P. 121 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 12001-12100   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	fisumcom2 12001*	Interchange order of summation. Note that 𝐵(𝑗) and 𝐷(𝑘) are not necessarily constant expressions. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2016.) (Proof shortened by JJ, 2-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐶) → 𝐷 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐵) ↔ (𝑘 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ 𝐷)))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐵)) → 𝐸 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 𝐸 = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐶 Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝐷 𝐸)
Theorem	fsumcom 12002*	Interchange order of summation. (Contributed by NM, 15-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐵)) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶 = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 𝐶)
Theorem	fsum0diaglem 12003*	Lemma for fisum0diag 12004. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2016.)
⊢ ((𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑁) ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 𝑗))) → (𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁) ∧ 𝑗 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 𝑘))))
Theorem	fisum0diag 12004*	Two ways to express "the sum of 𝐴(𝑗, 𝑘) over the triangular region 𝑀 ≤ 𝑗, 𝑀 ≤ 𝑘, 𝑗 + 𝑘 ≤ 𝑁". (Contributed by NM, 31-Dec-2005.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2016.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑁) ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 𝑗)))) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑁)Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 𝑗))𝐴 = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁)Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 𝑘))𝐴)
Theorem	mptfzshft 12005*	1-1 onto function in maps-to notation which shifts a finite set of sequential integers. (Contributed by AV, 24-Aug-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐾 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑗 ∈ ((𝑀 + 𝐾)...(𝑁 + 𝐾)) ↦ (𝑗 − 𝐾)):((𝑀 + 𝐾)...(𝑁 + 𝐾))–1-1-onto→(𝑀...𝑁))
Theorem	fsumrev 12006*	Reversal of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 26-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐾 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝑗 = (𝐾 − 𝑘) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)𝐴 = Σ𝑘 ∈ ((𝐾 − 𝑁)...(𝐾 − 𝑀))𝐵)
Theorem	fsumshft 12007*	Index shift of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.) (Proof shortened by AV, 8-Sep-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐾 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝑗 = (𝑘 − 𝐾) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)𝐴 = Σ𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 + 𝐾)...(𝑁 + 𝐾))𝐵)
Theorem	fsumshftm 12008*	Negative index shift of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 28-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐾 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝑗 = (𝑘 + 𝐾) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)𝐴 = Σ𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 − 𝐾)...(𝑁 − 𝐾))𝐵)
Theorem	fisumrev2 12009*	Reversal of a finite sum. (Contributed by NM, 27-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 13-Apr-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝑗 = ((𝑀 + 𝑁) − 𝑘) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)𝐴 = Σ𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)𝐵)
Theorem	fisum0diag2 12010*	Two ways to express "the sum of 𝐴(𝑗, 𝑘) over the triangular region 0 ≤ 𝑗, 0 ≤ 𝑘, 𝑗 + 𝑘 ≤ 𝑁". (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑘 → 𝐵 = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝑘 − 𝑗) → 𝐵 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑁) ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 𝑗)))) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑁)Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 𝑗))𝐴 = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁)Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑘)𝐶)
Theorem	fsummulc2 12011*	A finite sum multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 12-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 · Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐶 · 𝐵))
Theorem	fsummulc1 12012*	A finite sum multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 13-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 · 𝐶) = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐵 · 𝐶))
Theorem	fsumdivapc 12013*	A finite sum divided by a constant. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 / 𝐶) = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐵 / 𝐶))
Theorem	fsumneg 12014*	Negation of a finite sum. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 12-Jun-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 -𝐵 = -Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵)
Theorem	fsumsub 12015*	Split a finite sum over a subtraction. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 12-Jun-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐵 − 𝐶) = (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 − Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐶))
Theorem	fsum2mul 12016*	Separate the nested sum of the product 𝐶(𝑗) · 𝐷(𝑘). (Contributed by NM, 13-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 (𝐶 · 𝐷) = (Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝐴 𝐶 · Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 𝐷))
Theorem	fsumconst 12017*	The sum of constant terms (𝑘 is not free in 𝐵). (Contributed by NM, 24-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 = ((♯‘𝐴) · 𝐵))
Theorem	fsumdifsnconst 12018*	The sum of constant terms (𝑘 is not free in 𝐶) over an index set excluding a singleton. (Contributed by AV, 7-Jan-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℂ) → Σ𝑘 ∈ (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵})𝐶 = (((♯‘𝐴) − 1) · 𝐶))
Theorem	modfsummodlem1 12019*	Lemma for modfsummod 12021. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Sep-2018.)
