P. 154 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 15301-15400   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
11.3.2  Number-theoretical functions
Syntax	csgm 15301	Extend class notation with the divisor function.
class σ
Definition	df-sgm 15302*	Define the sum of positive divisors function (𝑥 σ 𝑛), which is the sum of the xth powers of the positive integer divisors of n, see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 38. For 𝑥 = 0, (𝑥 σ 𝑛) counts the number of divisors of 𝑛, i.e. (0 σ 𝑛) is the divisor function, see remark in [ApostolNT] p. 38. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.)
⊢ σ = (𝑥 ∈ ℂ, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ Σ𝑘 ∈ {𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑝 ∥ 𝑛} (𝑘↑𝑐𝑥))
Theorem	sgmval 15303*	The value of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐴 σ 𝐵) = Σ𝑘 ∈ {𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑝 ∥ 𝐵} (𝑘↑𝑐𝐴))
Theorem	sgmval2 15304*	The value of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐴 σ 𝐵) = Σ𝑘 ∈ {𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑝 ∥ 𝐵} (𝑘↑𝐴))
Theorem	0sgm 15305*	The value of the sum-of-divisors function, usually denoted σ<SUB>0</SUB>(<i>n</i>). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ → (0 σ 𝐴) = (♯‘{𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑝 ∥ 𝐴}))
Theorem	sgmf 15306	The divisor function is a function into the complex numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
⊢ σ :(ℂ × ℕ)⟶ℂ
Theorem	sgmcl 15307	Closure of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐴 σ 𝐵) ∈ ℂ)
Theorem	sgmnncl 15308	Closure of the divisor function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 21-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐴 σ 𝐵) ∈ ℕ)
Theorem	dvdsppwf1o 15309*	A bijection between the divisors of a prime power and the integers less than or equal to the exponent. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-May-2016.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ (0...𝐴) ↦ (𝑃↑𝑛))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℕ0) → 𝐹:(0...𝐴)–1-1-onto→{𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑥 ∥ (𝑃↑𝐴)})
Theorem	mpodvdsmulf1o 15310*	If 𝑀 and 𝑁 are two coprime integers, multiplication forms a bijection from the set of pairs ⟨𝑗, 𝑘⟩ where 𝑗 ∥ 𝑀 and 𝑘 ∥ 𝑁, to the set of divisors of 𝑀 · 𝑁. (Contributed by GG, 18-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑀 gcd 𝑁) = 1)    &   ⊢ 𝑋 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑥 ∥ 𝑀}    &   ⊢ 𝑌 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑥 ∥ 𝑁}    &   ⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑥 ∥ (𝑀 · 𝑁)}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝑥 ∈ ℂ, 𝑦 ∈ ℂ ↦ (𝑥 · 𝑦)) ↾ (𝑋 × 𝑌)):(𝑋 × 𝑌)–1-1-onto→𝑍)
Theorem	fsumdvdsmul 15311*	Product of two divisor sums. (This is also the main part of the proof that "Σ𝑘 ∥ 𝑁𝐹(𝑘) is a multiplicative function if 𝐹 is".) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.) Avoid ax-mulf 8019. (Revised by GG, 18-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑀 gcd 𝑁) = 1)    &   ⊢ 𝑋 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑥 ∥ 𝑀}    &   ⊢ 𝑌 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑥 ∥ 𝑁}    &   ⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑥 ∥ (𝑀 · 𝑁)}    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑗 ∈ 𝑋) → 𝐴 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑌) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑗 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑌)) → (𝐴 · 𝐵) = 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝑖 = (𝑗 · 𝑘) → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Σ𝑗 ∈ 𝑋 𝐴 · Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝑌 𝐵) = Σ𝑖 ∈ 𝑍 𝐶)
Theorem	sgmppw 15312*	The value of the divisor function at a prime power. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝐴 σ (𝑃↑𝑁)) = Σ𝑘 ∈ (0...𝑁)((𝑃↑𝑐𝐴)↑𝑘))
Theorem	0sgmppw 15313	A prime power 𝑃↑𝐾 has 𝐾 + 1 divisors. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝐾 ∈ ℕ0) → (0 σ (𝑃↑𝐾)) = (𝐾 + 1))
