HomeHome Intuitionistic Logic Explorer
Theorem List (p. 15 of 130)
< Previous  Next >
Bad symbols? Try the
GIF version.

Mirrors  >  Metamath Home Page  >  ILE Home Page  >  Theorem List Contents  >  Recent Proofs       This page: Page List

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 1401-1500   *Has distinct variable group(s)
TypeLabelDescription
Statement
 
Theoremexpdcom 1401 Commuted form of expd 256. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 18-Mar-2012.)
(𝜑 → ((𝜓𝜒) → 𝜃))       (𝜓 → (𝜒 → (𝜑𝜃)))
 
Theoremsimplbi2comg 1402 Implication form of simplbi2com 1403. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 22-Jul-2012.)
((𝜑 ↔ (𝜓𝜒)) → (𝜒 → (𝜓𝜑)))
 
Theoremsimplbi2com 1403 A deduction eliminating a conjunct, similar to simplbi2 380. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 22-Jul-2012.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 10-Nov-2012.)
(𝜑 ↔ (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜒 → (𝜓𝜑))
 
Theoremsyl6ci 1404 A syllogism inference combined with contraction. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 18-Mar-2012.)
(𝜑 → (𝜓𝜒))    &   (𝜑𝜃)    &   (𝜒 → (𝜃𝜏))       (𝜑 → (𝜓𝜏))
 
Theoremmpisyl 1405 A syllogism combined with a modus ponens inference. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 25-Jul-2011.)
(𝜑𝜓)    &   𝜒    &   (𝜓 → (𝜒𝜃))       (𝜑𝜃)
 
1.3  Predicate calculus mostly without distinct variables
 
1.3.1  Universal quantifier (continued)

The universal quantifier was introduced above in wal 1312 for use by df-tru 1317. See the comments in that section. In this section, we continue with the first "real" use of it.

 
Axiomax-5 1406 Axiom of Quantified Implication. Axiom C4 of [Monk2] p. 105. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) → (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓))
 
Axiomax-7 1407 Axiom of Quantifier Commutation. This axiom says universal quantifiers can be swapped. One of the predicate logic axioms which do not involve equality. Axiom scheme C6' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). Also appears as Lemma 12 of [Monk2] p. 109 and Axiom C5-3 of [Monk2] p. 113. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥𝑦𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝑥𝜑)
 
Axiomax-gen 1408 Rule of Generalization. The postulated inference rule of predicate calculus. See e.g. Rule 2 of [Hamilton] p. 74. This rule says that if something is unconditionally true, then it is true for all values of a variable. For example, if we have proved 𝑥 = 𝑥, we can conclude 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥 or even 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑥. Theorem spi 1499 shows we can go the other way also: in other words we can add or remove universal quantifiers from the beginning of any theorem as required. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
𝜑       𝑥𝜑
 
Theoremgen2 1409 Generalization applied twice. (Contributed by NM, 30-Apr-1998.)
𝜑       𝑥𝑦𝜑
 
Theoremmpg 1410 Modus ponens combined with generalization. (Contributed by NM, 24-May-1994.)
(∀𝑥𝜑𝜓)    &   𝜑       𝜓
 
Theoremmpgbi 1411 Modus ponens on biconditional combined with generalization. (Contributed by NM, 24-May-1994.) (Proof shortened by Stefan Allan, 28-Oct-2008.)
(∀𝑥𝜑𝜓)    &   𝜑       𝜓
 
Theoremmpgbir 1412 Modus ponens on biconditional combined with generalization. (Contributed by NM, 24-May-1994.) (Proof shortened by Stefan Allan, 28-Oct-2008.)
(𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑥𝜓)    &   𝜓       𝜑
 
Theorema7s 1413 Swap quantifiers in an antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥𝑦𝜑𝜓)       (∀𝑦𝑥𝜑𝜓)
 
Theoremalimi 1414 Inference quantifying both antecedent and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(𝜑𝜓)       (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓)
 
