P. 47 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 4601-4700   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	0elsucexmid 4601*	If the successor of any ordinal class contains the empty set, excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2021.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∅ ∈ suc 𝑥    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	nlimsucg 4602	A successor is not a limit ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 25-Mar-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 27-Aug-2011.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → ¬ Lim suc 𝐴)
Theorem	ordpwsucss 4603	The collection of ordinals in the power class of an ordinal is a superset of its successor. We can think of (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ On) as another possible definition of successor, which would be equivalent to df-suc 4406 given excluded middle. It is an ordinal, and has some successor-like properties. For example, if 𝐴 ∈ On then both ∪ suc 𝐴 = 𝐴 (onunisuci 4467) and ∪ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴} = 𝐴 (onuniss2 4548). Constructively (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ On) and suc 𝐴 cannot be shown to be equivalent (as proved at ordpwsucexmid 4606). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Jul-2019.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → suc 𝐴 ⊆ (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ On))
Theorem	onnmin 4604	No member of a set of ordinal numbers belongs to its minimum. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-1997.) (Constructive proof by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 21-Jul-2019.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ On ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → ¬ 𝐵 ∈ ∩ 𝐴)
Theorem	ssnel 4605	Relationship between subset and elementhood. In the context of ordinals this can be seen as an ordering law. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 22-Jul-2019.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 → ¬ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)
Theorem	ordpwsucexmid 4606*	The subset in ordpwsucss 4603 cannot be equality. That is, strengthening it to equality implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Jul-2019.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On suc 𝑥 = (𝒫 𝑥 ∩ On)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	ordtri2or2exmid 4607*	Ordinal trichotomy implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ⊆ 𝑥)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	ontri2orexmidim 4608*	Ordinal trichotomy implies excluded middle. Closed form of ordtri2or2exmid 4607. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ⊆ 𝑥) → DECID 𝜑)
Theorem	onintexmid 4609*	If the intersection (infimum) of an inhabited class of ordinal numbers belongs to the class, excluded middle follows. The hypothesis would be provable given excluded middle. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑦 ⊆ On ∧ ∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑦) → ∩ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑦)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	zfregfr 4610	The epsilon relation is well-founded on any class. (Contributed by NM, 26-Nov-1995.)
⊢ E Fr 𝐴
Theorem	ordfr 4611	Epsilon is well-founded on an ordinal class. (Contributed by NM, 22-Apr-1994.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → E Fr 𝐴)
Theorem	ordwe 4612	Epsilon well-orders every ordinal. Proposition 7.4 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 36. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → E We 𝐴)
Theorem	wetriext 4613*	A trichotomous well-order is extensional. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Sep-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 We 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑎𝑅𝑏 ∨ 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∨ 𝑏𝑅𝑎))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑧𝑅𝐵 ↔ 𝑧𝑅𝐶))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 = 𝐶)
Theorem	wessep 4614	A subset of a set well-ordered by set membership is well-ordered by set membership. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Sep-2021.)
⊢ (( E We 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴) → E We 𝐵)
Theorem	reg3exmidlemwe 4615*	Lemma for reg3exmid 4616. Our counterexample 𝐴 satisfies We. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Oct-2021.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))}    ⇒   ⊢ E We 𝐴
Theorem	reg3exmid 4616*	If any inhabited set satisfying df-wetr 4369 for E has a minimal element, excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Oct-2021.)
⊢ (( E We 𝑧 ∧ ∃𝑤 𝑤 ∈ 𝑧) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑧 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	dcextest 4617*	If it is decidable whether {𝑥 ∣ 𝜑} is a set, then ¬ 𝜑 is decidable (where 𝑥 does not occur in 𝜑). From this fact, we can deduce (outside the formal system, since we cannot quantify over classes) that if it is decidable whether any class is a set, then "weak excluded middle" (that is, any negated proposition ¬ 𝜑 is decidable) holds. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Jul-2022.)
⊢ DECID {𝑥 ∣ 𝜑} ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ DECID ¬ 𝜑
2.5.3  Transfinite induction
Theorem	tfi 4618*	The Principle of Transfinite Induction. Theorem 7.17 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 39. This principle states that if 𝐴 is a class of ordinal numbers with the property that every ordinal number included in 𝐴 also belongs to 𝐴, then every ordinal number is in 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2004.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ On ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 → 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴)) → 𝐴 = On)
Theorem	tfis 4619*	Transfinite Induction Schema. If all ordinal numbers less than a given number 𝑥 have a property (induction hypothesis), then all ordinal numbers have the property (conclusion). Exercise 25 of [Enderton] p. 200. (Contributed by NM, 1-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 20-Nov-2016.)
