P. 47 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 4601-4700   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	eusvnf 4601*	Even if 𝑥 is free in 𝐴, it is effectively bound when 𝐴(𝑥) is single-valued. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Oct-2016.)
⊢ (∃!𝑦∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 → Ⅎ𝑥𝐴)
Theorem	eusvnfb 4602*	Two ways to say that 𝐴(𝑥) is a set expression that does not depend on 𝑥. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
⊢ (∃!𝑦∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 ↔ (Ⅎ𝑥𝐴 ∧ 𝐴 ∈ V))
Theorem	eusv2i 4603*	Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐴(𝑥). (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
⊢ (∃!𝑦∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 → ∃!𝑦∃𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴)
Theorem	eusv2nf 4604*	Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐴(𝑥). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (∃!𝑦∃𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 ↔ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴)
Theorem	eusv2 4605*	Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐴(𝑥). (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (∃!𝑦∃𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 ↔ ∃!𝑦∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴)
Theorem	reusv1 4606*	Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐶(𝑦). (Contributed by NM, 16-Dec-2012.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
⊢ (∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝜑 → (∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 (𝜑 → 𝑥 = 𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 (𝜑 → 𝑥 = 𝐶)))
Theorem	reusv3i 4607*	Two ways of expressing existential uniqueness via an indirect equality. (Contributed by NM, 23-Dec-2012.)
⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑧 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑧 → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 (𝜑 → 𝑥 = 𝐶) → ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) → 𝐶 = 𝐷))
Theorem	reusv3 4608*	Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐶(𝑦). See reusv1 4606 for the connection to uniqueness. (Contributed by NM, 27-Dec-2012.)
⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑧 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑧 → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 (𝜑 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴) → (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐵 ((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) → 𝐶 = 𝐷) ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 (𝜑 → 𝑥 = 𝐶)))
Theorem	alxfr 4609*	Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2007.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ ((∀𝑦 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ ∀𝑥∃𝑦 𝑥 = 𝐴) → (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	ralxfrd 4610*	Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝜒))
Theorem	rexxfrd 4611*	Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by FL, 10-Apr-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝜒))
Theorem	ralxfr2d 4612*	Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↔ ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝜒))
Theorem	rexxfr2d 4613*	Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↔ ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝜒))
Theorem	ralxfr 4614*	Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝜓)
Theorem	ralxfrALT 4615*	Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. This proof does not use ralxfrd 4610. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝜓)
Theorem	rexxfr 4616*	Transfer existence from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝜓)
Theorem	rabxfrd 4617*	Class builder membership after substituting an expression 𝐴 (containing 𝑦) for 𝑥 in the class expression 𝜒. (Contributed by NM, 16-Jan-2012.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝐵    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝐶    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷) → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝐵 → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷) → (𝐶 ∈ {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ∣ 𝜓} ↔ 𝐵 ∈ {𝑦 ∈ 𝐷 ∣ 𝜒}))
Theorem	rabxfr 4618*	Class builder membership after substituting an expression 𝐴 (containing 𝑦) for 𝑥 in the class expression 𝜑. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝐵    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝐶    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝐷 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝐵 → 𝐴 = 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐷 → (𝐶 ∈ {𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ∣ 𝜑} ↔ 𝐵 ∈ {𝑦 ∈ 𝐷 ∣ 𝜓}))
Theorem	reuhypd 4619*	A theorem useful for eliminating restricted existential uniqueness hypotheses. (Contributed by NM, 16-Jan-2012.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐶) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶) → (𝑥 = 𝐴 ↔ 𝑦 = 𝐵))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐶) → ∃!𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)
Theorem	reuhyp 4620*	A theorem useful for eliminating restricted existential uniqueness hypotheses. (Contributed by NM, 15-Nov-2004.)
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐶 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶) → (𝑥 = 𝐴 ↔ 𝑦 = 𝐵))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐶 → ∃!𝑦 ∈ 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)
Theorem	uniexb 4621	The Axiom of Union and its converse. A class is a set iff its union is a set. (Contributed by NM, 11-Nov-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V ↔ ∪ 𝐴 ∈ V)
Theorem	pwexb 4622	The Axiom of Power Sets and its converse. A class is a set iff its power class is a set. (Contributed by NM, 11-Nov-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V ↔ 𝒫 𝐴 ∈ V)
Theorem	elpwpwel 4623	A class belongs to a double power class if and only if its union belongs to the power class. (Contributed by BJ, 22-Jan-2023.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝒫 𝐵 ↔ ∪ 𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐵)
Theorem	univ 4624	The union of the universe is the universe. Exercise 4.12(c) of [Mendelson] p. 235. (Contributed by NM, 14-Sep-2003.)