Theorem	1sgmprm 15314	The sum of divisors for a prime is 𝑃 + 1 because the only divisors are 1 and 𝑃. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → (1 σ 𝑃) = (𝑃 + 1))
Theorem	1sgm2ppw 15315	The sum of the divisors of 2↑(𝑁 − 1). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ → (1 σ (2↑(𝑁 − 1))) = ((2↑𝑁) − 1))
Theorem	sgmmul 15316	The divisor function for fixed parameter 𝐴 is a multiplicative function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℂ ∧ (𝑀 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝑀 gcd 𝑁) = 1)) → (𝐴 σ (𝑀 · 𝑁)) = ((𝐴 σ 𝑀) · (𝐴 σ 𝑁)))
11.3.3  Perfect Number Theorem
Theorem	mersenne 15317	A Mersenne prime is a prime number of the form 2↑𝑃 − 1. This theorem shows that the 𝑃 in this expression is necessarily also prime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℤ ∧ ((2↑𝑃) − 1) ∈ ℙ) → 𝑃 ∈ ℙ)
Theorem	perfect1 15318	Euclid's contribution to the Euclid-Euler theorem. A number of the form 2↑(𝑝 − 1) · (2↑𝑝 − 1) is a perfect number. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℤ ∧ ((2↑𝑃) − 1) ∈ ℙ) → (1 σ ((2↑(𝑃 − 1)) · ((2↑𝑃) − 1))) = ((2↑𝑃) · ((2↑𝑃) − 1)))
Theorem	perfectlem1 15319	Lemma for perfect 15321. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jun-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 2 ∥ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (1 σ ((2↑𝐴) · 𝐵)) = (2 · ((2↑𝐴) · 𝐵)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((2↑(𝐴 + 1)) ∈ ℕ ∧ ((2↑(𝐴 + 1)) − 1) ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝐵 / ((2↑(𝐴 + 1)) − 1)) ∈ ℕ))
Theorem	perfectlem2 15320	Lemma for perfect 15321. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 17-Sep-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 2 ∥ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (1 σ ((2↑𝐴) · 𝐵)) = (2 · ((2↑𝐴) · 𝐵)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐵 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝐵 = ((2↑(𝐴 + 1)) − 1)))
Theorem	perfect 15321*	The Euclid-Euler theorem, or Perfect Number theorem. A positive even integer 𝑁 is a perfect number (that is, its divisor sum is 2𝑁) if and only if it is of the form 2↑(𝑝 − 1) · (2↑𝑝 − 1), where 2↑𝑝 − 1 is prime (a Mersenne prime), and therefore 𝑝 is also prime, see mersenne 15317. This is Metamath 100 proof #70. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2016.)
⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 2 ∥ 𝑁) → ((1 σ 𝑁) = (2 · 𝑁) ↔ ∃𝑝 ∈ ℤ (((2↑𝑝) − 1) ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 = ((2↑(𝑝 − 1)) · ((2↑𝑝) − 1)))))
11.3.4  Quadratic residues and the Legendre symbol If the congruence ((𝑥↑2) mod 𝑝) = (𝑛 mod 𝑝) has a solution we say that 𝑛 is a quadratic residue mod 𝑝. If the congruence has no solution we say that 𝑛 is a quadratic nonresidue mod 𝑝, see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 178. The Legendre symbol (𝑛 /L 𝑝) is defined in a way that its value is 1 if 𝑛 is a quadratic residue mod 𝑝 and -1 if 𝑛 is a quadratic nonresidue mod 𝑝 (and 0 if 𝑝 divides 𝑛). Originally, the Legendre symbol (𝑁 /L 𝑃) was defined for odd primes 𝑃 only (and arbitrary integers 𝑁) by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798, see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 179. It was generalized to be defined for any positive odd integer by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi in 1837 (therefore called "Jacobi symbol" since then), see definition in [ApostolNT] p. 188. Finally, it was generalized to be defined for any integer by Leopold Kronecker in 1885 (therefore called "Kronecker symbol" since then). The definition df-lgs 15323 for the "Legendre symbol" /L is actually the definition of the "Kronecker symbol". Since only one definition (and one class symbol) are provided in set.mm, the names "Legendre symbol", "Jacobi symbol" and "Kronecker symbol" are used synonymously for /L, but mostly it is called "Legendre symbol", even if it is used in the context of a "Jacobi symbol" or "Kronecker symbol".