Theorem2alimi 1415 Inference doubly quantifying both antecedent and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2005.)
(𝜑𝜓)       (∀𝑥𝑦𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝑦𝜓)
 
Theoremalim 1416 Theorem 19.20 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by O'Cat, 30-Mar-2008.)
(∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) → (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓))
 
Theoremal2imi 1417 Inference quantifying antecedent, nested antecedent, and consequent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(𝜑 → (𝜓𝜒))       (∀𝑥𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜒))
 
Theoremalanimi 1418 Variant of al2imi 1417 with conjunctive antecedent. (Contributed by Andrew Salmon, 8-Jun-2011.)
((𝜑𝜓) → 𝜒)       ((∀𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∀𝑥𝜓) → ∀𝑥𝜒)
 
Syntaxwnf 1419 Extend wff definition to include the not-free predicate.
wff 𝑥𝜑
 
Definitiondf-nf 1420 Define the not-free predicate for wffs. This is read "𝑥 is not free in 𝜑". Not-free means that the value of 𝑥 cannot affect the value of 𝜑, e.g., any occurrence of 𝑥 in 𝜑 is effectively bound by a "for all" or something that expands to one (such as "there exists"). In particular, substitution for a variable not free in a wff does not affect its value (sbf 1733). An example of where this is used is stdpc5 1546. See nf2 1629 for an alternate definition which does not involve nested quantifiers on the same variable.

Not-free is a commonly used constraint, so it is useful to have a notation for it. Surprisingly, there is no common formal notation for it, so here we devise one. Our definition lets us work with the not-free notion within the logic itself rather than as a metalogical side condition.

To be precise, our definition really means "effectively not free," because it is slightly less restrictive than the usual textbook definition for not-free (which only considers syntactic freedom). For example, 𝑥 is effectively not free in the bare expression 𝑥 = 𝑥, even though 𝑥 would be considered free in the usual textbook definition, because the value of 𝑥 in the expression 𝑥 = 𝑥 cannot affect the truth of the expression (and thus substitution will not change the result). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)

(Ⅎ𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑥(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑))
 
Theoremnfi 1421 Deduce that 𝑥 is not free in 𝜑 from the definition. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)       𝑥𝜑
 
Theoremhbth 1422 No variable is (effectively) free in a theorem.

This and later "hypothesis-building" lemmas, with labels starting "hb...", allow us to construct proofs of formulas of the form (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑) from smaller formulas of this form. These are useful for constructing hypotheses that state "𝑥 is (effectively) not free in 𝜑." (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)

𝜑       (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremnfth 1423 No variable is (effectively) free in a theorem. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
𝜑       𝑥𝜑
 
Theoremnfnth 1424 No variable is (effectively) free in a non-theorem. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Dec-2016.)
¬ 𝜑       𝑥𝜑
 
Theoremnftru 1425 The true constant has no free variables. (This can also be proven in one step with nfv 1491, but this proof does not use ax-17 1489.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Oct-2016.)
𝑥
 
Theoremalimdh 1426 Deduction from Theorem 19.20 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jan-2002.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)    &   (𝜑 → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜒))
 
Theoremalbi 1427 Theorem 19.15 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) → (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑥𝜓))
 
Theoremalrimih 1428 Inference from Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (New usage is discouraged.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)    &   (𝜑𝜓)       (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓)
 
Theoremalbii 1429 Inference adding universal quantifier to both sides of an equivalence. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.)
(𝜑𝜓)       (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑥𝜓)
 
Theorem2albii 1430 Inference adding 2 universal quantifiers to both sides of an equivalence. (Contributed by NM, 9-Mar-1997.)
(𝜑𝜓)       (∀𝑥𝑦𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑥𝑦𝜓)
 
Theoremhbxfrbi 1431 A utility lemma to transfer a bound-variable hypothesis builder into a definition. (Contributed by Jonathan Ben-Naim, 3-Jun-2011.)
(𝜑𝜓)    &   (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓)       (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremnfbii 1432 Equality theorem for not-free. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
(𝜑𝜓)       (Ⅎ𝑥𝜑 ↔ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)
 