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 → 𝜑))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → 𝜑)
Theorem	tfis2f 4620*	Transfinite Induction Schema, using implicit substitution. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1994.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 𝜓 → 𝜑))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → 𝜑)
Theorem	tfis2 4621*	Transfinite Induction Schema, using implicit substitution. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1994.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 𝜓 → 𝜑))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → 𝜑)
Theorem	tfis3 4622*	Transfinite Induction Schema, using implicit substitution. (Contributed by NM, 4-Nov-2003.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ On → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 𝜓 → 𝜑))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → 𝜒)
Theorem	tfisi 4623*	A transfinite induction scheme in "implicit" form where the induction is done on an object derived from the object of interest. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 24-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑇 ∈ On)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑅 ∈ On ∧ 𝑅 ⊆ 𝑇) ∧ ∀𝑦(𝑆 ∈ 𝑅 → 𝜒)) → 𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑅 = 𝑆)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → 𝑅 = 𝑇)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝜃)
2.6  IZF Set Theory - add the Axiom of Infinity
2.6.1  Introduce the Axiom of Infinity
Axiom	ax-iinf 4624*	Axiom of Infinity. Axiom 5 of [Crosilla] p. "Axioms of CZF and IZF". (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Nov-2018.)
⊢ ∃𝑥(∅ ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 → suc 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥))
Theorem	zfinf2 4625*	A standard version of the Axiom of Infinity, using definitions to abbreviate. Axiom Inf of [BellMachover] p. 472. (Contributed by NM, 30-Aug-1993.)
⊢ ∃𝑥(∅ ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 suc 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥)
2.6.2  The natural numbers
Syntax	com 4626	Extend class notation to include the class of natural numbers.
class ω
Definition	df-iom 4627*	Define the class of natural numbers as the smallest inductive set, which is valid provided we assume the Axiom of Infinity. Definition 6.3 of [Eisenberg] p. 82. Note: the natural numbers ω are a subset of the ordinal numbers df-on 4403. Later, when we define complex numbers, we will be able to also define a subset of the complex numbers (df-inn 8991) with analogous properties and operations, but they will be different sets. We are unable to use the terms finite ordinal and natural number interchangeably, as shown at exmidonfin 7261. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-1994.) Use its alias dfom3 4628 instead for naming consistency with set.mm. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ω = ∩ {𝑥 ∣ (∅ ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 suc 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥)}
Theorem	dfom3 4628*	Alias for df-iom 4627. Use it instead of df-iom 4627 for naming consistency with set.mm. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-1994.)
⊢ ω = ∩ {𝑥 ∣ (∅ ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 suc 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥)}
Theorem	omex 4629	The existence of omega (the class of natural numbers). Axiom 7 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 43. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-1994.)
⊢ ω ∈ V
2.6.3  Peano's postulates
Theorem	peano1 4630	Zero is a natural number. One of Peano's five postulates for arithmetic. Proposition 7.30(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 42. (Contributed by NM, 15-May-1994.)
⊢ ∅ ∈ ω
Theorem	peano2 4631	The successor of any natural number is a natural number. One of Peano's five postulates for arithmetic. Proposition 7.30(2) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 42. (Contributed by NM, 3-Sep-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → suc 𝐴 ∈ ω)
Theorem	peano3 4632	The successor of any natural number is not zero. One of Peano's five postulates for arithmetic. Proposition 7.30(3) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 42. (Contributed by NM, 3-Sep-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → suc 𝐴 ≠ ∅)
Theorem	peano4 4633	Two natural numbers are equal iff their successors are equal, i.e. the successor function is one-to-one. One of Peano's five postulates for arithmetic. Proposition 7.30(4) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 43. (Contributed by NM, 3-Sep-2003.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ω ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ω) → (suc 𝐴 = suc 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 = 𝐵))
Theorem	peano5 4634*	The induction postulate: any class containing zero and closed under the successor operation contains all natural numbers. One of Peano's five postulates for arithmetic. Proposition 7.30(5) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 43. The more traditional statement of mathematical induction as a theorem schema, with a basis and an induction step, is derived from this theorem as Theorem findes 4639. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2004.)