Syntax	clgs 15322	Extend class notation with the Legendre symbol function.
class /L
Definition	df-lgs 15323*	Define the Legendre symbol (actually the Kronecker symbol, which extends the Legendre symbol to all integers, and also the Jacobi symbol, which restricts the Kronecker symbol to positive odd integers). See definition in [ApostolNT] p. 179 resp. definition in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ /L = (𝑎 ∈ ℤ, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ ↦ if(𝑛 = 0, if((𝑎↑2) = 1, 1, 0), (if((𝑛 < 0 ∧ 𝑎 < 0), -1, 1) · (seq1( · , (𝑚 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑚 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑚 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝑎, 0, if((𝑎 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝑎↑((𝑚 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑚) − 1))↑(𝑚 pCnt 𝑛)), 1)))‘(abs‘𝑛)))))
Theorem	zabsle1 15324	{-1, 0, 1} is the set of all integers with absolute value at most 1. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝑍 ∈ ℤ → (𝑍 ∈ {-1, 0, 1} ↔ (abs‘𝑍) ≤ 1))
Theorem	lgslem1 15325	When 𝑎 is coprime to the prime 𝑝, 𝑎↑((𝑝 − 1) / 2) is equivalent mod 𝑝 to 1 or -1, and so adding 1 makes it equivalent to 0 or 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}) ∧ ¬ 𝑃 ∥ 𝐴) → (((𝐴↑((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑃) ∈ {0, 2})
Theorem	lgslem2 15326	The set 𝑍 of all integers with absolute value at most 1 contains {-1, 0, 1}. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∣ (abs‘𝑥) ≤ 1}    ⇒   ⊢ (-1 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 0 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 1 ∈ 𝑍)
Theorem	lgslem3 15327*	The set 𝑍 of all integers with absolute value at most 1 is closed under multiplication. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∣ (abs‘𝑥) ≤ 1}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑍 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑍) → (𝐴 · 𝐵) ∈ 𝑍)
Theorem	lgslem4 15328*	Lemma for lgsfcl2 15331. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 19-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∣ (abs‘𝑥) ≤ 1}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2})) → ((((𝐴↑((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑃) − 1) ∈ 𝑍)
Theorem	lgsval 15329*	Value of the Legendre symbol at an arbitrary integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) = if(𝑁 = 0, if((𝐴↑2) = 1, 1, 0), (if((𝑁 < 0 ∧ 𝐴 < 0), -1, 1) · (seq1( · , 𝐹)‘(abs‘𝑁)))))
Theorem	lgsfvalg 15330*	Value of the function 𝐹 which defines the Legendre symbol at the primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 4-Nov-2024.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐹‘𝑀) = if(𝑀 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑀 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑀 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑀) − 1))↑(𝑀 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))
Theorem	lgsfcl2 15331*	The function 𝐹 is closed in integers with absolute value less than 1 (namely {-1, 0, 1}, see zabsle1 15324). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    &   ⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∣ (abs‘𝑥) ≤ 1}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0) → 𝐹:ℕ⟶𝑍)
Theorem	lgscllem 15332*	The Legendre symbol is an element of 𝑍. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    &   ⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∣ (abs‘𝑥) ≤ 1}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) ∈ 𝑍)
Theorem	lgsfcl 15333*	Closure of the function 𝐹 which defines the Legendre symbol at the primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0) → 𝐹:ℕ⟶ℤ)
Theorem	lgsfle1 15334*	The function 𝐹 has magnitude less or equal to 1. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0) ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ) → (abs‘(𝐹‘𝑀)) ≤ 1)
Theorem	lgsval2lem 15335*	Lemma for lgsval2 15341. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℙ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) = if(𝑁 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑁 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑁) − 1)))
Theorem	lgsval4lem 15336*	Lemma for lgsval4 15345. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, (if(𝑛 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑛 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑛) − 1))↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0) → 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, ((𝐴 /L 𝑛)↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1)))
Theorem	lgscl2 15337*	The Legendre symbol is an integer with absolute value less than or equal to 1. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝑍 = {𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∣ (abs‘𝑥) ≤ 1}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) ∈ 𝑍)