Theoremnfxfr 1433 A utility lemma to transfer a bound-variable hypothesis builder into a definition. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
(𝜑𝜓)    &   𝑥𝜓       𝑥𝜑
 
Theoremnfxfrd 1434 A utility lemma to transfer a bound-variable hypothesis builder into a definition. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
(𝜑𝜓)    &   (𝜒 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)       (𝜒 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremalcoms 1435 Swap quantifiers in an antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 11-May-1993.)
(∀𝑥𝑦𝜑𝜓)       (∀𝑦𝑥𝜑𝜓)
 
Theoremhbal 1436 If 𝑥 is not free in 𝜑, it is not free in 𝑦𝜑. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)       (∀𝑦𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝑦𝜑)
 
Theoremalcom 1437 Theorem 19.5 of [Margaris] p. 89. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥𝑦𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremalrimdh 1438 Deduction from Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 13-May-2011.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)    &   (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓)    &   (𝜑 → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜒))
 
Theoremalbidh 1439 Formula-building rule for universal quantifier (deduction form). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)    &   (𝜑 → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑥𝜒))
 
Theorem19.26 1440 Theorem 19.26 of [Margaris] p. 90. Also Theorem *10.22 of [WhiteheadRussell] p. 119. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 4-Jul-2014.)
(∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∀𝑥𝜓))
 
Theorem19.26-2 1441 Theorem 19.26 of [Margaris] p. 90 with two quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2005.)
(∀𝑥𝑦(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥𝑦𝜑 ∧ ∀𝑥𝑦𝜓))
 
Theorem19.26-3an 1442 Theorem 19.26 of [Margaris] p. 90 with triple conjunction. (Contributed by NM, 13-Sep-2011.)
(∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓𝜒) ↔ (∀𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∀𝑥𝜓 ∧ ∀𝑥𝜒))
 
Theorem19.33 1443 Theorem 19.33 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
((∀𝑥𝜑 ∨ ∀𝑥𝜓) → ∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓))
 
Theoremalrot3 1444 Theorem *11.21 in [WhiteheadRussell] p. 160. (Contributed by Andrew Salmon, 24-May-2011.)
(∀𝑥𝑦𝑧𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝑧𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremalrot4 1445 Rotate 4 universal quantifiers twice. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2005.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 28-Jun-2014.)
(∀𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑤𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑧𝑤𝑥𝑦𝜑)
 
Theoremalbiim 1446 Split a biconditional and distribute quantifier. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) ∧ ∀𝑥(𝜓𝜑)))
 
Theorem2albiim 1447 Split a biconditional and distribute 2 quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2005.)
(∀𝑥𝑦(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥𝑦(𝜑𝜓) ∧ ∀𝑥𝑦(𝜓𝜑)))
 
Theoremhband 1448 Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hban 1509. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.)
(𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))    &   (𝜑 → (𝜒 → ∀𝑥𝜒))       (𝜑 → ((𝜓𝜒) → ∀𝑥(𝜓𝜒)))
 
Theoremhb3and 1449 Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hb3an 1512. (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2013.)
(𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))    &   (𝜑 → (𝜒 → ∀𝑥𝜒))    &   (𝜑 → (𝜃 → ∀𝑥𝜃))       (𝜑 → ((𝜓𝜒𝜃) → ∀𝑥(𝜓𝜒𝜃)))
 
Theoremhbald 1450 Deduction form of bound-variable hypothesis builder hbal 1436. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝜑)    &   (𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))       (𝜑 → (∀𝑦𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝑦𝜓))
 
Syntaxwex 1451 Extend wff definition to include the existential quantifier ("there exists").
wff 𝑥𝜑
 
Axiomax-ie1 1452 𝑥 is bound in 𝑥𝜑. One of the axioms of predicate logic. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
(∃𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝑥𝜑)
 
