P. 37 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 3601-3700   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	dcun 3601	The union of two decidable classes is decidable. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Oct-2022.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 13-Oct-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝐶 ∈ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝐶 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵))
2.1.15  Conditional operator
Syntax	cif 3602	Extend class notation to include the conditional operator. See df-if 3603 for a description. (In older databases this was denoted "ded".)
class if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵)
Definition	df-if 3603*	Define the conditional operator. Read if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) as "if 𝜑 then 𝐴 else 𝐵". See iftrue 3607 and iffalse 3610 for its values. In mathematical literature, this operator is rarely defined formally but is implicit in informal definitions such as "let f(x)=0 if x=0 and 1/x otherwise." In the absence of excluded middle, this will tend to be useful where 𝜑 is decidable (in the sense of df-dc 840). (Contributed by NM, 15-May-1999.)
⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = {𝑥 ∣ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝜑) ∨ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ ¬ 𝜑))}
Theorem	dfif6 3604*	An alternate definition of the conditional operator df-if 3603 as a simple class abstraction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = ({𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∣ 𝜑} ∪ {𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ∣ ¬ 𝜑})
Theorem	ifeq1 3605	Equality theorem for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 1-Sep-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐶) = if(𝜑, 𝐵, 𝐶))
Theorem	ifeq2 3606	Equality theorem for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 1-Sep-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → if(𝜑, 𝐶, 𝐴) = if(𝜑, 𝐶, 𝐵))
Theorem	iftrue 3607	Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is true. (Contributed by NM, 15-May-1999.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 26-Jun-2011.)
⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐴)
Theorem	iftruei 3608	Inference associated with iftrue 3607. (Contributed by BJ, 7-Oct-2018.)
⊢ 𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐴
Theorem	iftrued 3609	Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is true. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 11-Dec-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝜒)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜒, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐴)
Theorem	iffalse 3610	Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is false. (Contributed by NM, 14-Aug-1999.)
⊢ (¬ 𝜑 → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐵)
Theorem	iffalsei 3611	Inference associated with iffalse 3610. (Contributed by BJ, 7-Oct-2018.)
⊢ ¬ 𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐵
Theorem	iffalsed 3612	Value of the conditional operator when its first argument is false. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 11-Dec-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 𝜒)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜒, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐵)
Theorem	ifnefalse 3613	When values are unequal, but an "if" condition checks if they are equal, then the "false" branch results. This is a simple utility to provide a slight shortening and simplification of proofs versus applying iffalse 3610 directly in this case. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 15-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 → if(𝐴 = 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷) = 𝐷)
Theorem	elif 3614	Membership in a conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 14-Feb-2005.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ if(𝜑, 𝐵, 𝐶) ↔ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵) ∨ (¬ 𝜑 ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶)))
Theorem	ifsbdc 3615	Distribute a function over an if-clause. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 1-Jan-2022.)
⊢ (if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐴 → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐵 → 𝐶 = 𝐸)    ⇒   ⊢ (DECID 𝜑 → 𝐶 = if(𝜑, 𝐷, 𝐸))
Theorem	dfif3 3616*	Alternate definition of the conditional operator df-if 3603. Note that 𝜑 is independent of 𝑥 i.e. a constant true or false. (Contributed by NM, 25-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝜑}    ⇒   ⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) ∪ (𝐵 ∩ (V ∖ 𝐶)))
Theorem	ifssun 3617	A conditional class is included in the union of its two alternatives. (Contributed by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) ⊆ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
Theorem	ifidss 3618	A conditional class whose two alternatives are equal is included in that alternative. With excluded middle, we can prove it is equal to it. (Contributed by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐴) ⊆ 𝐴
Theorem	ifeq12 3619	Equality theorem for conditional operators. (Contributed by NM, 1-Sep-2004.)