⊢ ((∅ ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ ω (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → suc 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴)) → ω ⊆ 𝐴)
2.6.4  Finite induction (for finite ordinals)
Theorem	find 4635*	The Principle of Finite Induction (mathematical induction). Corollary 7.31 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 43. The simpler hypothesis shown here was suggested in an email from "Colin" on 1-Oct-2001. The hypothesis states that 𝐴 is a set of natural numbers, zero belongs to 𝐴, and given any member of 𝐴 the member's successor also belongs to 𝐴. The conclusion is that every natural number is in 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 22-Feb-2004.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 27-Aug-2011.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ ω ∧ ∅ ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 suc 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 = ω
Theorem	finds 4636*	Principle of Finite Induction (inference schema), using implicit substitutions. The first four hypotheses establish the substitutions we need. The last two are the basis and the induction step. Theorem Schema 22 of [Suppes] p. 136. This is Metamath 100 proof #74. (Contributed by NM, 14-Apr-1995.)
⊢ (𝑥 = ∅ → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = suc 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜏))    &   ⊢ 𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ ω → (𝜒 → 𝜃))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → 𝜏)
Theorem	finds2 4637*	Principle of Finite Induction (inference schema), using implicit substitutions. The first three hypotheses establish the substitutions we need. The last two are the basis and the induction step. Theorem Schema 22 of [Suppes] p. 136. (Contributed by NM, 29-Nov-2002.)
⊢ (𝑥 = ∅ → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = suc 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝜏 → 𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ ω → (𝜏 → (𝜒 → 𝜃)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ω → (𝜏 → 𝜑))
Theorem	finds1 4638*	Principle of Finite Induction (inference schema), using implicit substitutions. The first three hypotheses establish the substitutions we need. The last two are the basis and the induction step. Theorem Schema 22 of [Suppes] p. 136. (Contributed by NM, 22-Mar-2006.)
⊢ (𝑥 = ∅ → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = suc 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ 𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ ω → (𝜒 → 𝜃))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ω → 𝜑)
Theorem	findes 4639	Finite induction with explicit substitution. The first hypothesis is the basis and the second is the induction step. Theorem Schema 22 of [Suppes] p. 136. This is an alternative for Metamath 100 proof #74. (Contributed by Raph Levien, 9-Jul-2003.)
⊢ [∅ / 𝑥]𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ω → (𝜑 → [suc 𝑥 / 𝑥]𝜑))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ω → 𝜑)
2.6.5  The Natural Numbers (continued)
Theorem	nn0suc 4640*	A natural number is either 0 or a successor. Similar theorems for arbitrary sets or real numbers will not be provable (without the law of the excluded middle), but equality of natural numbers is decidable. (Contributed by NM, 27-May-1998.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → (𝐴 = ∅ ∨ ∃𝑥 ∈ ω 𝐴 = suc 𝑥))
Theorem	elomssom 4641	A natural number ordinal is, as a set, included in the set of natural number ordinals. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1998.) Extract this result from the previous proof of elnn 4642. (Revised by BJ, 7-Aug-2024.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → 𝐴 ⊆ ω)
Theorem	elnn 4642	A member of a natural number is a natural number. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1998.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ω) → 𝐴 ∈ ω)
Theorem	ordom 4643	Omega is ordinal. Theorem 7.32 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 43. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.)
⊢ Ord ω
Theorem	omelon2 4644	Omega is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (ω ∈ V → ω ∈ On)
Theorem	omelon 4645	Omega is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 10-May-1998.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 30-Jan-2013.)
⊢ ω ∈ On
Theorem	nnon 4646	A natural number is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 27-Jun-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → 𝐴 ∈ On)
Theorem	nnoni 4647	A natural number is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 27-Jun-1994.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ω    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On
Theorem	nnord 4648	A natural number is ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 17-Oct-1995.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → Ord 𝐴)
Theorem	omsson 4649	Omega is a subset of On. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jun-1994.)
⊢ ω ⊆ On
Theorem	limom 4650	Omega is a limit ordinal. Theorem 2.8 of [BellMachover] p. 473. (Contributed by NM, 26-Mar-1995.) (Proof rewritten by Jim Kingdon, 5-Jan-2019.)