Axiomax-ie2 1453 Define existential quantification. 𝑥𝜑 means "there exists at least one set 𝑥 such that 𝜑 is true." One of the axioms of predicate logic. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
(∀𝑥(𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓) → (∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑𝜓)))
 
Theoremhbe1 1454 𝑥 is not free in 𝑥𝜑. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∃𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremnfe1 1455 𝑥 is not free in 𝑥𝜑. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
𝑥𝑥𝜑
 
Theorem19.23ht 1456 Closed form of Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 1-Feb-2015.)
(∀𝑥(𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓) → (∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑𝜓)))
 
Theorem19.23h 1457 Theorem 19.23 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 1-Feb-2015.)
(𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓)       (∀𝑥(𝜑𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑𝜓))
 
Theoremalnex 1458 Theorem 19.7 of [Margaris] p. 89. To read this intuitionistically, think of it as "if 𝜑 can be refuted for all 𝑥, then it is not possible to find an 𝑥 for which 𝜑 holds" (and likewise for the converse). Comparing this with dfexdc 1460 illustrates that statements which look similar (to someone used to classical logic) can be different intuitionistically due to different placement of negations. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by NM, 1-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 12-May-2015.)
(∀𝑥 ¬ 𝜑 ↔ ¬ ∃𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremnex 1459 Generalization rule for negated wff. (Contributed by NM, 18-May-1994.)
¬ 𝜑        ¬ ∃𝑥𝜑
 
Theoremdfexdc 1460 Defining 𝑥𝜑 given decidability. It is common in classical logic to define 𝑥𝜑 as ¬ ∀𝑥¬ 𝜑 but in intuitionistic logic without a decidability condition, that is only an implication not an equivalence, as seen at exalim 1461. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Mar-2018.)
(DECID𝑥𝜑 → (∃𝑥𝜑 ↔ ¬ ∀𝑥 ¬ 𝜑))
 
Theoremexalim 1461 One direction of a classical definition of existential quantification. One direction of Definition of [Margaris] p. 49. For a decidable proposition, this is an equivalence, as seen as dfexdc 1460. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2018.)
(∃𝑥𝜑 → ¬ ∀𝑥 ¬ 𝜑)
 
1.3.2  Equality predicate (continued)

The equality predicate was introduced above in wceq 1314 for use by df-tru 1317. See the comments in that section. In this section, we continue with the first "real" use of it.

 
Theoremweq 1462 Extend wff definition to include atomic formulas using the equality predicate.

(Instead of introducing weq 1462 as an axiomatic statement, as was done in an older version of this database, we introduce it by "proving" a special case of set theory's more general wceq 1314. This lets us avoid overloading the = connective, thus preventing ambiguity that would complicate certain Metamath parsers. However, logically weq 1462 is considered to be a primitive syntax, even though here it is artificially "derived" from wceq 1314. Note: To see the proof steps of this syntax proof, type "show proof weq /all" in the Metamath program.) (Contributed by NM, 24-Jan-2006.)

wff 𝑥 = 𝑦
 
Syntaxwcel 1463 Extend wff definition to include the membership connective between classes.

(The purpose of introducing wff 𝐴𝐵 here is to allow us to express i.e. "prove" the wel 1464 of predicate calculus in terms of the wceq 1314 of set theory, so that we don't "overload" the connective with two syntax definitions. This is done to prevent ambiguity that would complicate some Metamath parsers. The class variables 𝐴 and 𝐵 are introduced temporarily for the purpose of this definition but otherwise not used in predicate calculus.)

wff 𝐴𝐵
 
Theoremwel 1464 Extend wff definition to include atomic formulas with the epsilon (membership) predicate. This is read "𝑥 is an element of 𝑦," "𝑥 is a member of 𝑦," "𝑥 belongs to 𝑦," or "𝑦 contains 𝑥." Note: The phrase "𝑦 includes 𝑥 " means "𝑥 is a subset of 𝑦;" to use it also for 𝑥𝑦, as some authors occasionally do, is poor form and causes confusion, according to George Boolos (1992 lecture at MIT).

