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Type | Label | Description |
---|---|---|
Statement | ||
Theorem | onun2 4401 | The union of two ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ 𝐵 ∈ On) → (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∈ On) | ||
Theorem | onun2i 4402 | The union of two ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jun-1994.) (Constructive proof by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On & ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ On ⇒ ⊢ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∈ On | ||
Theorem | ordsson 4403 | Any ordinal class is a subclass of the class of ordinal numbers. Corollary 7.15 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 38. (Contributed by NM, 18-May-1994.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → 𝐴 ⊆ On) | ||
Theorem | onss 4404 | An ordinal number is a subset of the class of ordinal numbers. (Contributed by NM, 5-Jun-1994.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → 𝐴 ⊆ On) | ||
Theorem | onuni 4405 | The union of an ordinal number is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 29-Sep-2006.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → ∪ 𝐴 ∈ On) | ||
Theorem | orduni 4406 | The union of an ordinal class is ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 12-Sep-2003.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → Ord ∪ 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | bm2.5ii 4407* | Problem 2.5(ii) of [BellMachover] p. 471. (Contributed by NM, 20-Sep-2003.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V ⇒ ⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ On → ∪ 𝐴 = ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 𝑦 ⊆ 𝑥}) | ||
Theorem | sucexb 4408 | A successor exists iff its class argument exists. (Contributed by NM, 22-Jun-1998.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V ↔ suc 𝐴 ∈ V) | ||
Theorem | sucexg 4409 | The successor of a set is a set (generalization). (Contributed by NM, 5-Jun-1994.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → suc 𝐴 ∈ V) | ||
Theorem | sucex 4410 | The successor of a set is a set. (Contributed by NM, 30-Aug-1993.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V ⇒ ⊢ suc 𝐴 ∈ V | ||
Theorem | ordsucim 4411 | The successor of an ordinal class is ordinal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Nov-2018.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → Ord suc 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | suceloni 4412 | The successor of an ordinal number is an ordinal number. Proposition 7.24 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 41. (Contributed by NM, 6-Jun-1994.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → suc 𝐴 ∈ On) | ||
Theorem | ordsucg 4413 | The successor of an ordinal class is ordinal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Nov-2018.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V → (Ord 𝐴 ↔ Ord suc 𝐴)) | ||
Theorem | sucelon 4414 | The successor of an ordinal number is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 9-Sep-2003.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On ↔ suc 𝐴 ∈ On) | ||
Theorem | ordsucss 4415 | The successor of an element of an ordinal class is a subset of it. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1998.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐵 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → suc 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)) | ||
Theorem | ordelsuc 4416 | A set belongs to an ordinal iff its successor is a subset of the ordinal. Exercise 8 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 42 and its converse. (Contributed by NM, 29-Nov-2003.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ Ord 𝐵) → (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ↔ suc 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)) | ||
Theorem | onsucssi 4417 | A set belongs to an ordinal number iff its successor is a subset of the ordinal number. Exercise 8 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 42 and its converse. (Contributed by NM, 16-Sep-1995.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On & ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ On ⇒ ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ↔ suc 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵) | ||
Theorem | onsucmin 4418* | The successor of an ordinal number is the smallest larger ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 28-Nov-2003.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → suc 𝐴 = ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑥}) | ||
Theorem | onsucelsucr 4419 | Membership is inherited by predecessors. The converse, for all ordinals, implies excluded middle, as shown at onsucelsucexmid 4440. However, the converse does hold where 𝐵 is a natural number, as seen at nnsucelsuc 6380. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ On → (suc 𝐴 ∈ suc 𝐵 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵)) | ||
Theorem | onsucsssucr 4420 | The subclass relationship between two ordinals is inherited by their predecessors. The converse implies excluded middle, as shown at onsucsssucexmid 4437. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ Ord 𝐵) → (suc 𝐴 ⊆ suc 𝐵 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)) | ||
Theorem | sucunielr 4421 | Successor and union. The converse (where 𝐵 is an ordinal) implies excluded middle, as seen at ordsucunielexmid 4441. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.) |
⊢ (suc 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → 𝐴 ∈ ∪ 𝐵) | ||
Theorem | unon 4422 | The class of all ordinal numbers is its own union. Exercise 11 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 40. (Contributed by NM, 12-Nov-2003.) |
⊢ ∪ On = On | ||
Theorem | onuniss2 4423* | The union of the ordinal subsets of an ordinal number is that number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → ∪ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴} = 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | limon 4424 | The class of ordinal numbers is a limit ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 24-Mar-1995.) |