⊢ (∀𝑘 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝑧})𝐵 ∈ ℤ → ⦋𝑧 / 𝑘⦌𝐵 ∈ ℤ)
Theorem	modfsummodlemstep 12020*	Induction step for modfsummod 12021. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Sep-2018.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 12-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝑧})𝐵 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 mod 𝑁) = (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐵 mod 𝑁) mod 𝑁))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Σ𝑘 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝑧})𝐵 mod 𝑁) = (Σ𝑘 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝑧})(𝐵 mod 𝑁) mod 𝑁))
Theorem	modfsummod 12021*	A finite sum modulo a positive integer equals the finite sum of their summands modulo the positive integer, modulo the positive integer. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Sep-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 ∈ ℤ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 mod 𝑁) = (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐵 mod 𝑁) mod 𝑁))
Theorem	fsumge0 12022*	If all of the terms of a finite sum are nonnegative, so is the sum. (Contributed by NM, 26-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵)
Theorem	fsumlessfi 12023*	A shorter sum of nonnegative terms is no greater than a longer one. (Contributed by NM, 26-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 12-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ Fin)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐶 𝐵 ≤ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵)
Theorem	fsumge1 12024*	A sum of nonnegative numbers is greater than or equal to any one of its terms. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 4-Jun-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑀 → 𝐵 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ≤ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵)
Theorem	fsum00 12025*	A sum of nonnegative numbers is zero iff all terms are zero. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 = 0 ↔ ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 = 0))
Theorem	fsumle 12026*	If all of the terms of finite sums compare, so do the sums. (Contributed by NM, 11-Dec-2005.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ≤ 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 ≤ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐶)
Theorem	fsumlt 12027*	If every term in one finite sum is less than the corresponding term in another, then the first sum is less than the second. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Jun-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≠ ∅)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 < 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 < Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐶)
Theorem	fsumabs 12028*	Generalized triangle inequality: the absolute value of a finite sum is less than or equal to the sum of absolute values. (Contributed by NM, 9-Nov-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) ≤ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (abs‘𝐵))
Theorem	telfsumo 12029*	Sum of a telescoping series, using half-open intervals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑗 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = (𝑗 + 1) → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑀 → 𝐴 = 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑁 → 𝐴 = 𝐸)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀..^𝑁)(𝐵 − 𝐶) = (𝐷 − 𝐸))
Theorem	telfsumo2 12030*	Sum of a telescoping series. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑗 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = (𝑗 + 1) → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑀 → 𝐴 = 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑁 → 𝐴 = 𝐸)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀..^𝑁)(𝐶 − 𝐵) = (𝐸 − 𝐷))
Theorem	telfsum 12031*	Sum of a telescoping series. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 24-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑗 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = (𝑗 + 1) → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑀 → 𝐴 = 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = (𝑁 + 1) → 𝐴 = 𝐸)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑁 + 1) ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...(𝑁 + 1))) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)(𝐵 − 𝐶) = (𝐷 − 𝐸))
Theorem	telfsum2 12032*	Sum of a telescoping series. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jun-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑗 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = (𝑗 + 1) → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑀 → 𝐴 = 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = (𝑁 + 1) → 𝐴 = 𝐸)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑁 + 1) ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...(𝑁 + 1))) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)(𝐶 − 𝐵) = (𝐸 − 𝐷))
Theorem	fsumparts 12033*	Summation by parts. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Apr-2016.)
⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑗 → (𝐴 = 𝐵 ∧ 𝑉 = 𝑊))    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = (𝑗 + 1) → (𝐴 = 𝐶 ∧ 𝑉 = 𝑋))    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑀 → (𝐴 = 𝐷 ∧ 𝑉 = 𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝑘 = 𝑁 → (𝐴 = 𝐸 ∧ 𝑉 = 𝑍))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...𝑁)) → 𝑉 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀..^𝑁)(𝐵 · (𝑋 − 𝑊)) = (((𝐸 · 𝑍) − (𝐷 · 𝑌)) − Σ𝑗 ∈ (𝑀..^𝑁)((𝐶 − 𝐵) · 𝑋)))
Theorem	fsumrelem 12034*	Lemma for fsumre 12035, fsumim 12036, and fsumcj 12037. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐹:ℂ⟶ℂ    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑦 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐹‘(𝑥 + 𝑦)) = ((𝐹‘𝑥) + (𝐹‘𝑦)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹‘Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐹‘𝐵))
Theorem	fsumre 12035*	The real part of a sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (ℜ‘Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (ℜ‘𝐵))
Theorem	fsumim 12036*	The imaginary part of a sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (ℑ‘Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (ℑ‘𝐵))
Theorem	fsumcj 12037*	The complex conjugate of a sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∗‘Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 (∗‘𝐵))
Theorem	iserabs 12038*	Generalized triangle inequality: the absolute value of an infinite sum is less than or equal to the sum of absolute values. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 10-Sep-2007.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 14-Dec-2022.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ⇝ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐺) ⇝ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐺‘𝑘) = (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘𝐴) ≤ 𝐵)
Theorem	cvgcmpub 12039*	An upper bound for the limit of a real infinite series. This theorem can also be used to compare two infinite series. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Mar-2014.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐺‘𝑘) ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ⇝ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐺) ⇝ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐺‘𝑘) ≤ (𝐹‘𝑘))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ≤ 𝐴)
Theorem	fsumiun 12040*	Sum over a disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 1-Jul-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Disj 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐵)) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ ∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 = Σ𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶)
Theorem	hashiun 12041*	The cardinality of a disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jan-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Disj 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (♯‘∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) = Σ𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (♯‘𝐵))
Theorem	hash2iun 12042*	The cardinality of a nested disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jan-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐶 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Disj 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∪ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → Disj 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (♯‘∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∪ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶) = Σ𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 Σ𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 (♯‘𝐶))
Theorem	hash2iun1dif1 12043*	The cardinality of a nested disjoint indexed union. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jan-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝐴 ∖ {𝑥})    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐶 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Disj 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∪ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → Disj 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵) → (♯‘𝐶) = 1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (♯‘∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∪ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶) = ((♯‘𝐴) · ((♯‘𝐴) − 1)))