This syntactical construction introduces a binary non-logical predicate symbol (epsilon) into our predicate calculus. We will eventually use it for the membership predicate of set theory, but that is irrelevant at this point: the predicate calculus axioms for apply to any arbitrary binary predicate symbol. "Non-logical" means that the predicate is presumed to have additional properties beyond the realm of predicate calculus, although these additional properties are not specified by predicate calculus itself but rather by the axioms of a theory (in our case set theory) added to predicate calculus. "Binary" means that the predicate has two arguments.

(Instead of introducing wel 1464 as an axiomatic statement, as was done in an older version of this database, we introduce it by "proving" a special case of set theory's more general wcel 1463. This lets us avoid overloading the connective, thus preventing ambiguity that would complicate certain Metamath parsers. However, logically wel 1464 is considered to be a primitive syntax, even though here it is artificially "derived" from wcel 1463. Note: To see the proof steps of this syntax proof, type "show proof wel /all" in the Metamath program.) (Contributed by NM, 24-Jan-2006.)

wff 𝑥𝑦
 
Axiomax-8 1465 Axiom of Equality. One of the equality and substitution axioms of predicate calculus with equality. This is similar to, but not quite, a transitive law for equality (proved later as equtr 1668). Axiom scheme C8' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). Also appears as Axiom C7 of [Monk2] p. 105.

Axioms ax-8 1465 through ax-16 1768 are the axioms having to do with equality, substitution, and logical properties of our binary predicate (which later in set theory will mean "is a member of"). Note that all axioms except ax-16 1768 and ax-17 1489 are still valid even when 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 are replaced with the same variable because they do not have any distinct variable (Metamath's $d) restrictions. Distinct variable restrictions are required for ax-16 1768 and ax-17 1489 only. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)

(𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥 = 𝑧𝑦 = 𝑧))
 
Axiomax-10 1466 Axiom of Quantifier Substitution. One of the equality and substitution axioms of predicate calculus with equality. Appears as Lemma L12 in [Megill] p. 445 (p. 12 of the preprint).

The original version of this axiom was ax-10o 1677 ("o" for "old") and was replaced with this shorter ax-10 1466 in May 2008. The old axiom is proved from this one as theorem ax10o 1676. Conversely, this axiom is proved from ax-10o 1677 as theorem ax10 1678. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)

(∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥)
 
Axiomax-11 1467 Axiom of Variable Substitution. One of the 5 equality axioms of predicate calculus. The final consequent 𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑) is a way of expressing "𝑦 substituted for 𝑥 in wff 𝜑 " (cf. sb6 1840). It is based on Lemma 16 of [Tarski] p. 70 and Axiom C8 of [Monk2] p. 105, from which it can be proved by cases.

Variants of this axiom which are equivalent in classical logic but which have not been shown to be equivalent for intuitionistic logic are ax11v 1781, ax11v2 1774 and ax-11o 1777. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)

(𝑥 = 𝑦 → (∀𝑦𝜑 → ∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑)))
 
Axiomax-i12 1468 Axiom of Quantifier Introduction. One of the equality and substitution axioms of predicate calculus with equality. Informally, it says that whenever 𝑧 is distinct from 𝑥 and 𝑦, and 𝑥 = 𝑦 is true, then 𝑥 = 𝑦 quantified with 𝑧 is also true. In other words, 𝑧 is irrelevant to the truth of 𝑥 = 𝑦. Axiom scheme C9' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). It apparently does not otherwise appear in the literature but is easily proved from textbook predicate calculus by cases.

This axiom has been modified from the original ax-12 1472 for compatibility with intuitionistic logic. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)

(∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∨ (∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑦 ∨ ∀𝑧(𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦)))
 
Axiomax-bndl 1469 Axiom of bundling. The general idea of this axiom is that two variables are either distinct or non-distinct. That idea could be expressed as 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥 ∨ ¬ ∀𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥. However, we instead choose an axiom which has many of the same consequences, but which is different with respect to a universe which contains only one object. 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥 holds if 𝑧 and 𝑥 are the same variable, likewise for 𝑧 and 𝑦, and 𝑥𝑧(𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑧𝑥 = 𝑦) holds if 𝑧 is distinct from the others (and the universe has at least two objects).