⊢ Lim ω
Theorem	peano2b 4651	A class belongs to omega iff its successor does. (Contributed by NM, 3-Dec-1995.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω ↔ suc 𝐴 ∈ ω)
Theorem	nnsuc 4652*	A nonzero natural number is a successor. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2004.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ω ∧ 𝐴 ≠ ∅) → ∃𝑥 ∈ ω 𝐴 = suc 𝑥)
Theorem	nnsucpred 4653	The successor of the precedessor of a nonzero natural number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ω ∧ 𝐴 ≠ ∅) → suc ∪ 𝐴 = 𝐴)
Theorem	nndceq0 4654	A natural number is either zero or nonzero. Decidable equality for natural numbers is a special case of the law of the excluded middle which holds in most constructive set theories including ours. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 5-Jan-2019.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → DECID 𝐴 = ∅)
Theorem	0elnn 4655	A natural number is either the empty set or has the empty set as an element. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Aug-2019.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → (𝐴 = ∅ ∨ ∅ ∈ 𝐴))
Theorem	nn0eln0 4656	A natural number is nonempty iff it contains the empty set. Although in constructive mathematics it is generally more natural to work with inhabited sets and ignore the whole concept of nonempty sets, in the specific case of natural numbers this theorem may be helpful in converting proofs which were written assuming excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Aug-2019.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → (∅ ∈ 𝐴 ↔ 𝐴 ≠ ∅))
Theorem	nnregexmid 4657*	If inhabited sets of natural numbers always have minimal elements, excluded middle follows. The argument is essentially the same as regexmid 4571 and the larger lesson is that although natural numbers may behave "non-constructively" even in a constructive set theory (for example see nndceq 6557 or nntri3or 6551), sets of natural numbers are a different animal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 6-Sep-2019.)
⊢ ((𝑥 ⊆ ω ∧ ∃𝑦 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥) → ∃𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑧(𝑧 ∈ 𝑦 → ¬ 𝑧 ∈ 𝑥)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	omsinds 4658*	Strong (or "total") induction principle over ω. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Jul-2015.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ω → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 𝜓 → 𝜑))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → 𝜒)
Theorem	nnpredcl 4659	The predecessor of a natural number is a natural number. This theorem is most interesting when the natural number is a successor (as seen in theorems like onsucuni2 4600) but also holds when it is ∅ by uni0 3866. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2022.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → ∪ 𝐴 ∈ ω)
Theorem	nnpredlt 4660	The predecessor (see nnpredcl 4659) of a nonzero natural number is less than (see df-iord 4401) that number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Sep-2024.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ω ∧ 𝐴 ≠ ∅) → ∪ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴)
2.6.6  Relations
Syntax	cxp 4661	Extend the definition of a class to include the cross product.
class (𝐴 × 𝐵)
Syntax	ccnv 4662	Extend the definition of a class to include the converse of a class.
class ◡𝐴
Syntax	cdm 4663	Extend the definition of a class to include the domain of a class.
class dom 𝐴
Syntax	crn 4664	Extend the definition of a class to include the range of a class.
class ran 𝐴
Syntax	cres 4665	Extend the definition of a class to include the restriction of a class. (Read: The restriction of 𝐴 to 𝐵.)
class (𝐴 ↾ 𝐵)
Syntax	cima 4666	Extend the definition of a class to include the image of a class. (Read: The image of 𝐵 under 𝐴.)
class (𝐴 “ 𝐵)
Syntax	ccom 4667	Extend the definition of a class to include the composition of two classes. (Read: The composition of 𝐴 and 𝐵.)
class (𝐴 ∘ 𝐵)
Syntax	wrel 4668	Extend the definition of a wff to include the relation predicate. (Read: 𝐴 is a relation.)
wff Rel 𝐴
Definition	df-xp 4669*	Define the Cartesian product of two classes. This is also sometimes called the "cross product" but that term also has other meanings; we intentionally choose a less ambiguous term. Definition 9.11 of [Quine] p. 64. For example, ({1, 5} × {2, 7}) = ({⟨1, 2⟩, ⟨1, 7⟩} ∪ {⟨5, 2⟩, ⟨5, 7⟩}). Another example is that the set of rational numbers is defined using the Cartesian product as (ℤ × ℕ); the left- and right-hand sides of the Cartesian product represent the top (integer) and bottom (natural) numbers of a fraction. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jul-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 × 𝐵) = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵)}
Definition	df-rel 4670	Define the relation predicate. Definition 6.4(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 23. For alternate definitions, see dfrel2 5120 and dfrel3 5127. (Contributed by NM, 1-Aug-1994.)