Theorem	hashrabrex 12044*	The number of elements in a class abstraction with a restricted existential quantification. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 29-Jul-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌) → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 ∣ 𝜓} ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Disj 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 ∣ 𝜓})    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (♯‘{𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 ∣ ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 𝜓}) = Σ𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 (♯‘{𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 ∣ 𝜓}))
Theorem	hashuni 12045*	The cardinality of a disjoint union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jan-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Disj 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑥)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (♯‘∪ 𝐴) = Σ𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (♯‘𝑥))
4.9.3  The binomial theorem
Theorem	binomlem 12046*	Lemma for binom 12047 (binomial theorem). Inductive step. (Contributed by NM, 6-Dec-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)    &   ⊢ (𝜓 → ((𝐴 + 𝐵)↑𝑁) = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁)((𝑁C𝑘) · ((𝐴↑(𝑁 − 𝑘)) · (𝐵↑𝑘))))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) → ((𝐴 + 𝐵)↑(𝑁 + 1)) = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 + 1))(((𝑁 + 1)C𝑘) · ((𝐴↑((𝑁 + 1) − 𝑘)) · (𝐵↑𝑘))))
Theorem	binom 12047*	The binomial theorem: (𝐴 + 𝐵)↑𝑁 is the sum from 𝑘 = 0 to 𝑁 of (𝑁C𝑘) · ((𝐴↑𝑘) · (𝐵↑(𝑁 − 𝑘)). Theorem 15-2.8 of [Gleason] p. 296. This part of the proof sets up the induction and does the base case, with the bulk of the work (the induction step) in binomlem 12046. This is Metamath 100 proof #44. (Contributed by NM, 7-Dec-2005.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → ((𝐴 + 𝐵)↑𝑁) = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁)((𝑁C𝑘) · ((𝐴↑(𝑁 − 𝑘)) · (𝐵↑𝑘))))
Theorem	binom1p 12048*	Special case of the binomial theorem for (1 + 𝐴)↑𝑁. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 10-May-2007.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → ((1 + 𝐴)↑𝑁) = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁)((𝑁C𝑘) · (𝐴↑𝑘)))
Theorem	binom11 12049*	Special case of the binomial theorem for 2↑𝑁. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Mar-2014.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ0 → (2↑𝑁) = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁)(𝑁C𝑘))
Theorem	binom1dif 12050*	A summation for the difference between ((𝐴 + 1)↑𝑁) and (𝐴↑𝑁). (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 9-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → (((𝐴 + 1)↑𝑁) − (𝐴↑𝑁)) = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 1))((𝑁C𝑘) · (𝐴↑𝑘)))
Theorem	bcxmaslem1 12051	Lemma for bcxmas 12052. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 18-May-2007.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → ((𝑁 + 𝐴)C𝐴) = ((𝑁 + 𝐵)C𝐵))
Theorem	bcxmas 12052*	Parallel summation (Christmas Stocking) theorem for Pascal's Triangle. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 18-May-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ0) → (((𝑁 + 1) + 𝑀)C𝑀) = Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑀)((𝑁 + 𝑗)C𝑗))
4.9.4  Infinite sums (cont.)
Theorem	isumshft 12053*	Index shift of an infinite sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 31-Oct-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ 𝑊 = (ℤ≥‘(𝑀 + 𝐾))    &   ⊢ (𝑗 = (𝐾 + 𝑘) → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐾 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ 𝑊) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝑊 𝐴 = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 𝐵)
Theorem	isumsplit 12054*	Split off the first 𝑁 terms of an infinite sum. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Feb-2008.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 21-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ 𝑊 = (ℤ≥‘𝑁)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 𝐴 = (Σ𝑘 ∈ (𝑀...(𝑁 − 1))𝐴 + Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑊 𝐴))
Theorem	isum1p 12055*	The infinite sum of a converging infinite series equals the first term plus the infinite sum of the rest of it. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 𝐴 = ((𝐹‘𝑀) + Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘(𝑀 + 1))𝐴))