As with other statements of the form "x is decidable (either true or false)", this does not entail the full Law of the Excluded Middle (which is the proposition that all statements are decidable), but instead merely the assertion that particular kinds of statements are decidable (or in this case, an assertion similar to decidability).

This axiom implies ax-i12 1468 as can be seen at axi12 1477. Whether ax-bndl 1469 can be proved from the remaining axioms including ax-i12 1468 is not known.

The reason we call this "bundling" is that a statement without a distinct variable constraint "bundles" together two statements, one in which the two variables are the same and one in which they are different. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 14-Mar-2018.)

(∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∨ (∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑦 ∨ ∀𝑥𝑧(𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦)))
 
Axiomax-4 1470 Axiom of Specialization. A quantified wff implies the wff without a quantifier (i.e. an instance, or special case, of the generalized wff). In other words if something is true for all 𝑥, it is true for any specific 𝑥 (that would typically occur as a free variable in the wff substituted for 𝜑). (A free variable is one that does not occur in the scope of a quantifier: 𝑥 and 𝑦 are both free in 𝑥 = 𝑦, but only 𝑥 is free in 𝑦𝑥 = 𝑦.) Axiom scheme C5' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). Also appears as Axiom B5 of [Tarski] p. 67 (under his system S2, defined in the last paragraph on p. 77).

Note that the converse of this axiom does not hold in general, but a weaker inference form of the converse holds and is expressed as rule ax-gen 1408. Conditional forms of the converse are given by ax-12 1472, ax-16 1768, and ax-17 1489.

Unlike the more general textbook Axiom of Specialization, we cannot choose a variable different from 𝑥 for the special case. For use, that requires the assistance of equality axioms, and we deal with it later after we introduce the definition of proper substitution - see stdpc4 1731.

(Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)

(∀𝑥𝜑𝜑)
 
Theoremsp 1471 Specialization. Another name for ax-4 1470. (Contributed by NM, 21-May-2008.)
(∀𝑥𝜑𝜑)
 
Theoremax-12 1472 Rederive the original version of the axiom from ax-i12 1468. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 3-Feb-2015.)
(¬ ∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 → (¬ ∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑦 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦)))
 
Theoremax12or 1473 Another name for ax-i12 1468. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2015.)
(∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∨ (∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑦 ∨ ∀𝑧(𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦)))
 
Axiomax-13 1474 Axiom of Equality. One of the equality and substitution axioms for a non-logical predicate in our predicate calculus with equality. It substitutes equal variables into the left-hand side of the binary predicate. Axiom scheme C12' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). It is a special case of Axiom B8 (p. 75) of system S2 of [Tarski] p. 77. "Non-logical" means that the predicate is not a primitive of predicate calculus proper but instead is an extension to it. "Binary" means that the predicate has two arguments. In a system of predicate calculus with equality, like ours, equality is not usually considered to be a non-logical predicate. In systems of predicate calculus without equality, it typically would be. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑥𝑧𝑦𝑧))
 
Axiomax-14 1475 Axiom of Equality. One of the equality and substitution axioms for a non-logical predicate in our predicate calculus with equality. It substitutes equal variables into the right-hand side of the binary predicate. Axiom scheme C13' in [Megill] p. 448 (p. 16 of the preprint). It is a special case of Axiom B8 (p. 75) of system S2 of [Tarski] p. 77. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑧𝑥𝑧𝑦))
 