Theorem	lgs0 15338	The Legendre symbol when the second argument is zero. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤ → (𝐴 /L 0) = if((𝐴↑2) = 1, 1, 0))
Theorem	lgscl 15339	The Legendre symbol is an integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) ∈ ℤ)
Theorem	lgsle1 15340	The Legendre symbol has absolute value less than or equal to 1. Together with lgscl 15339 this implies that it takes values in {-1, 0, 1}. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (abs‘(𝐴 /L 𝑁)) ≤ 1)
Theorem	lgsval2 15341	The Legendre symbol at a prime (this is the traditional domain of the Legendre symbol, except for the addition of prime 2). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ ℙ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑃) = if(𝑃 = 2, if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)), ((((𝐴↑((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑃) − 1)))
Theorem	lgs2 15342	The Legendre symbol at 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤ → (𝐴 /L 2) = if(2 ∥ 𝐴, 0, if((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}, 1, -1)))
Theorem	lgsval3 15343	The Legendre symbol at an odd prime (this is the traditional domain of the Legendre symbol). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2})) → (𝐴 /L 𝑃) = ((((𝐴↑((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) + 1) mod 𝑃) − 1))
Theorem	lgsvalmod 15344	The Legendre symbol is equivalent to 𝑎↑((𝑝 − 1) / 2), mod 𝑝. This theorem is also called "Euler's criterion", see theorem 9.2 in [ApostolNT] p. 180, or a representation of Euler's criterion using the Legendre symbol, (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2})) → ((𝐴 /L 𝑃) mod 𝑃) = ((𝐴↑((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) mod 𝑃))
Theorem	lgsval4 15345*	Restate lgsval 15329 for nonzero 𝑁, where the function 𝐹 has been abbreviated into a self-referential expression taking the value of /L on the primes as given. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, ((𝐴 /L 𝑛)↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) = (if((𝑁 < 0 ∧ 𝐴 < 0), -1, 1) · (seq1( · , 𝐹)‘(abs‘𝑁))))
Theorem	lgsfcl3 15346*	Closure of the function 𝐹 which defines the Legendre symbol at the primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, ((𝐴 /L 𝑛)↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0) → 𝐹:ℕ⟶ℤ)
Theorem	lgsval4a 15347*	Same as lgsval4 15345 for positive 𝑁. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, ((𝐴 /L 𝑛)↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑁)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) = (seq1( · , 𝐹)‘𝑁))
Theorem	lgscl1 15348	The value of the Legendre symbol is either -1 or 0 or 1. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) ∈ {-1, 0, 1})
Theorem	lgsneg 15349	The Legendre symbol is either even or odd under negation with respect to the second parameter according to the sign of the first. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0) → (𝐴 /L -𝑁) = (if(𝐴 < 0, -1, 1) · (𝐴 /L 𝑁)))
Theorem	lgsneg1 15350	The Legendre symbol for nonnegative first parameter is unchanged by negation of the second. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 /L -𝑁) = (𝐴 /L 𝑁))
Theorem	lgsmod 15351	The Legendre (Jacobi) symbol is preserved under reduction mod 𝑛 when 𝑛 is odd. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ ¬ 2 ∥ 𝑁) → ((𝐴 mod 𝑁) /L 𝑁) = (𝐴 /L 𝑁))
Theorem	lgsdilem 15352	Lemma for lgsdi 15362 and lgsdir 15360: the sign part of the Legendre symbol is multiplicative. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝐴 ≠ 0 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 0)) → if((𝑁 < 0 ∧ (𝐴 · 𝐵) < 0), -1, 1) = (if((𝑁 < 0 ∧ 𝐴 < 0), -1, 1) · if((𝑁 < 0 ∧ 𝐵 < 0), -1, 1)))
Theorem	lgsdir2lem1 15353	Lemma for lgsdir2 15358. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (((1 mod 8) = 1 ∧ (-1 mod 8) = 7) ∧ ((3 mod 8) = 3 ∧ (-3 mod 8) = 5))
Theorem	lgsdir2lem2 15354	Lemma for lgsdir2 15358. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 2 ∥ (𝐾 + 1) ∧ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ ¬ 2 ∥ 𝐴) → ((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ (0...𝐾) → (𝐴 mod 8) ∈ 𝑆)))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝐾 + 1)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝑀 + 1)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑆    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 2 ∥ (𝑁 + 1) ∧ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ ¬ 2 ∥ 𝐴) → ((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ (0...𝑁) → (𝐴 mod 8) ∈ 𝑆)))
Theorem	lgsdir2lem3 15355	Lemma for lgsdir2 15358. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ ¬ 2 ∥ 𝐴) → (𝐴 mod 8) ∈ ({1, 7} ∪ {3, 5}))
