))
Theorem	apcotr 8634	Apartness is cotransitive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 → (𝐴 # 𝐶 ∨ 𝐵 # 𝐶)))
Theorem	apadd1 8635	Addition respects apartness. Analogue of addcan 8206 for apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 + 𝐶) # (𝐵 + 𝐶)))
Theorem	apadd2 8636	Addition respects apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐶 + 𝐴) # (𝐶 + 𝐵)))
Theorem	addext 8637	Strong extensionality for addition. Given excluded middle, apartness would be equivalent to negated equality and this would follow readily (for all operations) from oveq12 5931. For us, it is proved a different way. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)) → ((𝐴 + 𝐵) # (𝐶 + 𝐷) → (𝐴 # 𝐶 ∨ 𝐵 # 𝐷)))
Theorem	apneg 8638	Negation respects apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ -𝐴 # -𝐵))
Theorem	mulext1 8639	Left extensionality for complex multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 22-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ) → ((𝐴 · 𝐶) # (𝐵 · 𝐶) → 𝐴 # 𝐵))
Theorem	mulext2 8640	Right extensionality for complex multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 22-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ) → ((𝐶 · 𝐴) # (𝐶 · 𝐵) → 𝐴 # 𝐵))
Theorem	mulext 8641	Strong extensionality for multiplication. Given excluded middle, apartness would be equivalent to negated equality and this would follow readily (for all operations) from oveq12 5931. For us, it is proved a different way. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)) → ((𝐴 · 𝐵) # (𝐶 · 𝐷) → (𝐴 # 𝐶 ∨ 𝐵 # 𝐷)))
Theorem	mulap0r 8642	A product apart from zero. Lemma 2.13 of [Geuvers], p. 6. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0) → (𝐴 # 0 ∧ 𝐵 # 0))
Theorem	msqge0 8643	A square is nonnegative. Lemma 2.35 of [Geuvers], p. 9. (Contributed by NM, 23-May-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℝ → 0 ≤ (𝐴 · 𝐴))
Theorem	msqge0i 8644	A square is nonnegative. (Contributed by NM, 14-May-1999.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 19-Nov-2011.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ    ⇒   ⊢ 0 ≤ (𝐴 · 𝐴)
Theorem	msqge0d 8645	A square is nonnegative. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ (𝐴 · 𝐴))
Theorem	mulge0 8646	The product of two nonnegative numbers is nonnegative. (Contributed by NM, 8-Oct-1999.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵)) → 0 ≤ (𝐴 · 𝐵))
Theorem	mulge0i 8647	The product of two nonnegative numbers is nonnegative. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jul-1999.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ    ⇒   ⊢ ((0 ≤ 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵) → 0 ≤ (𝐴 · 𝐵))
Theorem	mulge0d 8648	The product of two nonnegative numbers is nonnegative. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ (𝐴 · 𝐵))
Theorem	apti 8649	Complex apartness is tight. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 = 𝐵 ↔ ¬ 𝐴 # 𝐵))
Theorem	apne 8650	Apartness implies negated equality. We cannot in general prove the converse (as shown at neapmkv 15712), which is the whole point of having separate notations for apartness and negated equality. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵))
Theorem	apcon4bid 8651	Contrapositive law deduction for apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2023.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ 𝐶 # 𝐷))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 = 𝐵 ↔ 𝐶 = 𝐷))
Theorem	leltap 8652	≤ implies 'less than' is 'apart'. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Aug-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 ≤ 𝐵) → (𝐴 < 𝐵 ↔ 𝐵 # 𝐴))
Theorem	gt0ap0 8653	Positive implies apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 < 𝐴) → 𝐴 # 0)
Theorem	gt0ap0i 8654	Positive means apart from zero (useful for ordering theorems involving division). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Feb-2020.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ    ⇒   ⊢ (0 < 𝐴 → 𝐴 # 0)
Theorem	gt0ap0ii 8655	Positive implies apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Feb-2020.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ    &   ⊢ 0 < 𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 # 0
Theorem	gt0ap0d 8656	Positive implies apart from zero. Because of the way we define #, 𝐴 must be an element of ℝ, not just ℝ*. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 0)
Theorem	negap0 8657	A number is apart from zero iff its negative is apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (𝐴 # 0 ↔ -𝐴 # 0))
Theorem	negap0d 8658	The negative of a number apart from zero is apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Feb-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → -𝐴 # 0)
Theorem	ltleap 8659	Less than in terms of non-strict order and apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ) → (𝐴 < 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 ≤ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐴 # 𝐵)))
Theorem	ltap 8660	'Less than' implies apart. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Aug-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 < 𝐵) → 𝐵 # 𝐴)
Theorem	gtapii 8661	'Greater than' implies apart. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Aug-2021.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ    &   ⊢ 𝐴 < 𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐵 # 𝐴
Theorem	ltapii 8662	'Less than' implies apart. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Aug-2021.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ    &   ⊢ 𝐴 < 𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 # 𝐵
Theorem	ltapi 8663	'Less than' implies apart. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Aug-2021.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℝ    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 < 𝐵 → 𝐵 # 𝐴)
Theorem	gtapd 8664	'Greater than' implies apart. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 # 𝐴)
Theorem	ltapd 8665	'Less than' implies apart. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 𝐵)
Theorem	leltapd 8666	≤ implies 'less than' is 'apart'. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 13-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≤ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 < 𝐵 ↔ 𝐵 # 𝐴))
Theorem	ap0gt0 8667	A nonnegative number is apart from zero if and only if it is positive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-Aug-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐴) → (𝐴 # 0 ↔ 0 < 𝐴))
Theorem	ap0gt0d 8668	A nonzero nonnegative number is positive. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)
Theorem	apsub1 8669	Subtraction respects apartness. Analogue of subcan2 8251 for apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Jan-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 # 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 − 𝐶) # (𝐵 − 𝐶)))
Theorem	subap0 8670	Two numbers being apart is equivalent to their difference being apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Dec-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ((𝐴 − 𝐵) # 0 ↔ 𝐴 # 𝐵))
Theorem	subap0d 8671	Two numbers apart from each other have difference apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 12-Aug-2021.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 − 𝐵) # 0)
Theorem	cnstab 8672	Equality of complex numbers is stable. Stability here means ¬ ¬ 𝐴 = 𝐵 → 𝐴 = 𝐵 as defined at df-stab 832. This theorem for real numbers is Proposition 5.2 of [BauerHanson], p. 27. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Aug-2023.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → STAB 𝐴 = 𝐵)
Theorem	aprcl 8673	Reverse closure for apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Dec-2023.)
⊢ (𝐴 # 𝐵 → (𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ))
Theorem	apsscn 8674*	The points apart from a given point are complex numbers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Dec-2023.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∣ 𝑥 # 𝐵} ⊆ ℂ
Theorem	lt0ap0 8675	A number which is less than zero is apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Feb-2024.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐴 < 0) → 𝐴 # 0)
Theorem	lt0ap0d 8676	A real number less than zero is apart from zero. Deduction form. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Feb-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 0)
Theorem	aptap 8677	Complex apartness (as defined at df-ap 8609) is a tight apartness (as defined at df-tap 7317). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Feb-2025.)
⊢ # TAp ℂ
4.3.7  Reciprocals
Theorem	recextlem1 8678	Lemma for recexap 8680. (Contributed by Eric Schmidt, 23-May-2007.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ((𝐴 + (i · 𝐵)) · (𝐴 − (i · 𝐵))) = ((𝐴 · 𝐴) + (𝐵 · 𝐵)))
Theorem	recexaplem2 8679	Lemma for recexap 8680. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ (𝐴 + (i · 𝐵)) # 0) → ((𝐴 · 𝐴) + (𝐵 · 𝐵)) # 0)
Theorem	recexap 8680*	Existence of reciprocal of nonzero complex number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐴 # 0) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℂ (𝐴 · 𝑥) = 1)
Theorem	mulap0 8681	The product of two numbers apart from zero is apart from zero. Lemma 2.15 of [Geuvers], p. 6. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 22-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐴 # 0) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 # 0)) → (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0)
Theorem	mulap0b 8682	The product of two numbers apart from zero is apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ((𝐴 # 0 ∧ 𝐵 # 0) ↔ (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0))
Theorem	mulap0i 8683	The product of two numbers apart from zero is apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Feb-2020.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℂ    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ    &   ⊢ 𝐴 # 0    &   ⊢ 𝐵 # 0    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0
Theorem	mulap0bd 8684	The product of two numbers apart from zero is apart from zero. Exercise 11.11 of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐴 # 0 ∧ 𝐵 # 0) ↔ (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0))
Theorem	mulap0d 8685	The product of two numbers apart from zero is apart from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0)
Theorem	mulap0bad 8686	A factor of a complex number apart from zero is apart from zero. Partial converse of mulap0d 8685 and consequence of mulap0bd 8684. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 0)
Theorem	mulap0bbd 8687	A factor of a complex number apart from zero is apart from zero. Partial converse of mulap0d 8685 and consequence of mulap0bd 8684. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 · 𝐵) # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 # 0)
Theorem	mulcanapd 8688	Cancellation law for multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐶 · 𝐴) = (𝐶 · 𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
Theorem	mulcanap2d 8689	Cancellation law for multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐴 · 𝐶) = (𝐵 · 𝐶) ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
Theorem	mulcanapad 8690	Cancellation of a nonzero factor on the left in an equation. One-way deduction form of mulcanapd 8688. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 # 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 · 𝐴) = (𝐶 · 𝐵))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)
Theorem	mulcanap2ad 8691	Cancellation of a nonzero factor on the right in an equation. One-way deduction form of mulcanap2d 8689. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 # 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 · 𝐶) = (𝐵 · 𝐶))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)
Theorem	mulcanap 8692	Cancellation law for multiplication (full theorem form). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 # 0)) → ((𝐶 · 𝐴) = (𝐶 · 𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
Theorem	mulcanap2 8693	Cancellation law for multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ (𝐶 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐶 # 0)) → ((𝐴 · 𝐶) = (𝐵 · 𝐶) ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
Theorem	mulcanapi 8694	Cancellation law for multiplication. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℂ    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ    &   ⊢ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ    &   ⊢ 𝐶 # 0    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐶 · 𝐴) = (𝐶 · 𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵)
Theorem	muleqadd 8695	Property of numbers whose product equals their sum. Equation 5 of [Kreyszig] p. 12. (Contributed by NM, 13-Nov-2006.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ((𝐴 · 𝐵) = (𝐴 + 𝐵) ↔ ((𝐴 − 1) · (𝐵 − 1)) = 1))
Theorem	receuap 8696*	Existential uniqueness of reciprocals. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Feb-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 # 0) → ∃!𝑥 ∈ ℂ (𝐵 · 𝑥) = 𝐴)
Theorem	mul0eqap 8697	If two numbers are apart from each other and their product is zero, one of them must be zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2023.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 · 𝐵) = 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 = 0 ∨ 𝐵 = 0))
Theorem	recapb 8698*	A complex number has a multiplicative inverse if and only if it is apart from zero. Theorem 11.2.4 of [HoTT], p. (varies), generalized from real to complex numbers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 18-Jan-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (𝐴 # 0 ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ ℂ (𝐴 · 𝑥) = 1))
4.3.8  Division
Syntax	cdiv 8699	Extend class notation to include division.
class /
Definition	df-div 8700*	Define division. Theorem divmulap 8702 relates it to multiplication, and divclap 8705 and redivclap 8758 prove its closure laws. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-1995.) Use divvalap 8701 instead. (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 1-Apr-2014.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ / = (𝑥 ∈ ℂ, 𝑦 ∈ (ℂ ∖ {0}) ↦ (℩𝑧 ∈ ℂ (𝑦 · 𝑧) = 𝑥))