⊢ ((𝐴 = 𝐵 ∧ 𝐶 = 𝐷) → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐶) = if(𝜑, 𝐵, 𝐷))
Theorem	ifeq1d 3620	Equality deduction for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 16-Feb-2005.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐶) = if(𝜓, 𝐵, 𝐶))
Theorem	ifeq2d 3621	Equality deduction for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 16-Feb-2005.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐴) = if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐵))
Theorem	ifeq12d 3622	Equality deduction for conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 24-Mar-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐶) = if(𝜓, 𝐵, 𝐷))
Theorem	ifbi 3623	Equivalence theorem for conditional operators. (Contributed by Raph Levien, 15-Jan-2004.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵))
Theorem	ifbid 3624	Equivalence deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by NM, 18-Apr-2005.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜒, 𝐴, 𝐵))
Theorem	ifbieq1d 3625	Equivalence/equality deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by JJ, 25-Sep-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐶) = if(𝜒, 𝐵, 𝐶))
Theorem	ifbieq2i 3626	Equivalence/equality inference for conditional operators. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = 𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐶, 𝐴) = if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐵)
Theorem	ifbieq2d 3627	Equivalence/equality deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐴) = if(𝜒, 𝐶, 𝐵))
Theorem	ifbieq12i 3628	Equivalence deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by NM, 18-Mar-2013.)
⊢ (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = 𝐶    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = 𝐷    ⇒   ⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐷)
Theorem	ifbieq12d 3629	Equivalence deduction for conditional operators. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜒, 𝐶, 𝐷))
Theorem	nfifd 3630	Deduction version of nfif 3631. (Contributed by NM, 15-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 13-Oct-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵))
Theorem	nfif 3631	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for a conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 16-Feb-2005.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 26-Jun-2011.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵)
Theorem	ifcldadc 3632	Conditional closure. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 11-Jan-2022.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ ¬ 𝜓) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ 𝐶)
Theorem	ifeq1dadc 3633	Conditional equality. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐶) = if(𝜓, 𝐵, 𝐶))
Theorem	ifeq2dadc 3634	Conditional equality. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ ¬ 𝜓) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐴) = if(𝜓, 𝐶, 𝐵))
Theorem	ifeqdadc 3635	Separation of the values of the conditional operator. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 13-Apr-2018.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ ¬ 𝜓) → 𝐵 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐶)
Theorem	ifbothdadc 3636	A formula 𝜃 containing a decidable conditional operator is true when both of its cases are true. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Jun-2022.)
⊢ (𝐴 = if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝐵 = if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) → (𝜒 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ ((𝜂 ∧ 𝜑) → 𝜓)    &   ⊢ ((𝜂 ∧ ¬ 𝜑) → 𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜂 → DECID 𝜑)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜂 → 𝜃)
Theorem	ifbothdc 3637	A wff 𝜃 containing a conditional operator is true when both of its cases are true. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝐴 = if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝐵 = if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) → (𝜒 ↔ 𝜃))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜓 ∧ 𝜒 ∧ DECID 𝜑) → 𝜃)
Theorem	ifiddc 3638	Identical true and false arguments in the conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 18-Apr-2005.)
⊢ (DECID 𝜑 → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐴) = 𝐴)
Theorem	eqifdc 3639	Expansion of an equality with a conditional operator. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jul-2022.)
⊢ (DECID 𝜑 → (𝐴 = if(𝜑, 𝐵, 𝐶) ↔ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐴 = 𝐵) ∨ (¬ 𝜑 ∧ 𝐴 = 𝐶))))
Theorem	ifcldcd 3640	Membership (closure) of a conditional operator, deduction form. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ 𝐶)
Theorem	ifnotdc 3641	Negating the first argument swaps the last two arguments of a conditional operator. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-2007.)