Theorem	lgsdir2lem4 15356	Lemma for lgsdir2 15358. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}) → (((𝐴 · 𝐵) mod 8) ∈ {1, 7} ↔ (𝐵 mod 8) ∈ {1, 7}))
Theorem	lgsdir2lem5 15357	Lemma for lgsdir2 15358. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ) ∧ ((𝐴 mod 8) ∈ {3, 5} ∧ (𝐵 mod 8) ∈ {3, 5})) → ((𝐴 · 𝐵) mod 8) ∈ {1, 7})
Theorem	lgsdir2 15358	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative at 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐴 · 𝐵) /L 2) = ((𝐴 /L 2) · (𝐵 /L 2)))
Theorem	lgsdirprm 15359	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative at the primes. See theorem 9.3 in [ApostolNT] p. 180. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 18-Mar-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ ℙ) → ((𝐴 · 𝐵) /L 𝑃) = ((𝐴 /L 𝑃) · (𝐵 /L 𝑃)))
Theorem	lgsdir 15360	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative in its left argument. Generalization of theorem 9.9(a) in [ApostolNT] p. 188 (which assumes that 𝐴 and 𝐵 are odd positive integers). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝐴 ≠ 0 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 0)) → ((𝐴 · 𝐵) /L 𝑁) = ((𝐴 /L 𝑁) · (𝐵 /L 𝑁)))
Theorem	lgsdilem2 15361*	Lemma for lgsdi 15362. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ≠ 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ≠ 0)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ ℕ ↦ if(𝑛 ∈ ℙ, ((𝐴 /L 𝑛)↑(𝑛 pCnt 𝑀)), 1))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (seq1( · , 𝐹)‘(abs‘𝑀)) = (seq1( · , 𝐹)‘(abs‘(𝑀 · 𝑁))))
Theorem	lgsdi 15362	The Legendre symbol is completely multiplicative in its right argument. Generalization of theorem 9.9(b) in [ApostolNT] p. 188 (which assumes that 𝑀 and 𝑁 are odd positive integers). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑀 ≠ 0 ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 0)) → (𝐴 /L (𝑀 · 𝑁)) = ((𝐴 /L 𝑀) · (𝐴 /L 𝑁)))
Theorem	lgsne0 15363	The Legendre symbol is nonzero (and hence equal to 1 or -1) precisely when the arguments are coprime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐴 /L 𝑁) ≠ 0 ↔ (𝐴 gcd 𝑁) = 1))
Theorem	lgsabs1 15364	The Legendre symbol is nonzero (and hence equal to 1 or -1) precisely when the arguments are coprime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → ((abs‘(𝐴 /L 𝑁)) = 1 ↔ (𝐴 gcd 𝑁) = 1))
Theorem	lgssq 15365	The Legendre symbol at a square is equal to 1. Together with lgsmod 15351 this implies that the Legendre symbol takes value 1 at every quadratic residue. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.) (Revised by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 0) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝐴 gcd 𝑁) = 1) → ((𝐴↑2) /L 𝑁) = 1)
Theorem	lgssq2 15366	The Legendre symbol at a square is equal to 1. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝐴 gcd 𝑁) = 1) → (𝐴 /L (𝑁↑2)) = 1)
Theorem	lgsprme0 15367	The Legendre symbol at any prime (even at 2) is 0 iff the prime does not divide the first argument. See definition in [ApostolNT] p. 179. (Contributed by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑃 ∈ ℙ) → ((𝐴 /L 𝑃) = 0 ↔ (𝐴 mod 𝑃) = 0))
Theorem	1lgs 15368	The Legendre symbol at 1. See example 1 in [ApostolNT] p. 180. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℤ → (1 /L 𝑁) = 1)
Theorem	lgs1 15369	The Legendre symbol at 1. See definition in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤ → (𝐴 /L 1) = 1)
Theorem	lgsmodeq 15370	The Legendre (Jacobi) symbol is preserved under reduction mod 𝑛 when 𝑛 is odd. Theorem 9.9(c) in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ ¬ 2 ∥ 𝑁)) → ((𝐴 mod 𝑁) = (𝐵 mod 𝑁) → (𝐴 /L 𝑁) = (𝐵 /L 𝑁)))
Theorem	lgsmulsqcoprm 15371	The Legendre (Jacobi) symbol is preserved under multiplication with a square of an integer coprime to the second argument. Theorem 9.9(d) in [ApostolNT] p. 188. (Contributed by AV, 20-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 0) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 0) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝐴 gcd 𝑁) = 1)) → (((𝐴↑2) · 𝐵) /L 𝑁) = (𝐵 /L 𝑁))
Theorem	lgsdirnn0 15372	Variation on lgsdir 15360 valid for all 𝐴, 𝐵 but only for positive 𝑁. (The exact location of the failure of this law is for 𝐴 = 0, 𝐵 < 0, 𝑁 = -1 in which case (0 /L -1) = 1 but (𝐵 /L -1) = -1.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → ((𝐴 · 𝐵) /L 𝑁) = ((𝐴 /L 𝑁) · (𝐵 /L 𝑁)))
Theorem	lgsdinn0 15373	Variation on lgsdi 15362 valid for all 𝑀, 𝑁 but only for positive 𝐴. (The exact location of the failure of this law is for 𝐴 = -1, 𝑀 = 0, and some 𝑁 in which case (-1 /L 0) = 1 but (-1 /L 𝑁) = -1 when -1 is not a quadratic residue mod 𝑁.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2016.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐴 /L (𝑀 · 𝑁)) = ((𝐴 /L 𝑀) · (𝐴 /L 𝑁)))