Theorem	isumnn0nn 12056*	Sum from 0 to infinity in terms of sum from 1 to infinity. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝑘 = 0 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ0 𝐴 = (𝐵 + Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ 𝐴))
Theorem	isumrpcl 12057*	The infinite sum of positive reals is positive. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 9-Feb-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ 𝑊 = (ℤ≥‘𝑁)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ+)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑊 𝐴 ∈ ℝ+)
Theorem	isumle 12058*	Comparison of two infinite sums. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 13-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐺‘𝑘) = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 𝐴 ≤ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐺) ∈ dom ⇝ )    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 𝐴 ≤ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 𝐵)
Theorem	isumlessdc 12059*	A finite sum of nonnegative numbers is less than or equal to its limit. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Apr-2014.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑍)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 DECID 𝑘 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 ≤ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑍 𝐵)
4.9.5  Miscellaneous converging and diverging sequences
Theorem	divcnv 12060*	The sequence of reciprocals of positive integers, multiplied by the factor 𝐴, converges to zero. (Contributed by NM, 6-Feb-2008.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 22-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℂ → (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ (𝐴 / 𝑛)) ⇝ 0)
4.9.6  Arithmetic series
Theorem	arisum 12061*	Arithmetic series sum of the first 𝑁 positive integers. This is Metamath 100 proof #68. (Contributed by FL, 16-Nov-2006.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ0 → Σ𝑘 ∈ (1...𝑁)𝑘 = (((𝑁↑2) + 𝑁) / 2))
Theorem	arisum2 12062*	Arithmetic series sum of the first 𝑁 nonnegative integers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Apr-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 2-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ0 → Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 1))𝑘 = (((𝑁↑2) − 𝑁) / 2))
Theorem	trireciplem 12063	Lemma for trirecip 12064. Show that the sum converges. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 22-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ (1 / (𝑛 · (𝑛 + 1))))    ⇒   ⊢ seq1( + , 𝐹) ⇝ 1
Theorem	trirecip 12064	The sum of the reciprocals of the triangle numbers converge to two. This is Metamath 100 proof #42. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 23-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-May-2014.)
⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (2 / (𝑘 · (𝑘 + 1))) = 2
4.9.7  Geometric series
Theorem	expcnvap0 12065*	A sequence of powers of a complex number 𝐴 with absolute value smaller than 1 converges to zero. (Contributed by NM, 8-May-2006.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 23-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘𝐴) < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (𝐴↑𝑛)) ⇝ 0)
Theorem	expcnvre 12066*	A sequence of powers of a nonnegative real number less than one converges to zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (𝐴↑𝑛)) ⇝ 0)
Theorem	expcnv 12067*	A sequence of powers of a complex number 𝐴 with absolute value smaller than 1 converges to zero. (Contributed by NM, 8-May-2006.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 28-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘𝐴) < 1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (𝐴↑𝑛)) ⇝ 0)
Theorem	explecnv 12068*	A sequence of terms converges to zero when it is less than powers of a number 𝐴 whose absolute value is smaller than 1. (Contributed by NM, 19-Jul-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘𝐴) < 1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘)) ≤ (𝐴↑𝑘))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹 ⇝ 0)
Theorem	geosergap 12069*	The value of the finite geometric series 𝐴↑𝑀 + 𝐴↑(𝑀 + 1) +... + 𝐴↑(𝑁 − 1). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-May-2016.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 24-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ (𝑀..^𝑁)(𝐴↑𝑘) = (((𝐴↑𝑀) − (𝐴↑𝑁)) / (1 − 𝐴)))