⊢ (DECID 𝜑 → if(¬ 𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜑, 𝐵, 𝐴))
Theorem	2if2dc 3642	Resolve two nested conditionals. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 27-Mar-2018.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) → 𝐷 = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ ¬ 𝜓 ∧ 𝜃) → 𝐷 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ ¬ 𝜓 ∧ ¬ 𝜃) → 𝐷 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → DECID 𝜓)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ ¬ 𝜓) → DECID 𝜃)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 = if(𝜓, 𝐴, if(𝜃, 𝐵, 𝐶)))
Theorem	ifandc 3643	Rewrite a conjunction in a conditional as two nested conditionals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (DECID 𝜑 → if((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓), 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜑, if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵), 𝐵))
Theorem	ifordc 3644	Rewrite a disjunction in a conditional as two nested conditionals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (DECID 𝜑 → if((𝜑 ∨ 𝜓), 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜑, 𝐴, if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵)))
Theorem	ifmdc 3645	If a conditional class is inhabited, then the condition is decidable. This shows that conditionals are not very useful unless one can prove the condition decidable. (Contributed by BJ, 24-Sep-2022.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ if(𝜑, 𝐵, 𝐶) → DECID 𝜑)
Theorem	ifnetruedc 3646	Deduce truth from a conditional operator value. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 20-Feb-2025.)
⊢ ((DECID 𝜑 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐴) → 𝜑)
Theorem	ifnefals 3647	Deduce falsehood from a conditional operator value. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 20-Feb-2025.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = 𝐵) → ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	ifnebibdc 3648	The converse of ifbi 3623 holds if the two values are not equal. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 20-Feb-2025.)
⊢ ((DECID 𝜑 ∧ DECID 𝜓 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → (if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) = if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) ↔ (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)))
2.1.16  Power classes
Syntax	cpw 3649	Extend class notation to include power class. (The tilde in the Metamath token is meant to suggest the calligraphic font of the P.)
class 𝒫 𝐴
Theorem	pwjust 3650*	Soundness justification theorem for df-pw 3651. (Contributed by Rodolfo Medina, 28-Apr-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 29-Jun-2011.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴} = {𝑦 ∣ 𝑦 ⊆ 𝐴}
Definition	df-pw 3651*	Define power class. Definition 5.10 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 17, but we also let it apply to proper classes, i.e. those that are not members of V. When applied to a set, this produces its power set. A power set of S is the set of all subsets of S, including the empty set and S itself. For example, if 𝐴 is { 3 , 5 , 7 }, then 𝒫 𝐴 is { (/) , { 3 } , { 5 } , { 7 } , { 3 , 5 } , { 3 , 7 } , { 5 , 7 } , { 3 , 5 , 7 } }. We will later introduce the Axiom of Power Sets. Still later we will prove that the size of the power set of a finite set is 2 raised to the power of the size of the set. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
⊢ 𝒫 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴}
Theorem	pweq 3652	Equality theorem for power class. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → 𝒫 𝐴 = 𝒫 𝐵)
Theorem	pweqi 3653	Equality inference for power class. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2013.)
⊢ 𝐴 = 𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ 𝒫 𝐴 = 𝒫 𝐵
Theorem	pweqd 3654	Equality deduction for power class. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2013.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝒫 𝐴 = 𝒫 𝐵)
Theorem	elpw 3655	Membership in a power class. Theorem 86 of [Suppes] p. 47. (Contributed by NM, 31-Dec-1993.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)
Theorem	velpw 3656*	Setvar variable membership in a power class (common case). See elpw 3655. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 8-Dec-2018.)
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝐴 ↔ 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴)
Theorem	elpwg 3657	Membership in a power class. Theorem 86 of [Suppes] p. 47. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-2000.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵))
Theorem	elpwi 3658	Subset relation implied by membership in a power class. (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2007.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐵 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)
Theorem	elpwb 3659	Characterization of the elements of a power class. (Contributed by BJ, 29-Apr-2021.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 ∈ V ∧ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵))
Theorem	elpwid 3660	An element of a power class is a subclass. Deduction form of elpwi 3658. (Contributed by David Moews, 1-May-2017.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)
Theorem	elelpwi 3661	If 𝐴 belongs to a part of 𝐶 then 𝐴 belongs to 𝐶. (Contributed by FL, 3-Aug-2009.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝒫 𝐶) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶)
Theorem	nfpw 3662	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for power class. (Contributed by NM, 28-Oct-2003.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 13-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝒫 𝐴
Theorem	pwidg 3663	Membership of the original in a power set. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐴)
Theorem	pwid 3664	A set is a member of its power class. Theorem 87 of [Suppes] p. 47. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐴
Theorem	pwss 3665*	Subclass relationship for power class. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-2009.)