⊢ (Rel 𝐴 ↔ 𝐴 ⊆ (V × V))
Definition	df-cnv 4671*	Define the converse of a class. Definition 9.12 of [Quine] p. 64. The converse of a binary relation swaps its arguments, i.e., if 𝐴 ∈ V and 𝐵 ∈ V then (𝐴◡𝑅𝐵 ↔ 𝐵𝑅𝐴), as proven in brcnv 4849 (see df-br 4034 and df-rel 4670 for more on relations). For example, ◡{⟨2, 6⟩, ⟨3, 9⟩} = {⟨6, 2⟩, ⟨9, 3⟩}. We use Quine's breve accent (smile) notation. Like Quine, we use it as a prefix, which eliminates the need for parentheses. "Converse" is Quine's terminology. Some authors use a "minus one" exponent and call it "inverse", especially when the argument is a function, although this is not in general a genuine inverse. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jul-1994.)
⊢ ◡𝐴 = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝑦𝐴𝑥}
Definition	df-co 4672*	Define the composition of two classes. Definition 6.6(3) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 24. Note that Definition 7 of [Suppes] p. 63 reverses 𝐴 and 𝐵, uses a slash instead of ∘, and calls the operation "relative product". (Contributed by NM, 4-Jul-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∘ 𝐵) = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ∃𝑧(𝑥𝐵𝑧 ∧ 𝑧𝐴𝑦)}
Definition	df-dm 4673*	Define the domain of a class. Definition 3 of [Suppes] p. 59. For example, F = { ⟨ 2 , 6 ⟩, ⟨ 3 , 9 ⟩ } → dom F = { 2 , 3 } . Contrast with range (defined in df-rn 4674). For alternate definitions see dfdm2 5204, dfdm3 4853, and dfdm4 4858. The notation "dom " is used by Enderton; other authors sometimes use script D. (Contributed by NM, 1-Aug-1994.)
⊢ dom 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∣ ∃𝑦 𝑥𝐴𝑦}
Definition	df-rn 4674	Define the range of a class. For example, F = { ⟨ 2 , 6 ⟩, ⟨ 3 , 9 ⟩ } -> ran F = { 6 , 9 } . Contrast with domain (defined in df-dm 4673). For alternate definitions, see dfrn2 4854, dfrn3 4855, and dfrn4 5130. The notation "ran " is used by Enderton; other authors sometimes use script R or script W. (Contributed by NM, 1-Aug-1994.)
⊢ ran 𝐴 = dom ◡𝐴
Definition	df-res 4675	Define the restriction of a class. Definition 6.6(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 24. For example, (𝐹 = {⟨2, 6⟩, ⟨3, 9⟩} ∧ 𝐵 = {1, 2}) → (𝐹 ↾ 𝐵) = {⟨2, 6⟩}. We do not introduce a special syntax for the corestriction of a class: it will be expressed either as the intersection (𝐴 ∩ (V × 𝐵)) or as the converse of the restricted converse. (Contributed by NM, 2-Aug-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ↾ 𝐵) = (𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 × V))
Definition	df-ima 4676	Define the image of a class (as restricted by another class). Definition 6.6(2) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 24. For example, ( F = { ⟨ 2 , 6 ⟩, ⟨ 3 , 9 ⟩ } /\ B = { 1 , 2 } ) -> ( F “ B ) = { 6 } . Contrast with restriction (df-res 4675) and range (df-rn 4674). For an alternate definition, see dfima2 5011. (Contributed by NM, 2-Aug-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 “ 𝐵) = ran (𝐴 ↾ 𝐵)
Theorem	xpeq1 4677	Equality theorem for cross product. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jul-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → (𝐴 × 𝐶) = (𝐵 × 𝐶))
Theorem	xpeq2 4678	Equality theorem for cross product. (Contributed by NM, 5-Jul-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → (𝐶 × 𝐴) = (𝐶 × 𝐵))
Theorem	elxpi 4679*	Membership in a cross product. Uses fewer axioms than elxp 4680. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jul-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (𝐵 × 𝐶) → ∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝐴 = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶)))
Theorem	elxp 4680*	Membership in a cross product. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jul-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (𝐵 × 𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝐴 = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶)))
Theorem	elxp2 4681*	Membership in a cross product. (Contributed by NM, 23-Feb-2004.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (𝐵 × 𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝐴 = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩)
Theorem	xpeq12 4682	Equality theorem for cross product. (Contributed by FL, 31-Aug-2009.)