⊢ ∪ V = V
Theorem	eldifpw 4625	Membership in a power class difference. (Contributed by NM, 25-Mar-2007.)
⊢ 𝐶 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝐵 ∧ ¬ 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐵) → (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶) ∈ (𝒫 (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) ∖ 𝒫 𝐵))
Theorem	op1stb 4626	Extract the first member of an ordered pair. Theorem 73 of [Suppes] p. 42. (Contributed by NM, 25-Nov-2003.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ ∩ ∩ ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = 𝐴
Theorem	op1stbg 4627	Extract the first member of an ordered pair. Theorem 73 of [Suppes] p. 42. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Dec-2018.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑊) → ∩ ∩ ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = 𝐴)
Theorem	iunpw 4628*	An indexed union of a power class in terms of the power class of the union of its index. Part of Exercise 24(b) of [Enderton] p. 33. (Contributed by NM, 29-Nov-2003.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑥 = ∪ 𝐴 ↔ 𝒫 ∪ 𝐴 = ∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝒫 𝑥)
Theorem	ifelpwung 4629	Existence of a conditional class, quantitative version (closed form). (Contributed by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑊) → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ 𝒫 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵))
Theorem	ifelpwund 4630	Existence of a conditional class, quantitative version (deduction form). (Contributed by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑊)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ 𝒫 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵))
Theorem	ifelpwun 4631	Existence of a conditional class, quantitative version (inference form). (Contributed by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ 𝒫 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
Theorem	ifexd 4632	Existence of a conditional class (deduction form). (Contributed by BJ, 15-Aug-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑊)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if(𝜓, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ V)
Theorem	ifexg 4633	Existence of the conditional operator (closed form). (Contributed by NM, 21-Mar-2011.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 1-Sep-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑊) → if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ V)
Theorem	ifex 4634	Existence of the conditional operator (inference form). (Contributed by NM, 2-Sep-2004.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ if(𝜑, 𝐴, 𝐵) ∈ V
2.4.2  Ordinals (continued)
Theorem	ordon 4635	The class of all ordinal numbers is ordinal. Proposition 7.12 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 38, but without using the Axiom of Regularity. (Contributed by NM, 17-May-1994.)
⊢ Ord On
Theorem	ssorduni 4636	The union of a class of ordinal numbers is ordinal. Proposition 7.19 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 40. (Contributed by NM, 30-May-1994.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 12-Aug-2011.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ On → Ord ∪ 𝐴)
Theorem	ssonuni 4637	The union of a set of ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. Theorem 9 of [Suppes] p. 132. (Contributed by NM, 1-Nov-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐴 ⊆ On → ∪ 𝐴 ∈ On))
Theorem	ssonunii 4638	The union of a set of ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. Corollary 7N(d) of [Enderton] p. 193. (Contributed by NM, 20-Sep-2003.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ On → ∪ 𝐴 ∈ On)
Theorem	onun2 4639	The union of two ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jul-2019.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ 𝐵 ∈ On) → (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∈ On)
Theorem	onun2i 4640	The union of two ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jun-1994.) (Constructive proof by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jul-2019.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ On    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∈ On
Theorem	ordsson 4641	Any ordinal class is a subclass of the class of ordinal numbers. Corollary 7.15 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 38. (Contributed by NM, 18-May-1994.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → 𝐴 ⊆ On)
Theorem	onss 4642	An ordinal number is a subset of the class of ordinal numbers. (Contributed by NM, 5-Jun-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → 𝐴 ⊆ On)
Theorem	onuni 4643	The union of an ordinal number is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 29-Sep-2006.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → ∪ 𝐴 ∈ On)
Theorem	orduni 4644	The union of an ordinal class is ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 12-Sep-2003.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → Ord ∪ 𝐴)
Theorem	bm2.5ii 4645*	Problem 2.5(ii) of [BellMachover] p. 471. (Contributed by NM, 20-Sep-2003.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ On → ∪ 𝐴 = ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 𝑦 ⊆ 𝑥})
Theorem	sucexb 4646	A successor exists iff its class argument exists. (Contributed by NM, 22-Jun-1998.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V ↔ suc 𝐴 ∈ V)
Theorem	sucexg 4647	The successor of a set is a set (generalization). (Contributed by NM, 5-Jun-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → suc 𝐴 ∈ V)
Theorem	sucex 4648	The successor of a set is a set. (Contributed by NM, 30-Aug-1993.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ suc 𝐴 ∈ V
Theorem	ordsucim 4649	The successor of an ordinal class is ordinal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 8-Nov-2018.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → Ord suc 𝐴)