Theoremhbequid 1476 Bound-variable hypothesis builder for 𝑥 = 𝑥. This theorem tells us that any variable, including 𝑥, is effectively not free in 𝑥 = 𝑥, even though 𝑥 is technically free according to the traditional definition of free variable. (The proof uses only ax-5 1406, ax-8 1465, ax-12 1472, and ax-gen 1408. This shows that this can be proved without ax-9 1494, even though the theorem equid 1660 cannot be. A shorter proof using ax-9 1494 is obtainable from equid 1660 and hbth 1422.) (Contributed by NM, 13-Jan-2011.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 23-Mar-2014.)
(𝑥 = 𝑥 → ∀𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥)
 
Theoremaxi12 1477 Proof that ax-i12 1468 follows from ax-bndl 1469. So that we can track which theorems rely on ax-bndl 1469, proofs should reference ax-i12 1468 rather than this theorem. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Aug-2018.) (New usage is discouraged). (Proof modification is discouraged.)
(∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∨ (∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑦 ∨ ∀𝑧(𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦)))
 
Theoremalequcom 1478 Commutation law for identical variable specifiers. The antecedent and consequent are true when 𝑥 and 𝑦 are substituted with the same variable. Lemma L12 in [Megill] p. 445 (p. 12 of the preprint). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥)
 
Theoremalequcoms 1479 A commutation rule for identical variable specifiers. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑)       (∀𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremnalequcoms 1480 A commutation rule for distinct variable specifiers. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2015.)
(¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦𝜑)       (¬ ∀𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremnfr 1481 Consequence of the definition of not-free. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 26-Sep-2016.)
(Ⅎ𝑥𝜑 → (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑))
 
Theoremnfri 1482 Consequence of the definition of not-free. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
𝑥𝜑       (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)
 
Theoremnfrd 1483 Consequence of the definition of not-free in a context. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
(𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)       (𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))
 
Theoremalimd 1484 Deduction from Theorem 19.20 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
𝑥𝜑    &   (𝜑 → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜒))
 
Theoremalrimi 1485 Inference from Theorem 19.21 of [Margaris] p. 90. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
𝑥𝜑    &   (𝜑𝜓)       (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓)
 
Theoremnfd 1486 Deduce that 𝑥 is not free in 𝜓 in a context. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
𝑥𝜑    &   (𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))       (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)
 
Theoremnfdh 1487 Deduce that 𝑥 is not free in 𝜓 in a context. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)    &   (𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))       (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)
 
Theoremnfrimi 1488 Moving an antecedent outside . (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Mar-2018.)
𝑥𝜑    &   𝑥(𝜑𝜓)       (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)
 
1.3.3  Axiom ax-17 - first use of the $d distinct variable statement
 
Axiomax-17 1489* Axiom to quantify a variable over a formula in which it does not occur. Axiom C5 in [Megill] p. 444 (p. 11 of the preprint). Also appears as Axiom B6 (p. 75) of system S2 of [Tarski] p. 77 and Axiom C5-1 of [Monk2] p. 113.

(Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)

(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)
 
Theorema17d 1490* ax-17 1489 with antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 1-Mar-2013.)
(𝜑 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))
 
Theoremnfv 1491* If 𝑥 is not present in 𝜑, then 𝑥 is not free in 𝜑. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
𝑥𝜑
 
Theoremnfvd 1492* nfv 1491 with antecedent. Useful in proofs of deduction versions of bound-variable hypothesis builders such as nfimd 1547. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Oct-2016.)
(𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)
 
1.3.4  Introduce Axiom of Existence
 
Axiomax-i9 1493 Axiom of Existence. One of the equality and substitution axioms of predicate calculus with equality. One thing this axiom tells us is that at least one thing exists (although ax-4 1470 and possibly others also tell us that, i.e. they are not valid in the empty domain of a "free logic"). In this form (not requiring that 𝑥 and 𝑦 be distinct) it was used in an axiom system of Tarski (see Axiom B7' in footnote 1 of [KalishMontague] p. 81.) Another name for this theorem is a9e 1657, which has additional remarks. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦
 