⊢ ((𝐴 = 𝐵 ∧ 𝐶 = 𝐷) → (𝐴 × 𝐶) = (𝐵 × 𝐷))
Theorem	xpeq1i 4683	Equality inference for cross product. (Contributed by NM, 21-Dec-2008.)
⊢ 𝐴 = 𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 × 𝐶) = (𝐵 × 𝐶)
Theorem	xpeq2i 4684	Equality inference for cross product. (Contributed by NM, 21-Dec-2008.)
⊢ 𝐴 = 𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐶 × 𝐴) = (𝐶 × 𝐵)
Theorem	xpeq12i 4685	Equality inference for cross product. (Contributed by FL, 31-Aug-2009.)
⊢ 𝐴 = 𝐵    &   ⊢ 𝐶 = 𝐷    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 × 𝐶) = (𝐵 × 𝐷)
Theorem	xpeq1d 4686	Equality deduction for cross product. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 17-Jun-2010.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 × 𝐶) = (𝐵 × 𝐶))
Theorem	xpeq2d 4687	Equality deduction for cross product. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 17-Jun-2010.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 × 𝐴) = (𝐶 × 𝐵))
Theorem	xpeq12d 4688	Equality deduction for Cartesian product. (Contributed by NM, 8-Dec-2013.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 × 𝐶) = (𝐵 × 𝐷))
Theorem	sqxpeqd 4689	Equality deduction for a Cartesian square, see Wikipedia "Cartesian product", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product#n-ary_Cartesian_power. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jan-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 × 𝐴) = (𝐵 × 𝐵))
Theorem	nfxp 4690	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for cross product. (Contributed by NM, 15-Sep-2003.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐵    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥(𝐴 × 𝐵)
Theorem	0nelxp 4691	The empty set is not a member of a cross product. (Contributed by NM, 2-May-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ¬ ∅ ∈ (𝐴 × 𝐵)
Theorem	0nelelxp 4692	A member of a cross product (ordered pair) doesn't contain the empty set. (Contributed by NM, 15-Dec-2008.)
⊢ (𝐶 ∈ (𝐴 × 𝐵) → ¬ ∅ ∈ 𝐶)
Theorem	opelxp 4693	Ordered pair membership in a cross product. (Contributed by NM, 15-Nov-1994.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 12-Aug-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
⊢ (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ (𝐶 × 𝐷) ↔ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷))
Theorem	brxp 4694	Binary relation on a cross product. (Contributed by NM, 22-Apr-2004.)
⊢ (𝐴(𝐶 × 𝐷)𝐵 ↔ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷))
Theorem	opelxpi 4695	Ordered pair membership in a cross product (implication). (Contributed by NM, 28-May-1995.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷) → ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ (𝐶 × 𝐷))
Theorem	opelxpd 4696	Ordered pair membership in a Cartesian product, deduction form. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 3-Mar-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ (𝐶 × 𝐷))
Theorem	opelxp1 4697	The first member of an ordered pair of classes in a cross product belongs to first cross product argument. (Contributed by NM, 28-May-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
⊢ (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ (𝐶 × 𝐷) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶)
Theorem	opelxp2 4698	The second member of an ordered pair of classes in a cross product belongs to second cross product argument. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
⊢ (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ (𝐶 × 𝐷) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷)
Theorem	otelxp1 4699	The first member of an ordered triple of classes in a cross product belongs to first cross product argument. (Contributed by NM, 28-May-2008.)
⊢ (⟨⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩, 𝐶⟩ ∈ ((𝑅 × 𝑆) × 𝑇) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑅)
Theorem	rabxp 4700*	Membership in a class builder restricted to a cross product. (Contributed by NM, 20-Feb-2014.)
⊢ (𝑥 = ⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ {𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 × 𝐵) ∣ 𝜑} = {⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ (𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝜓)}