11.3.5  Gauss' Lemma Gauss' Lemma is valid for any integer not dividing the given prime number. In the following, only the special case for 2 (not dividing any odd prime) is proven, see gausslemma2d 15394. The general case is still to prove.
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0a 15374	Auxiliary lemma 1 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ ℕ)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0b 15375	Auxiliary lemma 2 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻 ∈ ℕ)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0c 15376	Auxiliary lemma 3 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((!‘𝐻) gcd 𝑃) = 1)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0d 15377	Auxiliary lemma 4 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ ℕ0)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0e 15378	Auxiliary lemma 5 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑀 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0f 15379	Auxiliary lemma 6 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑀 + 1) ≤ 𝐻)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0g 15380	Auxiliary lemma 7 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ≤ 𝐻)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0h 15381	Auxiliary lemma 8 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐻 − 𝑀)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem0i 15382	Auxiliary lemma 9 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 14-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐻 − 𝑀)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (((2 /L 𝑃) mod 𝑃) = ((-1↑𝑁) mod 𝑃) → (2 /L 𝑃) = (-1↑𝑁)))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1a 15383*	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem1 15386. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ran 𝑅 = (1...𝐻))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1cl 15384	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem1 15386. Closure of the body of the definition of 𝑅. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Aug-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ (1...𝐻))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → if((𝐴 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝐴 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝐴 · 2))) ∈ ℤ)
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1f1o 15385*	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem1 15386. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 9-Aug-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅:(1...𝐻)–1-1-onto→(1...𝐻))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem1 15386*	Lemma 1 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 5-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (!‘𝐻) = ∏𝑘 ∈ (1...𝐻)(𝑅‘𝑘))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem2 15387*	Lemma 2 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 4-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ (1...𝑀)(𝑅‘𝑘) = (𝑘 · 2))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem3 15388*	Lemma 3 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 4-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝐻)(𝑅‘𝑘) = (𝑃 − (𝑘 · 2)))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem4 15389*	Lemma 4 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 16-Jun-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (!‘𝐻) = (∏𝑘 ∈ (1...𝑀)(𝑅‘𝑘) · ∏𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝐻)(𝑅‘𝑘)))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem5a 15390*	Lemma for gausslemma2dlem5 15391. (Contributed by AV, 8-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∏𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝐻)(𝑅‘𝑘) mod 𝑃) = (∏𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝐻)(-1 · (𝑘 · 2)) mod 𝑃))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem5 15391*	Lemma 5 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐻 − 𝑀)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∏𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝐻)(𝑅‘𝑘) mod 𝑃) = (((-1↑𝑁) · ∏𝑘 ∈ ((𝑀 + 1)...𝐻)(𝑘 · 2)) mod 𝑃))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem6 15392*	Lemma 6 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 16-Jun-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐻 − 𝑀)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((!‘𝐻) mod 𝑃) = ((((-1↑𝑁) · (2↑𝐻)) · (!‘𝐻)) mod 𝑃))
Theorem	gausslemma2dlem7 15393*	Lemma 7 for gausslemma2d 15394. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐻 − 𝑀)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (((-1↑𝑁) · (2↑𝐻)) mod 𝑃) = 1)