⊢ Lim On | ||
Theorem | ordunisuc2r 4425* | An ordinal which contains the successor of each of its members is equal to its union. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Nov-2018.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 suc 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝐴 = ∪ 𝐴)) | ||
Theorem | onssi 4426 | An ordinal number is a subset of On. (Contributed by NM, 11-Aug-1994.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On ⇒ ⊢ 𝐴 ⊆ On | ||
Theorem | onsuci 4427 | The successor of an ordinal number is an ordinal number. Corollary 7N(c) of [Enderton] p. 193. (Contributed by NM, 12-Jun-1994.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On ⇒ ⊢ suc 𝐴 ∈ On | ||
Theorem | onintonm 4428* | The intersection of an inhabited collection of ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. Compare Exercise 6 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 44. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 30-Aug-2021.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ On ∧ ∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → ∩ 𝐴 ∈ On) | ||
Theorem | onintrab2im 4429 | An existence condition which implies an intersection is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Aug-2021.) |
⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ On 𝜑 → ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝜑} ∈ On) | ||
Theorem | ordtriexmidlem 4430 | Lemma for decidability and ordinals. The set {𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} is a way of connecting statements about ordinals (such as trichotomy in ordtriexmid 4432 or weak linearity in ordsoexmid 4472) with a proposition 𝜑. Our lemma states that it is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jan-2019.) |
⊢ {𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} ∈ On | ||
Theorem | ordtriexmidlem2 4431* | Lemma for decidability and ordinals. The set {𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} is a way of connecting statements about ordinals (such as trichotomy in ordtriexmid 4432 or weak linearity in ordsoexmid 4472) with a proposition 𝜑. Our lemma helps connect that set to excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jan-2019.) |
⊢ ({𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} = ∅ → ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | ordtriexmid 4432* |
Ordinal trichotomy implies the law of the excluded middle (that is,
decidability of an arbitrary proposition).
This theorem is stated in "Constructive ordinals", [Crosilla], p. "Set-theoretic principles incompatible with intuitionistic logic". (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 14-Nov-2018.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | ordtri2orexmid 4433* | Ordinal trichotomy implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ⊆ 𝑥) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | 2ordpr 4434 | Version of 2on 6315 with the definition of 2o expanded and expressed in terms of Ord. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.) |
⊢ Ord {∅, {∅}} | ||
Theorem | ontr2exmid 4435* | An ordinal transitivity law which implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Sep-2021.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦∀𝑧 ∈ On ((𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑧) → 𝑥 ∈ 𝑧) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | ordtri2or2exmidlem 4436* | A set which is 2o if 𝜑 or ∅ if ¬ 𝜑 is an ordinal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.) |
⊢ {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ 𝜑} ∈ On | ||
Theorem | onsucsssucexmid 4437* | The converse of onsucsssucr 4420 implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦 → suc 𝑥 ⊆ suc 𝑦) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | onsucelsucexmidlem1 4438* | Lemma for onsucelsucexmid 4440. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.) |
⊢ ∅ ∈ {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = ∅ ∨ 𝜑)} | ||
Theorem | onsucelsucexmidlem 4439* | Lemma for onsucelsucexmid 4440. The set {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = ∅ ∨ 𝜑)} appears as 𝐴 in the proof of Theorem 1.3 in [Bauer] p. 483 (see acexmidlema 5758), and similar sets also appear in other proofs that various propositions imply excluded middle, for example in ordtriexmidlem 4430. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.) |
⊢ {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = ∅ ∨ 𝜑)} ∈ On | ||
Theorem | onsucelsucexmid 4440* | The converse of onsucelsucr 4419 implies excluded middle. On the other hand, if 𝑦 is constrained to be a natural number, instead of an arbitrary ordinal, then the converse of onsucelsucr 4419 does hold, as seen at nnsucelsuc 6380. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 → suc 𝑥 ∈ suc 𝑦) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | ordsucunielexmid 4441* | The converse of sucunielr 4421 (where 𝐵 is an ordinal) implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ ∪ 𝑦 → suc 𝑥 ∈ 𝑦) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | regexmidlemm 4442* | Lemma for regexmid 4445. 𝐴 is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2019.) |
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))} ⇒ ⊢ ∃𝑦 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 | ||
Theorem | regexmidlem1 4443* | Lemma for regexmid 4445. If 𝐴 has a minimal element, excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2019.) |
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))} ⇒ ⊢ (∃𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑧(𝑧 ∈ 𝑦 → ¬ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)) | ||
Theorem | reg2exmidlema 4444* | Lemma for reg2exmid 4446. If 𝐴 has a minimal element (expressed by ⊆), excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Oct-2021.) |
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))} ⇒ ⊢ (∃𝑢 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝐴 𝑢 ⊆ 𝑣 → (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)) | ||
Theorem | regexmid 4445* |
The axiom of foundation implies excluded middle.