Theorem	onsuc 4650	The successor of an ordinal number is an ordinal number. Closed form of onsuci 4665. Forward implication of onsucb 4652. Proposition 7.24 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 41. (Contributed by NM, 6-Jun-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → suc 𝐴 ∈ On)
Theorem	ordsucg 4651	The successor of an ordinal class is ordinal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Nov-2018.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V → (Ord 𝐴 ↔ Ord suc 𝐴))
Theorem	onsucb 4652	A class is an ordinal number if and only if its successor is an ordinal number. Biconditional form of onsuc 4650. (Contributed by NM, 9-Sep-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On ↔ suc 𝐴 ∈ On)
Theorem	ordsucss 4653	The successor of an element of an ordinal class is a subset of it. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1998.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐵 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → suc 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵))
Theorem	ordelsuc 4654	A set belongs to an ordinal iff its successor is a subset of the ordinal. Exercise 8 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 42 and its converse. (Contributed by NM, 29-Nov-2003.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ Ord 𝐵) → (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ↔ suc 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵))
Theorem	onsucssi 4655	A set belongs to an ordinal number iff its successor is a subset of the ordinal number. Exercise 8 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 42 and its converse. (Contributed by NM, 16-Sep-1995.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ On    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ↔ suc 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)
Theorem	onsucmin 4656*	The successor of an ordinal number is the smallest larger ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 28-Nov-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → suc 𝐴 = ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑥})
Theorem	onsucelsucr 4657	Membership is inherited by predecessors. The converse, for all ordinals, implies excluded middle, as shown at onsucelsucexmid 4679. However, the converse does hold where 𝐵 is a natural number, as seen at nnsucelsuc 6768. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Jul-2019.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ On → (suc 𝐴 ∈ suc 𝐵 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵))
Theorem	onsucsssucr 4658	The subclass relationship between two ordinals is inherited by their predecessors. The converse implies excluded middle, as shown at onsucsssucexmid 4676. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2019.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ Ord 𝐵) → (suc 𝐴 ⊆ suc 𝐵 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵))
Theorem	sucunielr 4659	Successor and union. The converse (where 𝐵 is an ordinal) implies excluded middle, as seen at ordsucunielexmid 4680. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.)
⊢ (suc 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → 𝐴 ∈ ∪ 𝐵)
Theorem	unon 4660	The class of all ordinal numbers is its own union. Exercise 11 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 40. (Contributed by NM, 12-Nov-2003.)
⊢ ∪ On = On
Theorem	onuniss2 4661*	The union of the ordinal subsets of an ordinal number is that number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → ∪ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴} = 𝐴)
Theorem	limon 4662	The class of ordinal numbers is a limit ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 24-Mar-1995.)
⊢ Lim On
Theorem	ordunisuc2r 4663*	An ordinal which contains the successor of each of its members is equal to its union. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 14-Nov-2018.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 suc 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝐴 = ∪ 𝐴))
Theorem	onssi 4664	An ordinal number is a subset of On. (Contributed by NM, 11-Aug-1994.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 ⊆ On
Theorem	onsuci 4665	The successor of an ordinal number is an ordinal number. Inference associated with onsuc 4650 and onsucb 4652. Corollary 7N(c) of [Enderton] p. 193. (Contributed by NM, 12-Jun-1994.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On    ⇒   ⊢ suc 𝐴 ∈ On
Theorem	onintonm 4666*	The intersection of an inhabited collection of ordinal numbers is an ordinal number. Compare Exercise 6 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 44. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 30-Aug-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ On ∧ ∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → ∩ 𝐴 ∈ On)
Theorem	onintrab2im 4667	An existence condition which implies an intersection is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 30-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ On 𝜑 → ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝜑} ∈ On)
Theorem	ordtriexmidlem 4668	Lemma for decidability and ordinals. The set {𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} is a way of connecting statements about ordinals (such as trichotomy in ordtriexmid 4670 or weak linearity in ordsoexmid 4711) with a proposition 𝜑. Our lemma states that it is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jan-2019.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} ∈ On
Theorem	ordtriexmidlem2 4669*	Lemma for decidability and ordinals. The set {𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} is a way of connecting statements about ordinals (such as trichotomy in ordtriexmid 4670 or weak linearity in ordsoexmid 4711) with a proposition 𝜑. Our lemma helps connect that set to excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 28-Jan-2019.)