Theorem	gausslemma2d 15394*	Gauss' Lemma (see also theorem 9.6 in [ApostolNT] p. 182) for integer 2: Let p be an odd prime. Let S = {2, 4, 6, ..., p - 1}. Let n denote the number of elements of S whose least positive residue modulo p is greater than p/2. Then ( 2 | p ) = (-1)^n. (Contributed by AV, 14-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...𝐻) ↦ if((𝑥 · 2) < (𝑃 / 2), (𝑥 · 2), (𝑃 − (𝑥 · 2))))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (⌊‘(𝑃 / 4))    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐻 − 𝑀)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (2 /L 𝑃) = (-1↑𝑁))
11.3.6  Quadratic reciprocity
Theorem	lgseisenlem1 15395*	Lemma for lgseisen 15399. If 𝑅(𝑢) = (𝑄 · 𝑢) mod 𝑃 and 𝑀(𝑢) = (-1↑𝑅(𝑢)) · 𝑅(𝑢), then for any even 1 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑃 − 1, 𝑀(𝑢) is also an even integer 1 ≤ 𝑀(𝑢) ≤ 𝑃 − 1. To simplify these statements, we divide all the even numbers by 2, so that it becomes the statement that 𝑀(𝑥 / 2) = (-1↑𝑅(𝑥 / 2)) · 𝑅(𝑥 / 2) / 2 is an integer between 1 and (𝑃 − 1) / 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑄 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ≠ 𝑄)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = ((𝑄 · (2 · 𝑥)) mod 𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) ↦ ((((-1↑𝑅) · 𝑅) mod 𝑃) / 2))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀:(1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2))⟶(1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2)))
Theorem	lgseisenlem2 15396*	Lemma for lgseisen 15399. The function 𝑀 is an injection (and hence a bijection by the pigeonhole principle). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑄 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ≠ 𝑄)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = ((𝑄 · (2 · 𝑥)) mod 𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) ↦ ((((-1↑𝑅) · 𝑅) mod 𝑃) / 2))    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ((𝑄 · (2 · 𝑦)) mod 𝑃)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀:(1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2))–1-1-onto→(1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2)))
Theorem	lgseisenlem3 15397*	Lemma for lgseisen 15399. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Jun-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 28-Jul-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑄 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ≠ 𝑄)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = ((𝑄 · (2 · 𝑥)) mod 𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) ↦ ((((-1↑𝑅) · 𝑅) mod 𝑃) / 2))    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ((𝑄 · (2 · 𝑦)) mod 𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝑌 = (ℤ/nℤ‘𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (mulGrp‘𝑌)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (ℤRHom‘𝑌)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐺 Σg (𝑥 ∈ (1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) ↦ (𝐿‘((-1↑𝑅) · 𝑄)))) = (1r‘𝑌))
Theorem	lgseisenlem4 15398*	Lemma for lgseisen 15399. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Jun-2015.) (Proof shortened by AV, 15-Jun-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑄 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ≠ 𝑄)    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = ((𝑄 · (2 · 𝑥)) mod 𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝑥 ∈ (1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) ↦ ((((-1↑𝑅) · 𝑅) mod 𝑃) / 2))    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ((𝑄 · (2 · 𝑦)) mod 𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝑌 = (ℤ/nℤ‘𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (mulGrp‘𝑌)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (ℤRHom‘𝑌)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝑄↑((𝑃 − 1) / 2)) mod 𝑃) = ((-1↑Σ𝑥 ∈ (1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2))(⌊‘((𝑄 / 𝑃) · (2 · 𝑥)))) mod 𝑃))
Theorem	lgseisen 15399*	Eisenstein's lemma, an expression for (𝑃 /L 𝑄) when 𝑃, 𝑄 are distinct odd primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑄 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ≠ 𝑄)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑄 /L 𝑃) = (-1↑Σ𝑥 ∈ (1...((𝑃 − 1) / 2))(⌊‘((𝑄 / 𝑃) · (2 · 𝑥)))))
Theorem	lgsquadlemsfi 15400*	Lemma for lgsquad 15405. 𝑆 is finite. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 16-Sep-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑄 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ≠ 𝑄)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = ((𝑃 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = ((𝑄 − 1) / 2)    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ((𝑥 ∈ (1...𝑀) ∧ 𝑦 ∈ (1...𝑁)) ∧ (𝑦 · 𝑃) < (𝑥 · 𝑄))}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ Fin)