By foundation (or regularity), we mean the principle that every inhabited set has an element which is minimal (when arranged by ∈). The statement of foundation here is taken from Metamath Proof Explorer's ax-reg, and is identical (modulo one unnecessary quantifier) to the statement of foundation in Theorem "Foundation implies instances of EM" of [Crosilla], p. "Set-theoretic principles incompatible with intuitionistic logic". For this reason, IZF does not adopt foundation as an axiom and instead replaces it with ax-setind 4447. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2019.) |
⊢ (∃𝑦 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 → ∃𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑧(𝑧 ∈ 𝑦 → ¬ 𝑧 ∈ 𝑥))) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | reg2exmid 4446* | If any inhabited set has a minimal element (when expressed by ⊆), excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Oct-2021.) |
⊢ ∀𝑧(∃𝑤 𝑤 ∈ 𝑧 → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑧 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Axiom | ax-setind 4447* |
Axiom of ∈-Induction (also known as set
induction). An axiom of
Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Axiom 9 of [Crosilla] p.
"Axioms of CZF and IZF". This replaces the Axiom of
Foundation (also
called Regularity) from Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.
For more on axioms which might be adopted which are incompatible with this axiom (that is, Non-wellfounded Set Theory but in the absence of excluded middle), see Chapter 20 of [AczelRathjen], p. 183. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Oct-2018.) |
⊢ (∀𝑎(∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑎 [𝑦 / 𝑎]𝜑 → 𝜑) → ∀𝑎𝜑) | ||
Theorem | setindel 4448* | ∈-Induction in terms of membership in a class. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 22-Oct-2018.) |
⊢ (∀𝑥(∀𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 → 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆) → 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆) → 𝑆 = V) | ||
Theorem | setind 4449* | Set (epsilon) induction. Theorem 5.22 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 21. (Contributed by NM, 17-Sep-2003.) |
⊢ (∀𝑥(𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 → 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐴 = V) | ||
Theorem | setind2 4450 | Set (epsilon) induction, stated compactly. Given as a homework problem in 1992 by George Boolos (1940-1996). (Contributed by NM, 17-Sep-2003.) |
⊢ (𝒫 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴 → 𝐴 = V) | ||
Theorem | elirr 4451 |
No class is a member of itself. Exercise 6 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 22.