⊢ ({𝑥 ∈ {∅} ∣ 𝜑} = ∅ → ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	ordtriexmid 4670*	Ordinal trichotomy implies the law of the excluded middle (that is, decidability of an arbitrary proposition). This theorem is stated in "Constructive ordinals", [Crosilla], p. "Set-theoretic principles incompatible with intuitionistic logic". Also see exmidontri 7604 which is much the same theorem but biconditionalized and using the EXMID notation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 14-Nov-2018.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	ontriexmidim 4671*	Ordinal trichotomy implies excluded middle. Closed form of ordtriexmid 4670. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Aug-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥) → DECID 𝜑)
Theorem	ordtri2orexmid 4672*	Ordinal trichotomy implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 31-Jul-2019.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 ⊆ 𝑥)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	2ordpr 4673	Version of 2on 6700 with the definition of 2o expanded and expressed in terms of Ord. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.)
⊢ Ord {∅, {∅}}
Theorem	ontr2exmid 4674*	An ordinal transitivity law which implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 17-Sep-2021.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦∀𝑧 ∈ On ((𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑧) → 𝑥 ∈ 𝑧)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	ordtri2or2exmidlem 4675*	A set which is 2o if 𝜑 or ∅ if ¬ 𝜑 is an ordinal. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 29-Aug-2021.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ 𝜑} ∈ On
Theorem	onsucsssucexmid 4676*	The converse of onsucsssucr 4658 implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 29-Jul-2019.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦 → suc 𝑥 ⊆ suc 𝑦)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	onsucelsucexmidlem1 4677*	Lemma for onsucelsucexmid 4679. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.)
⊢ ∅ ∈ {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = ∅ ∨ 𝜑)}
Theorem	onsucelsucexmidlem 4678*	Lemma for onsucelsucexmid 4679. The set {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = ∅ ∨ 𝜑)} appears as 𝐴 in the proof of Theorem 1.3 in [Bauer] p. 483 (see acexmidlema 6079), and similar sets also appear in other proofs that various propositions imply excluded middle, for example in ordtriexmidlem 4668. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = ∅ ∨ 𝜑)} ∈ On
Theorem	onsucelsucexmid 4679*	The converse of onsucelsucr 4657 implies excluded middle. On the other hand, if 𝑦 is constrained to be a natural number, instead of an arbitrary ordinal, then the converse of onsucelsucr 4657 does hold, as seen at nnsucelsuc 6768. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 → suc 𝑥 ∈ suc 𝑦)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	ordsucunielexmid 4680*	The converse of sucunielr 4659 (where 𝐵 is an ordinal) implies excluded middle. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Aug-2019.)
⊢ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ∀𝑦 ∈ On (𝑥 ∈ ∪ 𝑦 → suc 𝑥 ∈ 𝑦)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
2.5  IZF Set Theory - add the Axiom of Set Induction
2.5.1  The ZF Axiom of Foundation would imply Excluded Middle
Theorem	regexmidlemm 4681*	Lemma for regexmid 4684. 𝐴 is inhabited. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2019.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))}    ⇒   ⊢ ∃𝑦 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴
Theorem	regexmidlem1 4682*	Lemma for regexmid 4684. If 𝐴 has a minimal element, excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2019.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))}    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑧(𝑧 ∈ 𝑦 → ¬ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑))
Theorem	reg2exmidlema 4683*	Lemma for reg2exmid 4685. If 𝐴 has a minimal element (expressed by ⊆), excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Oct-2021.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ {∅, {∅}} ∣ (𝑥 = {∅} ∨ (𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝜑))}    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑢 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝐴 𝑢 ⊆ 𝑣 → (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑))
Theorem	regexmid 4684*	The axiom of foundation implies excluded middle. By foundation (or regularity), we mean the principle that every inhabited set has an element which is minimal (when arranged by ∈). The statement of foundation here is taken from Metamath Proof Explorer's ax-reg, and is identical (modulo one unnecessary quantifier) to the statement of foundation in Theorem "Foundation implies instances of EM" of [Crosilla], p. "Set-theoretic principles incompatible with intuitionistic logic". For this reason, IZF does not adopt foundation as an axiom and instead replaces it with ax-setind 4686. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 3-Sep-2019.)
⊢ (∃𝑦 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 → ∃𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑧(𝑧 ∈ 𝑦 → ¬ 𝑧 ∈ 𝑥)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	reg2exmid 4685*	If any inhabited set has a minimal element (when expressed by ⊆), excluded middle follows. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 2-Oct-2021.)