Theorem	geoserap 12070*	The value of the finite geometric series 1 + 𝐴↑1 + 𝐴↑2 +... + 𝐴↑(𝑁 − 1). This is Metamath 100 proof #66. (Contributed by NM, 12-May-2006.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 24-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 1))(𝐴↑𝑘) = ((1 − (𝐴↑𝑁)) / (1 − 𝐴)))
Theorem	pwm1geoserap1 12071*	The n-th power of a number decreased by 1 expressed by the finite geometric series 1 + 𝐴↑1 + 𝐴↑2 +... + 𝐴↑(𝑁 − 1). (Contributed by AV, 14-Aug-2021.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 24-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐴↑𝑁) − 1) = ((𝐴 − 1) · Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...(𝑁 − 1))(𝐴↑𝑘)))
Theorem	absltap 12072	Less-than of absolute value implies apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘𝐴) < 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 𝐵)
Theorem	absgtap 12073	Greater-than of absolute value implies apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 < (abs‘𝐴))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 # 𝐵)
Theorem	geolim 12074*	The partial sums in the infinite series 1 + 𝐴↑1 + 𝐴↑2... converge to (1 / (1 − 𝐴)). (Contributed by NM, 15-May-2006.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘𝐴) < 1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = (𝐴↑𝑘))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐹) ⇝ (1 / (1 − 𝐴)))
Theorem	geolim2 12075*	The partial sums in the geometric series 𝐴↑𝑀 + 𝐴↑(𝑀 + 1)... converge to ((𝐴↑𝑀) / (1 − 𝐴)). (Contributed by NM, 6-Jun-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘𝐴) < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ0)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀)) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = (𝐴↑𝑘))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ⇝ ((𝐴↑𝑀) / (1 − 𝐴)))
Theorem	georeclim 12076*	The limit of a geometric series of reciprocals. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 28-Dec-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 1 < (abs‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐹‘𝑘) = ((1 / 𝐴)↑𝑘))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐹) ⇝ (𝐴 / (𝐴 − 1)))
Theorem	geo2sum 12077*	The value of the finite geometric series 2↑-1 + 2↑-2 +... + 2↑-𝑁, multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Mar-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℂ) → Σ𝑘 ∈ (1...𝑁)(𝐴 / (2↑𝑘)) = (𝐴 − (𝐴 / (2↑𝑁))))
Theorem	geo2sum2 12078*	The value of the finite geometric series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +... + 2↑(𝑁 − 1). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Sep-2016.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ0 → Σ𝑘 ∈ (0..^𝑁)(2↑𝑘) = ((2↑𝑁) − 1))
Theorem	geo2lim 12079*	The value of the infinite geometric series 2↑-1 + 2↑-2 +... , multiplied by a constant. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jun-2014.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑘 ∈ ℕ ↦ (𝐴 / (2↑𝑘)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℂ → seq1( + , 𝐹) ⇝ 𝐴)
Theorem	geoisum 12080*	The infinite sum of 1 + 𝐴↑1 + 𝐴↑2... is (1 / (1 − 𝐴)). (Contributed by NM, 15-May-2006.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ (abs‘𝐴) < 1) → Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ0 (𝐴↑𝑘) = (1 / (1 − 𝐴)))
Theorem	geoisumr 12081*	The infinite sum of reciprocals 1 + (1 / 𝐴)↑1 + (1 / 𝐴)↑2... is 𝐴 / (𝐴 − 1). (Contributed by rpenner, 3-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 1 < (abs‘𝐴)) → Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ0 ((1 / 𝐴)↑𝑘) = (𝐴 / (𝐴 − 1)))
Theorem	geoisum1 12082*	The infinite sum of 𝐴↑1 + 𝐴↑2... is (𝐴 / (1 − 𝐴)). (Contributed by NM, 1-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ (abs‘𝐴) < 1) → Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (𝐴↑𝑘) = (𝐴 / (1 − 𝐴)))
Theorem	geoisum1c 12083*	The infinite sum of 𝐴 · (𝑅↑1) + 𝐴 · (𝑅↑2)... is (𝐴 · 𝑅) / (1 − 𝑅). (Contributed by NM, 2-Nov-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑅 ∈ ℂ ∧ (abs‘𝑅) < 1) → Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (𝐴 · (𝑅↑𝑘)) = ((𝐴 · 𝑅) / (1 − 𝑅)))
Theorem	0.999... 12084	The recurring decimal 0.999..., which is defined as the infinite sum 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + ... i.e. 9 / 10↑1 + 9 / 10↑2 + 9 / 10↑3 + ..., is exactly equal to 1. (Contributed by NM, 2-Nov-2007.) (Revised by AV, 8-Sep-2021.)
⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (9 / (;10↑𝑘)) = 1
Theorem	geoihalfsum 12085	Prove that the infinite geometric series of 1/2, 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... = 1. Uses geoisum1 12082. This is a representation of .111... in binary with an infinite number of 1's. Theorem 0.999... 12084 proves a similar claim for .999... in base 10. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 4-Jan-2017.) (Proof shortened by AV, 9-Jul-2022.)
⊢ Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ (1 / (2↑𝑘)) = 1
4.9.8  Ratio test for infinite series convergence
Theorem	cvgratnnlembern 12086	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. Upper bound for a geometric progression of positive ratio less than one. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴↑𝑀) < ((1 / ((1 / 𝐴) − 1)) / 𝑀))
Theorem	cvgratnnlemnexp 12087*	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑁)) ≤ ((abs‘(𝐹‘1)) · (𝐴↑(𝑁 − 1))))
Theorem	cvgratnnlemmn 12088*	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 15-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑁)) ≤ ((abs‘(𝐹‘𝑀)) · (𝐴↑(𝑁 − 𝑀))))
Theorem	cvgratnnlemseq 12089*	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((seq1( + , 𝐹)‘𝑁) − (seq1( + , 𝐹)‘𝑀)) = Σ𝑖 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝑁)(𝐹‘𝑖))
Theorem	cvgratnnlemabsle 12090*	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘Σ𝑖 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝑁)(𝐹‘𝑖)) ≤ ((abs‘(𝐹‘𝑀)) · Σ𝑖 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝑁)(𝐴↑(𝑖 − 𝑀))))
Theorem	cvgratnnlemsumlt 12091*	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Σ𝑖 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝑁)(𝐴↑(𝑖 − 𝑀)) < (𝐴 / (1 − 𝐴)))
Theorem	cvgratnnlemfm 12092*	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑀)) < ((((1 / ((1 / 𝐴) − 1)) / 𝐴) · ((abs‘(𝐹‘1)) + 1)) / 𝑀))
Theorem	cvgratnnlemrate 12093*	Lemma for cvgratnn 12094. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘((seq1( + , 𝐹)‘𝑁) − (seq1( + , 𝐹)‘𝑀))) < (((((1 / ((1 / 𝐴) − 1)) / 𝐴) · ((abs‘(𝐹‘1)) + 1)) · (𝐴 / (1 − 𝐴))) / 𝑀))
Theorem	cvgratnn 12094*	Ratio test for convergence of a complex infinite series. If the ratio 𝐴 of the absolute values of successive terms in an infinite sequence 𝐹 is less than 1 for all terms, then the infinite sum of the terms of 𝐹 converges to a complex number. Although this theorem is similar to cvgratz 12095 and cvgratgt0 12096, the decision to index starting at one is not merely cosmetic, as proving convergence using climcvg1n 11912 is sensitive to how a sequence is indexed. (Contributed by NM, 26-Apr-2005.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 12-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq1( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )
Theorem	cvgratz 12095*	Ratio test for convergence of a complex infinite series. If the ratio 𝐴 of the absolute values of successive terms in an infinite sequence 𝐹 is less than 1 for all terms, then the infinite sum of the terms of 𝐹 converges to a complex number. (Contributed by NM, 26-Apr-2005.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 11-Nov-2022.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )
Theorem	cvgratgt0 12096*	Ratio test for convergence of a complex infinite series. If the ratio 𝐴 of the absolute values of successive terms in an infinite sequence 𝐹 is less than 1 for all terms beyond some index 𝐵, then the infinite sum of the terms of 𝐹 converges to a complex number. (Contributed by NM, 26-Apr-2005.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 11-Nov-2022.)