Theoremax-9 1494 Derive ax-9 1494 from ax-i9 1493, the modified version for intuitionistic logic. Although ax-9 1494 does hold intuistionistically, in intuitionistic logic it is weaker than ax-i9 1493. (Contributed by NM, 3-Feb-2015.)
¬ ∀𝑥 ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦
 
Theoremequidqe 1495 equid 1660 with some quantification and negation without using ax-4 1470 or ax-17 1489. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jan-2011.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 27-Feb-2014.)
¬ ∀𝑦 ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑥
 
Theoremax4sp1 1496 A special case of ax-4 1470 without using ax-4 1470 or ax-17 1489. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jan-2011.)
(∀𝑦 ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑥 → ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑥)
 
1.3.5  Additional intuitionistic axioms
 
Axiomax-ial 1497 𝑥 is not free in 𝑥𝜑. One of the axioms of predicate logic. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
(∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝑥𝜑)
 
Axiomax-i5r 1498 Axiom of quantifier collection. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2015.)
((∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓) → ∀𝑥(∀𝑥𝜑𝜓))
 
1.3.6  Predicate calculus including ax-4, without distinct variables
 
Theoremspi 1499 Inference reversing generalization (specialization). (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
𝑥𝜑       𝜑
 
Theoremsps 1500 Generalization of antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.)
(𝜑𝜓)       (∀𝑥𝜑𝜓)
    < Previous  Next >

Page List
Jump to page: Contents  1 1-100 2 101-200 3 201-300 4 301-400 5 401-500 6 501-600 7 601-700 8 701-800 9 801-900 10 901-1000 11 1001-1100 12 1101-1200 13 1201-1300 14 1301-1400 15 1401-1500 16 1501-1600 17 1601-1700 18 1701-1800 19 1801-1900 20 1901-2000 21 2001-2100 22 2101-2200 23 2201-2300 24 2301-2400 25 2401-2500 26 2501-2600 27 2601-2700 28 2701-2800 29 2801-2900 30 2901-3000 31 3001-3100 32 3101-3200 33 3201-3300 34 3301-3400 35 3401-3500 36 3501-3600 37 3601-3700 38 3701-3800 39 3801-3900 40 3901-4000 41 4001-4100 42 4101-4200 43 4201-4300 44 4301-4400 45 4401-4500 46 4501-4600 47 4601-4700 48 4701-4800 49 4801-4900 50 4901-5000 51 5001-5100 52 5101-5200 53 5201-5300 54 5301-5400 55 5401-5500 56 5501-5600 57 5601-5700 58 5701-5800 59 5801-5900 60 5901-6000 61 6001-6100 62 6101-6200 63 6201-6300 64 6301-6400 65 6401-6500 66 6501-6600 67 6601-6700 68 6701-6800 69 6801-6900 70 6901-7000 71 7001-7100 72 7101-7200 73 7201-7300 74 7301-7400 75 7401-7500 76 7501-7600 77 7601-7700 78 7701-7800 79 7801-7900 80 7901-8000 81 8001-8100 82 8101-8200 83 8201-8300 84 8301-8400 85 8401-8500 86 8501-8600 87 8601-8700 88 8701-8800 89 8801-8900 90 8901-9000 91 9001-9100 92 9101-9200 93 9201-9300 94 9301-9400 95 9401-9500 96 9501-9600 97 9601-9700 98 9701-9800 99 9801-9900 100 9901-10000 101 10001-10100 102 10101-10200 103 10201-10300 104 10301-10400 105 10401-10500 106 10501-10600 107 10601-10700 108 10701-10800 109 10801-10900 110 10901-11000 111 11001-11100 112 11101-11200 113 11201-11300 114 11301-11400 115 11401-11500 116 11501-11600 117 11601-11700 118 11701-11800 119 11801-11900 120 11901-12000 121 12001-12100 122 12101-12200 123 12201-12300 124 12301-12400 125 12401-12500 126 12501-12600 127 12601-12700 128 12701-12800 129 12801-12900 130 12901-12941
  Copyright terms: Public domain < Previous  Next >