⊢ ∀𝑧(∃𝑤 𝑤 ∈ 𝑧 → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑧 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑧 𝑥 ⊆ 𝑦)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ∨ ¬ 𝜑)
2.5.2  Introduce the Axiom of Set Induction
Axiom	ax-setind 4686*	Axiom of ∈-Induction (also known as set induction). An axiom of Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Axiom 9 of [Crosilla] p. "Axioms of CZF and IZF". This replaces the Axiom of Foundation (also called Regularity) from Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. For more on axioms which might be adopted which are incompatible with this axiom (that is, Non-wellfounded Set Theory but in the absence of excluded middle), see Chapter 20 of [AczelRathjen], p. 183. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Oct-2018.)
⊢ (∀𝑎(∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑎 [𝑦 / 𝑎]𝜑 → 𝜑) → ∀𝑎𝜑)
Theorem	setindel 4687*	∈-Induction in terms of membership in a class. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 22-Oct-2018.)
⊢ (∀𝑥(∀𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 → 𝑦 ∈ 𝑆) → 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆) → 𝑆 = V)
Theorem	setind 4688*	Set (epsilon) induction. Theorem 5.22 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 21. (Contributed by NM, 17-Sep-2003.)
⊢ (∀𝑥(𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 → 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐴 = V)
Theorem	setind2 4689	Set (epsilon) induction, stated compactly. Given as a homework problem in 1992 by George Boolos (1940-1996). (Contributed by NM, 17-Sep-2003.)
⊢ (𝒫 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴 → 𝐴 = V)
Theorem	elirr 4690	No class is a member of itself. Exercise 6 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 22. The reason that this theorem is marked as discouraged is a bit subtle. If we wanted to reduce usage of ax-setind 4686, we could redefine Ord 𝐴 (df-iord 4513) to also require E Fr 𝐴 (df-frind 4479) and in that case any theorem related to irreflexivity of ordinals could use ordirr 4691 (which under that definition would presumably not need ax-setind 4686 to prove it). But since ordinals have not yet been defined that way, we cannot rely on the "don't add additional axiom use" feature of the minimizer to get theorems to use ordirr 4691. To encourage ordirr 4691 when possible, we mark this theorem as discouraged. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.) (Proof rewritten by Mario Carneiro and Jim Kingdon, 26-Nov-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ¬ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴
Theorem	ordirr 4691	Epsilon irreflexivity of ordinals: no ordinal class is a member of itself. Theorem 2.2(i) of [BellMachover] p. 469, generalized to classes. The present proof requires ax-setind 4686. If in the definition of ordinals df-iord 4513, we also required that membership be well-founded on any ordinal (see df-frind 4479), then we could prove ordirr 4691 without ax-setind 4686. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-1994.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → ¬ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴)
Theorem	onirri 4692	An ordinal number is not a member of itself. Theorem 7M(c) of [Enderton] p. 192. (Contributed by NM, 11-Jun-1994.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ On    ⇒   ⊢ ¬ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴
Theorem	nordeq 4693	A member of an ordinal class is not equal to it. (Contributed by NM, 25-May-1998.)
⊢ ((Ord 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵)
Theorem	ordn2lp 4694	An ordinal class cannot be an element of one of its members. Variant of first part of Theorem 2.2(vii) of [BellMachover] p. 469. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → ¬ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴))
Theorem	orddisj 4695	An ordinal class and its singleton are disjoint. (Contributed by NM, 19-May-1998.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → (𝐴 ∩ {𝐴}) = ∅)
Theorem	orddif 4696	Ordinal derived from its successor. (Contributed by NM, 20-May-1998.)
⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → 𝐴 = (suc 𝐴 ∖ {𝐴}))
Theorem	elirrv 4697	The membership relation is irreflexive: no set is a member of itself. Theorem 105 of [Suppes] p. 54. (Contributed by NM, 19-Aug-1993.)
⊢ ¬ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥
Theorem	sucprcreg 4698	A class is equal to its successor iff it is a proper class (assuming the Axiom of Set Induction). (Contributed by NM, 9-Jul-2004.)
⊢ (¬ 𝐴 ∈ V ↔ suc 𝐴 = 𝐴)
Theorem	ruv 4699	The Russell class is equal to the universe V. Exercise 5 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 22. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 4-Oct-2008.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} = V
Theorem	ruALT 4700	Alternate proof of Russell's Paradox ru 3050, simplified using (indirectly) the Axiom of Set Induction ax-setind 4686. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 4-Oct-2008.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∣ 𝑥 ∉ 𝑥} ∉ V