⊢ 𝑍 = (ℤ≥‘𝑀)    &   ⊢ 𝑊 = (ℤ≥‘𝑁)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐹‘𝑘) ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑊) → (abs‘(𝐹‘(𝑘 + 1))) ≤ (𝐴 · (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑘))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq𝑀( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )
4.9.9  Mertens' theorem
Theorem	mertenslemub 12097*	Lemma for mertensabs 12100. An upper bound for 𝑇. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Dec-2022.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐺‘𝑘) = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐺) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ 𝑇 = {𝑧 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ (0...(𝑆 − 1))𝑧 = (abs‘Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘(𝑛 + 1))(𝐺‘𝑘))}    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑇)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ ℕ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≤ Σ𝑛 ∈ (0...(𝑆 − 1))(abs‘Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘(𝑛 + 1))(𝐺‘𝑘)))
Theorem	mertenslemi1 12098*	Lemma for mertensabs 12100. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 2-Dec-2022.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐹‘𝑗) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐾‘𝑗) = (abs‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐺‘𝑘) = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐻‘𝑘) = Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑘)(𝐴 · (𝐺‘(𝑘 − 𝑗))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐾) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐺) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐸 ∈ ℝ+)    &   ⊢ 𝑇 = {𝑧 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ (0...(𝑠 − 1))𝑧 = (abs‘Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘(𝑛 + 1))(𝐺‘𝑘))}    &   ⊢ (𝜓 ↔ (𝑠 ∈ ℕ ∧ ∀𝑛 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑠)(abs‘Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘(𝑛 + 1))(𝐺‘𝑘)) < ((𝐸 / 2) / (Σ𝑗 ∈ ℕ0 (𝐾‘𝑗) + 1))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜓 ∧ (𝑡 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ ∀𝑚 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑡)(𝐾‘𝑚) < (((𝐸 / 2) / 𝑠) / (𝑃 + 1)))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝑃)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑤 ∈ 𝑇 𝑤 ≤ 𝑃)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑦 ∈ ℕ0 ∀𝑚 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑦)(abs‘Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑚)(𝐴 · Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘((𝑚 − 𝑗) + 1))𝐵)) < 𝐸)
Theorem	mertenslem2 12099*	Lemma for mertensabs 12100. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐹‘𝑗) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐾‘𝑗) = (abs‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐺‘𝑘) = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐻‘𝑘) = Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑘)(𝐴 · (𝐺‘(𝑘 − 𝑗))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐾) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐺) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐸 ∈ ℝ+)    &   ⊢ 𝑇 = {𝑧 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ (0...(𝑠 − 1))𝑧 = (abs‘Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘(𝑛 + 1))(𝐺‘𝑘))}    &   ⊢ (𝜓 ↔ (𝑠 ∈ ℕ ∧ ∀𝑛 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑠)(abs‘Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘(𝑛 + 1))(𝐺‘𝑘)) < ((𝐸 / 2) / (Σ𝑗 ∈ ℕ0 (𝐾‘𝑗) + 1))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑦 ∈ ℕ0 ∀𝑚 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑦)(abs‘Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑚)(𝐴 · Σ𝑘 ∈ (ℤ≥‘((𝑚 − 𝑗) + 1))𝐵)) < 𝐸)
Theorem	mertensabs 12100*	Mertens' theorem. If 𝐴(𝑗) is an absolutely convergent series and 𝐵(𝑘) is convergent, then (Σ𝑗 ∈ ℕ0𝐴(𝑗) · Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ0𝐵(𝑘)) = Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ0Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑘)(𝐴(𝑗) · 𝐵(𝑘 − 𝑗)) (and this latter series is convergent). This latter sum is commonly known as the Cauchy product of the sequences. The proof follows the outline at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_product#Proof_of_Mertens.27_theorem. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 8-Dec-2022.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐹‘𝑗) = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐾‘𝑗) = (abs‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐺‘𝑘) = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐻‘𝑘) = Σ𝑗 ∈ (0...𝑘)(𝐴 · (𝐺‘(𝑘 − 𝑗))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐾) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐺) ∈ dom ⇝ )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐹) ∈ dom ⇝ )    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → seq0( + , 𝐻) ⇝ (Σ𝑗 ∈ ℕ0 𝐴 · Σ𝑘 ∈ ℕ0 𝐵))