The reason that this theorem is marked as discouraged is a bit subtle. If we wanted to reduce usage of ax-setind 4447, we could redefine Ord 𝐴 (df-iord 4283) to also require E Fr 𝐴 (df-frind 4249) and in that case any theorem related to irreflexivity of ordinals could use ordirr 4452 (which under that definition would presumably not need ax-setind 4447 to prove it). But since ordinals have not yet been defined that way, we cannot rely on the "don't add additional axiom use" feature of the minimizer to get theorems to use ordirr 4452. To encourage ordirr 4452 when possible, we mark this theorem as discouraged. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.) (Proof rewritten by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 26-Nov-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.) |
⊢ ¬ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴 | ||
Theorem | ordirr 4452 | Epsilon irreflexivity of ordinals: no ordinal class is a member of itself. Theorem 2.2(i) of [BellMachover] p. 469, generalized to classes. The present proof requires ax-setind 4447. If in the definition of ordinals df-iord 4283, we also required that membership be well-founded on any ordinal (see df-frind 4249), then we could prove ordirr 4452 without ax-setind 4447. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-1994.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → ¬ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | onirri 4453 | An ordinal number is not a member of itself. Theorem 7M(c) of [Enderton] p. 192. (Contributed by NM, 11-Jun-1994.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On ⇒ ⊢ ¬ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴 | ||
Theorem | nordeq 4454 | A member of an ordinal class is not equal to it. (Contributed by NM, 25-May-1998.) |
⊢ ((Ord 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) | ||
Theorem | ordn2lp 4455 | An ordinal class cannot be an element of one of its members. Variant of first part of Theorem 2.2(vii) of [BellMachover] p. 469. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → ¬ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)) | ||
Theorem | orddisj 4456 | An ordinal class and its singleton are disjoint. (Contributed by NM, 19-May-1998.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → (𝐴 ∩ {𝐴}) = ∅) | ||
Theorem | orddif 4457 | Ordinal derived from its successor. (Contributed by NM, 20-May-1998.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → 𝐴 = (suc 𝐴 ∖ {𝐴})) | ||
Theorem | elirrv 4458 | The membership relation is irreflexive: no set is a member of itself. Theorem 105 of [Suppes] p. 54. (Contributed by NM, 19-Aug-1993.) |
⊢ ¬ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥 | ||
Theorem | sucprcreg 4459 | A class is equal to its successor iff it is a proper class (assuming the Axiom of Set Induction). (Contributed by NM, 9-Jul-2004.) |
⊢ (¬ 𝐴 ∈ V ↔ suc 𝐴 = 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | ruv 4460 | The Russell class is equal to the universe V. Exercise 5 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 22. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 4-Oct-2008.) |
⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} = V | ||
Theorem | ruALT 4461 | Alternate proof of Russell's Paradox ru 2903, simplified using (indirectly) the Axiom of Set Induction ax-setind 4447. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 4-Oct-2008.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.) |
⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∉ V | ||
Theorem | onprc 4462 | No set contains all ordinal numbers. Proposition 7.13 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 38. This is also known as the Burali-Forti paradox (remark in [Enderton] p. 194). In 1897, Cesare Burali-Forti noticed that since the "set" of all ordinal numbers is an ordinal class (ordon 4397), it must be both an element of the set of all ordinal numbers yet greater than every such element. ZF set theory resolves this paradox by not allowing the class of all ordinal numbers to be a set (so instead it is a proper class). Here we prove the denial of its existence. (Contributed by NM, 18-May-1994.) |
⊢ ¬ On ∈ V | ||
Theorem | sucon 4463 | The class of all ordinal numbers is its own successor. (Contributed by NM, 12-Sep-2003.) |
⊢ suc On = On | ||
Theorem | en2lp 4464 | No class has 2-cycle membership loops. Theorem 7X(b) of [Enderton] p. 206. (Contributed by NM, 16-Oct-1996.) (Proof rewritten by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 27-Nov-2018.) |
⊢ ¬ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | preleq 4465 | Equality of two unordered pairs when one member of each pair contains the other member. (Contributed by NM, 16-Oct-1996.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V & ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V & ⊢ 𝐶 ∈ V & ⊢ 𝐷 ∈ V ⇒ ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐷) ∧ {𝐴, 𝐵} = {𝐶, 𝐷}) → (𝐴 = 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 = 𝐷)) | ||
Theorem | opthreg 4466 | Theorem for alternate representation of ordered pairs, requiring the Axiom of Set Induction ax-setind 4447 (via the preleq 4465 step). See df-op 3531 for a description of other ordered pair representations. Exercise 34 of [Enderton] p. 207. (Contributed by NM, 16-Oct-1996.) |
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V & ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V & ⊢ 𝐶 ∈ V & ⊢ 𝐷 ∈ V ⇒ ⊢ ({𝐴, {𝐴, 𝐵}} = {𝐶, {𝐶, 𝐷}} ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 = 𝐷)) | ||
Theorem | suc11g 4467 | The successor operation behaves like a one-to-one function (assuming the Axiom of Set Induction). Similar to Exercise 35 of [Enderton] p. 208 and its converse. (Contributed by NM, 25-Oct-2003.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑊) → (suc 𝐴 = suc 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵)) | ||
Theorem | suc11 4468 | The successor operation behaves like a one-to-one function. Compare Exercise 16 of [Enderton] p. 194. (Contributed by NM, 3-Sep-2003.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ 𝐵 ∈ On) → (suc 𝐴 = suc 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵)) | ||
Theorem | dtruex 4469* | At least two sets exist (or in terms of first-order logic, the universe of discourse has two or more objects). Although dtruarb 4110 can also be summarized as "at least two sets exist", the difference is that dtruarb 4110 shows the existence of two sets which are not equal to each other, but this theorem says that given a specific 𝑦, we can construct a set 𝑥 which does not equal it. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Dec-2018.) |
⊢ ∃𝑥 ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 | ||
Theorem | dtru 4470* | At least two sets exist (or in terms of first-order logic, the universe of discourse has two or more objects). If we assumed the law of the excluded middle this would be equivalent to dtruex 4469. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Dec-2018.) |
⊢ ¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 | ||
Theorem | eunex 4471 | Existential uniqueness implies there is a value for which the wff argument is false. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Dec-2018.) |
⊢ (∃!𝑥𝜑 → ∃𝑥 ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | ordsoexmid 4472 | Weak linearity of ordinals implies the law of the excluded middle (that is, decidability of an arbitrary proposition). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jan-2019.) |
⊢ E Or On ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | ordsuc 4473 | The successor of an ordinal class is ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1995.) (Constructive proof by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 20-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 ↔ Ord suc 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | onsucuni2 4474 | A successor ordinal is the successor of its union. (Contributed by NM, 10-Dec-2004.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 27-Aug-2011.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ 𝐴 = suc 𝐵) → suc ∪ 𝐴 = 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | 0elsucexmid 4475* | If the successor of any ordinal class contains the empty set, excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2021.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∅ ∈ suc 𝑥 ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | nlimsucg 4476 | A successor is not a limit ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 25-Mar-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 27-Aug-2011.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → ¬ Lim suc 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | ordpwsucss 4477 |
The collection of ordinals in the power class of an ordinal is a
superset of its successor.
We can think of (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ On) as another possible definition of successor, which would be equivalent to df-suc 4288 given excluded middle. It is an ordinal, and has some successor-like properties. For example, if 𝐴 ∈ On then both ∪ suc 𝐴 = 𝐴 (onunisuci 4349) and ∪ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴} = 𝐴 (onuniss2 4423). Constructively (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ On) and suc 𝐴 cannot be shown to be equivalent (as proved at ordpwsucexmid 4480). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → suc 𝐴 ⊆ (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ On)) | ||
Theorem | onnmin 4478 | No member of a set of ordinal numbers belongs to its minimum. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-1997.) (Constructive proof by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 21-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ On ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → ¬ 𝐵 ∈ ∩ 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | ssnel 4479 | Relationship between subset and elementhood. In the context of ordinals this can be seen as an ordering law. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 22-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 → ¬ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | ordpwsucexmid 4480* | The subset in ordpwsucss 4477 cannot be equality. That is, strengthening it to equality implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Jul-2019.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On suc 𝑥 = (𝒫 𝑥 ∩ On) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | ordtri2or2exmid 4481* | Ordinal trichotomy implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.) |
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ⊆ 𝑥) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | onintexmid 4482* | If the intersection (infimum) of an inhabited class of ordinal numbers belongs to the class, excluded middle follows. The hypothesis would be provable given excluded middle. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.) |
⊢ ((𝑦 ⊆ On ∧ ∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑦) → ∩ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | zfregfr 4483 | The epsilon relation is well-founded on any class. (Contributed by NM, 26-Nov-1995.) |
⊢ E Fr 𝐴 | ||
Theorem | ordfr 4484 | Epsilon is well-founded on an ordinal class. (Contributed by NM, 22-Apr-1994.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → E Fr 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | ordwe 4485 | Epsilon well-orders every ordinal. Proposition 7.4 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 36. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.) |
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → E We 𝐴) | ||
Theorem | wetriext 4486* | A trichotomous well-order is extensional. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Sep-2021.) |
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 We 𝐴) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉) & ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑎𝑅𝑏 ∨ 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∨ 𝑏𝑅𝑎)) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴) & ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑧𝑅𝐵 ↔ 𝑧𝑅𝐶)) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 = 𝐶) | ||
Theorem | wessep 4487 | A subset of a set well-ordered by set membership is well-ordered by set membership. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Sep-2021.) |
⊢ (( E We 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴) → E We 𝐵) | ||
Theorem | reg3exmidlemwe 4488* | Lemma for reg3exmid 4489. Our counterexample 𝐴 satisfies We. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Oct-2021.) |
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))} ⇒ ⊢ E We 𝐴 | ||
Theorem | reg3exmid 4489* | If any inhabited set satisfying df-wetr 4251 for E has a minimal element, excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Oct-2021.) |
⊢ (( E We 𝑧 ∧ ∃𝑤 𝑤 ∈ 𝑧) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑧 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | dcextest 4490* | If it is decidable whether {𝑥 ∣ 𝜑} is a set, then ¬ 𝜑 is decidable (where 𝑥 does not occur in 𝜑). From this fact, we can deduce (outside the formal system, since we cannot quantify over classes) that if it is decidable whether any class is a set, then "weak excluded middle" (that is, any negated proposition ¬ 𝜑 is decidable) holds. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Jul-2022.) |
⊢ DECID {𝑥 ∣ 𝜑} ∈ V ⇒ ⊢ DECID ¬ 𝜑 | ||
Theorem | tfi 4491* |
The Principle of Transfinite Induction. Theorem 7.17 of [TakeutiZaring]
p. 39. This principle states that if 𝐴 is a class of ordinal
numbers with the property that every ordinal number included in 𝐴
also belongs to 𝐴, then every ordinal number is in
𝐴.
(Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2004.) |
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ On ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 → 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴)) → 𝐴 = On) | ||
Theorem | tfis 4492* | Transfinite Induction Schema. If all ordinal numbers less than a given number 𝑥 have a property (induction hypothesis), then all ordinal numbers have the property (conclusion). Exercise 25 of [Enderton] p. 200. (Contributed by NM, 1-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 20-Nov-2016.) |
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 → 𝜑)) ⇒ ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | tfis2f 4493* | Transfinite Induction Schema, using implicit substitution. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1994.) |
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓 & ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)) & ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 𝜓 → 𝜑)) ⇒ ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | tfis2 4494* | Transfinite Induction Schema, using implicit substitution. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1994.) |
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)) & ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 𝜓 → 𝜑)) ⇒ ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → 𝜑) | ||
Theorem | tfis3 4495* | Transfinite Induction Schema, using implicit substitution. (Contributed by NM, 4-Nov-2003.) |
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)) & ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒)) & ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 𝜓 → 𝜑)) ⇒ ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → 𝜒) | ||
Theorem | tfisi 4496* | A transfinite induction scheme in "implicit" form where the induction is done on an object derived from the object of interest. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 24-Aug-2015.) |
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉) & ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑇 ∈ On) & ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑅 ∈ On ∧ 𝑅 ⊆ 𝑇) ∧ ∀𝑦(𝑆 ∈ 𝑅 → 𝜒)) → 𝜓) & ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒)) & ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃)) & ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑅 = 𝑆) & ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → 𝑅 = 𝑇) ⇒ ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝜃) | ||
Axiom | ax-iinf 4497* | Axiom of Infinity. Axiom 5 of [Crosilla] p. "Axioms of CZF and IZF". (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Nov-2018.) |
⊢ ∃𝑥(∅ ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 → suc 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥)) | ||
Theorem | zfinf2 4498* | A standard version of the Axiom of Infinity, using definitions to abbreviate. Axiom Inf of [BellMachover] p. 472. (Contributed by NM, 30-Aug-1993.) |
⊢ ∃𝑥(∅ ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 suc 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥) | ||
Syntax | com 4499 | Extend class notation to include the class of natural numbers. |
class ω | ||
Definition | df-iom 4500* |
Define the class of natural numbers as the smallest inductive set, which
is valid provided we assume the Axiom of Infinity. Definition 6.3 of
[Eisenberg] p. 82.
Note: the natural numbers ω are a subset of the ordinal numbers df-on 4285. Later, when we define complex numbers, we will be able to also define a subset of the complex numbers with analogous properties and operations, but they will be different sets. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-1994.) Use its alias dfom3 4501 instead for naming consistency with set.mm. (New usage is discouraged.) |
⊢ ω = ∩ {𝑥 ∣ (∅ ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 suc 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥)} |
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