⊢ (𝒫 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 ↔ ∀𝑥(𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 → 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵))
2.1.17  Unordered and ordered pairs
Syntax	csn 3666	Extend class notation to include singleton.
class {𝐴}
Syntax	cpr 3667	Extend class notation to include unordered pair.
class {𝐴, 𝐵}
Syntax	ctp 3668	Extend class notation to include unordered triplet.
class {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶}
Syntax	cop 3669	Extend class notation to include ordered pair.
class ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩
Syntax	cotp 3670	Extend class notation to include ordered triple.
class ⟨𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶⟩
Theorem	snjust 3671*	Soundness justification theorem for df-sn 3672. (Contributed by Rodolfo Medina, 28-Apr-2010.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 29-Jun-2011.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 = 𝐴} = {𝑦 ∣ 𝑦 = 𝐴}
Definition	df-sn 3672*	Define the singleton of a class. Definition 7.1 of [Quine] p. 48. For convenience, it is well-defined for proper classes, i.e., those that are not elements of V, although it is not very meaningful in this case. For an alternate definition see dfsn2 3680. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
⊢ {𝐴} = {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 = 𝐴}
Definition	df-pr 3673	Define unordered pair of classes. Definition 7.1 of [Quine] p. 48. They are unordered, so {𝐴, 𝐵} = {𝐵, 𝐴} as proven by prcom 3742. For a more traditional definition, but requiring a dummy variable, see dfpr2 3685. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
⊢ {𝐴, 𝐵} = ({𝐴} ∪ {𝐵})
Definition	df-tp 3674	Define unordered triple of classes. Definition of [Enderton] p. 19. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1994.)
⊢ {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} = ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∪ {𝐶})
Definition	df-op 3675*	Definition of an ordered pair, equivalent to Kuratowski's definition {{𝐴}, {𝐴, 𝐵}} when the arguments are sets. Since the behavior of Kuratowski definition is not very useful for proper classes, we define it to be empty in this case (see opprc1 3879 and opprc2 3880). For Kuratowski's actual definition when the arguments are sets, see dfop 3856. Definition 9.1 of [Quine] p. 58 defines an ordered pair unconditionally as ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = {{𝐴}, {𝐴, 𝐵}}, which has different behavior from our df-op 3675 when the arguments are proper classes. Ordinarily this difference is not important, since neither definition is meaningful in that case. Our df-op 3675 was chosen because it often makes proofs shorter by eliminating unnecessary sethood hypotheses. There are other ways to define ordered pairs. The basic requirement is that two ordered pairs are equal iff their respective members are equal. In 1914 Norbert Wiener gave the first successful definition ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩2 = {{{𝐴}, ∅}, {{𝐵}}}. This was simplified by Kazimierz Kuratowski in 1921 to our present definition. An even simpler definition is ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩3 = {𝐴, {𝐴, 𝐵}}, but it requires the Axiom of Regularity for its justification and is not commonly used. Finally, an ordered pair of real numbers can be represented by a complex number. (Contributed by NM, 28-May-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = {𝑥 ∣ (𝐴 ∈ V ∧ 𝐵 ∈ V ∧ 𝑥 ∈ {{𝐴}, {𝐴, 𝐵}})}
Definition	df-ot 3676	Define ordered triple of classes. Definition of ordered triple in [Stoll] p. 25. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ⟨𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶⟩ = ⟨⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩, 𝐶⟩
Theorem	sneq 3677	Equality theorem for singletons. Part of Exercise 4 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → {𝐴} = {𝐵})
Theorem	sneqi 3678	Equality inference for singletons. (Contributed by NM, 22-Jan-2004.)
⊢ 𝐴 = 𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ {𝐴} = {𝐵}
Theorem	sneqd 3679	Equality deduction for singletons. (Contributed by NM, 22-Jan-2004.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → {𝐴} = {𝐵})
Theorem	dfsn2 3680	Alternate definition of singleton. Definition 5.1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 24-Apr-1994.)
⊢ {𝐴} = {𝐴, 𝐴}
Theorem	elsng 3681	There is exactly one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15 (generalized). (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 29-Jun-2011.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵} ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
Theorem	elsn 3682	There is exactly one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵} ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵)
Theorem	velsn 3683	There is only one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1993.)
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ {𝐴} ↔ 𝑥 = 𝐴)
Theorem	elsni 3684	There is only one element in a singleton. (Contributed by NM, 5-Jun-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵} → 𝐴 = 𝐵)
Theorem	dfpr2 3685*	Alternate definition of unordered pair. Definition 5.1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 24-Apr-1994.)
⊢ {𝐴, 𝐵} = {𝑥 ∣ (𝑥 = 𝐴 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝐵)}
Theorem	elprg 3686	A member of an unordered pair of classes is one or the other of them. Exercise 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15, generalized. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵, 𝐶} ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐵 ∨ 𝐴 = 𝐶)))
Theorem	elpr 3687	A member of an unordered pair of classes is one or the other of them. Exercise 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-1995.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵, 𝐶} ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐵 ∨ 𝐴 = 𝐶))
Theorem	elpr2 3688	A member of an unordered pair of classes is one or the other of them. Exercise 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.)
⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V    &   ⊢ 𝐶 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵, 𝐶} ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐵 ∨ 𝐴 = 𝐶))
Theorem	elpri 3689	If a class is an element of a pair, then it is one of the two paired elements. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 1-Apr-2011.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵, 𝐶} → (𝐴 = 𝐵 ∨ 𝐴 = 𝐶))
Theorem	nelpri 3690	If an element doesn't match the items in an unordered pair, it is not in the unordered pair. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 10-May-2015.)
⊢ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵    &   ⊢ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶    ⇒   ⊢ ¬ 𝐴 ∈ {𝐵, 𝐶}
Theorem	prneli 3691	If an element doesn't match the items in an unordered pair, it is not in the unordered pair, using ∉. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 10-May-2015.)
⊢ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵    &   ⊢ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 ∉ {𝐵, 𝐶}
Theorem	nelprd 3692	If an element doesn't match the items in an unordered pair, it is not in the unordered pair, deduction version. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 25-Jan-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 𝐴 ∈ {𝐵, 𝐶})
Theorem	eldifpr 3693	Membership in a set with two elements removed. Similar to eldifsn 3795 and eldiftp 3712. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Jul-2017.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (𝐵 ∖ {𝐶, 𝐷}) ↔ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐷))
Theorem	rexdifpr 3694	Restricted existential quantification over a set with two elements removed. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 7-Feb-2018.)
⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵, 𝐶})𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑥 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝑥 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ 𝜑))
Theorem	snidg 3695	A set is a member of its singleton. Part of Theorem 7.6 of [Quine] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 28-Oct-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → 𝐴 ∈ {𝐴})
Theorem	snidb 3696	A class is a set iff it is a member of its singleton. (Contributed by NM, 5-Apr-2004.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V ↔ 𝐴 ∈ {𝐴})
Theorem	snid 3697	A set is a member of its singleton. Part of Theorem 7.6 of [Quine] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 31-Dec-1993.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 ∈ {𝐴}
Theorem	vsnid 3698	A setvar variable is a member of its singleton (common case). (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 8-Dec-2018.)
⊢ 𝑥 ∈ {𝑥}
Theorem	elsn2g 3699	There is only one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. This variation requires only that 𝐵, rather than 𝐴, be a set. (Contributed by NM, 28-Oct-2003.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵} ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
Theorem	elsn2 3700	There is only one element in a singleton. Exercise 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. This variation requires only that 𝐵, rather than 𝐴, be a set. (Contributed by NM, 12-Jun-1994.)
⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {𝐵} ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵)