P. 173 of Theorem List - Intuitionistic Logic Explorer

Theorem List for Intuitionistic Logic Explorer - 17201-17277   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	ismkvnn 17201*	The predicate of being Markov stated in terms of set exponentiation. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jun-2024.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐴 ∈ Markov ↔ ∀𝑓 ∈ ({0, 1} ↑𝑚 𝐴)(¬ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑓‘𝑥) = 1 → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑓‘𝑥) = 0)))
Theorem	redcwlpolemeq1 17202*	Lemma for redcwlpo 17203. A biconditionalized version of trilpolemeq1 17187. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 21-Jun-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:ℕ⟶{0, 1})    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = Σ𝑖 ∈ ℕ ((1 / (2↑𝑖)) · (𝐹‘𝑖))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 = 1 ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℕ (𝐹‘𝑥) = 1))
Theorem	redcwlpo 17203*	Decidability of real number equality implies the Weak Limited Principle of Omniscience (WLPO). We expect that we'd need some form of countable choice to prove the converse. Here's the outline of the proof. Given an infinite sequence F of zeroes and ones, we need to show the sequence is all ones or it is not. Construct a real number A whose representation in base two consists of a zero, a decimal point, and then the numbers of the sequence. This real number will equal one if and only if the sequence is all ones (redcwlpolemeq1 17202). Therefore decidability of real number equality would imply decidability of whether the sequence is all ones. Because of this theorem, decidability of real number equality is sometimes called "analytic WLPO". WLPO is known to not be provable in IZF (and most constructive foundations), so this theorem establishes that we will be unable to prove an analogue to qdceq 10689 for real numbers. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 20-Jun-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑥 = 𝑦 → ω ∈ WOmni)
Theorem	tridceq 17204*	Real trichotomy implies decidability of real number equality. Or in other words, analytic LPO implies analytic WLPO (see trilpo 17190 and redcwlpo 17203). Thus, this is an analytic analogue to lpowlpo 7508. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 < 𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 < 𝑥) → ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑥 = 𝑦)
Theorem	redc0 17205*	Two ways to express decidability of real number equality. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑥 = 𝑦 ↔ ∀𝑧 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑧 = 0)
Theorem	reap0 17206*	Real number trichotomy is equivalent to decidability of apartness from zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 < 𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 < 𝑥) ↔ ∀𝑧 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑧 # 0)
Theorem	cndcap 17207*	Real number trichotomy is equivalent to decidability of complex number apartness. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 10-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 < 𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦 < 𝑥) ↔ ∀𝑧 ∈ ℂ ∀𝑤 ∈ ℂ DECID 𝑧 # 𝑤)
Theorem	dceqnconst 17208*	Decidability of real number equality implies the existence of a certain non-constant function from real numbers to integers. Variation of Exercise 11.6(i) of [HoTT], p. (varies). See redcwlpo 17203 for more discussion of decidability of real number equality. (Contributed by BJ and Jim Kingdon, 24-Jun-2024.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 23-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑥 = 0 → ∃𝑓(𝑓:ℝ⟶ℤ ∧ (𝑓‘0) = 0 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ (𝑓‘𝑥) ≠ 0))
Theorem	dcapnconst 17209*	Decidability of real number apartness implies the existence of a certain non-constant function from real numbers to integers. Variation of Exercise 11.6(i) of [HoTT], p. (varies). See trilpo 17190 for more discussion of decidability of real number apartness. This is a weaker form of dceqnconst 17208 and in fact this theorem can be proved using dceqnconst 17208 as shown at dcapnconstALT 17210. (Contributed by BJ and Jim Kingdon, 24-Jun-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑥 # 0 → ∃𝑓(𝑓:ℝ⟶ℤ ∧ (𝑓‘0) = 0 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ (𝑓‘𝑥) ≠ 0))
Theorem	dcapnconstALT 17210*	Decidability of real number apartness implies the existence of a certain non-constant function from real numbers to integers. A proof of dcapnconst 17209 by means of dceqnconst 17208. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 27-Jul-2024.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ DECID 𝑥 # 0 → ∃𝑓(𝑓:ℝ⟶ℤ ∧ (𝑓‘0) = 0 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ (𝑓‘𝑥) ≠ 0))
Theorem	nconstwlpolem0 17211*	Lemma for nconstwlpo 17214. If all the terms of the series are zero, so is their sum. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺:ℕ⟶{0, 1})    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = Σ𝑖 ∈ ℕ ((1 / (2↑𝑖)) · (𝐺‘𝑖))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ ℕ (𝐺‘𝑥) = 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 0)
Theorem	nconstwlpolemgt0 17212*	Lemma for nconstwlpo 17214. If one of the terms of series is positive, so is the sum. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 26-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺:ℕ⟶{0, 1})    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = Σ𝑖 ∈ ℕ ((1 / (2↑𝑖)) · (𝐺‘𝑖))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℕ (𝐺‘𝑥) = 1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < 𝐴)
Theorem	nconstwlpolem 17213*	Lemma for nconstwlpo 17214. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:ℝ⟶ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹‘0) = 0)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+) → (𝐹‘𝑥) ≠ 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺:ℕ⟶{0, 1})    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = Σ𝑖 ∈ ℕ ((1 / (2↑𝑖)) · (𝐺‘𝑖))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀𝑦 ∈ ℕ (𝐺‘𝑦) = 0 ∨ ¬ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℕ (𝐺‘𝑦) = 0))
Theorem	nconstwlpo 17214*	Existence of a certain non-constant function from reals to integers implies ω ∈ WOmni (the Weak Limited Principle of Omniscience or WLPO). Based on Exercise 11.6(ii) of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by BJ and Jim Kingdon, 22-Jul-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:ℝ⟶ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹‘0) = 0)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ+) → (𝐹‘𝑥) ≠ 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ω ∈ WOmni)
Theorem	neapmkvlem 17215*	Lemma for neapmkv 17216. The result, with a few hypotheses broken out for convenience. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 25-Jun-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:ℕ⟶{0, 1})    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = Σ𝑖 ∈ ℕ ((1 / (2↑𝑖)) · (𝐹‘𝑖))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 1) → 𝐴 # 1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (¬ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℕ (𝐹‘𝑥) = 1 → ∃𝑥 ∈ ℕ (𝐹‘𝑥) = 0))
Theorem	neapmkv 17216*	If negated equality for real numbers implies apartness, Markov's Principle follows. Exercise 11.10 of [HoTT], p. (varies). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 24-Jun-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 → 𝑥 # 𝑦) → ω ∈ Markov)
Theorem	neap0mkv 17217*	The analytic Markov principle can be expressed either with two arbitrary real numbers, or one arbitrary number and zero. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Feb-2025.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 → 𝑥 # 𝑦) ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 ≠ 0 → 𝑥 # 0))
Theorem	ltlenmkv 17218*	If < can be expressed as holding exactly when ≤ holds and the values are not equal, then the analytic Markov's Principle applies. (To get the regular Markov's Principle, combine with neapmkv 17216). (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 23-Feb-2025.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 < 𝑦 ↔ (𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑦 ≠ 𝑥)) → ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℝ (𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 → 𝑥 # 𝑦))
14.4.9  Supremum and infimum
Theorem	supfz 17219	The supremum of a finite sequence of integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 15-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀) → sup((𝑀...𝑁), ℤ, < ) = 𝑁)
Theorem	inffz 17220	The infimum of a finite sequence of integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Aug-2013.) (Revised by Jim Kingdon, 15-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘𝑀) → inf((𝑀...𝑁), ℤ, < ) = 𝑀)
14.4.10  Circle constant
Theorem	taupi 17221	Relationship between τ and π. This can be seen as connecting the ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius and the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. (Contributed by Jim Kingdon, 19-Feb-2019.) (Revised by AV, 1-Oct-2020.)
⊢ τ = (2 · π)
14.5  Mathbox for Mykola Mostovenko
Theorem	ax1hfs 17222	Heyting's formal system Axiom #1 from [Heyting] p. 127. (Contributed by MM, 11-Aug-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜑 ∧ 𝜑))
14.6  Mathbox for David A. Wheeler
14.6.1  Testable propositions
Theorem	dftest 17223	A proposition is testable iff its negative or double-negative is true. See Chapter 2 [Moschovakis] p. 2. We do not formally define testability with a new token, but instead use DECID ¬ before the formula in question. For example, DECID ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 corresponds to "𝑥 = 𝑦 is testable". (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 13-Aug-2018.) For statements about testable propositions, search for the keyword "testable" in the comments of statements, for instance using the Metamath command "MM> SEARCH * "testable" / COMMENTS". (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (DECID ¬ 𝜑 ↔ (¬ 𝜑 ∨ ¬ ¬ 𝜑))
14.6.2  Allsome quantifier These are definitions and proofs involving the "allsome" quantifier (aka "all some"). In informal language, statements like "All Martians are green" imply that there is at least one Martian. But it's easy to mistranslate informal language into formal notations because similar statements like ∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓 do not imply that 𝜑 is ever true, leading to vacuous truths. Some systems include a mechanism to counter this, e.g., PVS allows types to be appended with "+" to declare that they are nonempty. This section presents a different solution to the same problem. The "allsome" quantifier expressly includes the notion of both "all" and "there exists at least one" (aka some), and is defined to make it easier to more directly express both notions. The hope is that if a quantifier more directly expresses this concept, it will be used instead and reduce the risk of creating formal expressions that look okay but in fact are mistranslations. The term "allsome" was chosen because it's short, easy to say, and clearly hints at the two concepts it combines. I do not expect this to be used much in Metamath, because in Metamath there's a general policy of avoiding the use of new definitions unless there are very strong reasons to do so. Instead, my goal is to rigorously define this quantifier and demonstrate a few basic properties of it. The syntax allows two forms that look like they would be problematic, but they are fine. When applied to a top-level implication we allow ∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓), and when restricted (applied to a class) we allow ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓). The first symbol after the setvar variable must always be ∈ if it is the form applied to a class, and since ∈ cannot begin a wff, it is unambiguous. The → looks like it would be a problem because 𝜑 or 𝜓 might include implications, but any implication arrow → within any wff must be surrounded by parentheses, so only the implication arrow of ∀∃ can follow the wff. The implication syntax would work fine without the parentheses, but I added the parentheses because it makes things clearer inside larger complex expressions, and it's also more consistent with the rest of the syntax. Naming: "als" is allsome. The form restricted to a class is prefixed with "r", following the way set.mm names the restricted quantifiers it is built from: ∀ gives df-ral 2533 and ∃ gives df-rex 2534, so df-als 17226 (the general form) gives df-rals 17227 (the restricted form). Earlier versions of this material differed, so old references may not match. They wrote the quantifier as an "inverted A" followed by an exclamation point, and they named the general form df-alsi and the restricted form df-alsc. The symbol is now an "inverted A" followed by a "backwards E", which more readers can correctly guess without being taught it. The restricted definition also changed, and the older one was a mistake; see df-rals 17227 for what was wrong with it. This database is intuitionistic, so some of this material differs from its counterpart in set.mm. In particular, a class 𝐴 being inhabited (∃𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) is a stronger claim here than its being nonempty (𝐴 ≠ ∅); see n0r 3535. The allsome quantifier asserts that a witness exists, which is the stronger notion, so where set.mm states a result using 𝐴 ≠ ∅ the corresponding result here uses inhabitedness instead. Such results are named with a trailing "m", following the convention of r19.2m 3614 and abn0m 3547. Results of set.mm that rely on recovering a witness from 𝐴 ≠ ∅ are omitted, since that step is not available here. For more, see "The Allsome Quantifier" by David A. Wheeler at https://dwheeler.com/essays/allsome.html 3547 I hope that others will eventually agree that allsome is awesome.
Syntax	wals 17224	Extend wff definition to include "all some" applied to a top-level implication, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true, and there is at least one 𝑥 where 𝜑 is true. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
wff ∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Syntax	wrals 17225	Extend wff definition to include "all some" applied to a class, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true for 𝑥 in 𝐴, and there is at least one 𝑥 in 𝐴 where 𝜑 is true. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
wff ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Definition	df-als 17226	Define "all some" applied to a top-level implication, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true and there is at least one 𝑥 where 𝜑 is true. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃𝑥𝜑))
Definition	df-rals 17227	Define "all some" applied to a class, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true for 𝑥 in 𝐴, and there is at least one 𝑥 in 𝐴 where 𝜑 is true. An older definition of the "all some" quantifier when scoped to a class, named df-alsc and now removed, instead applied a bare formula 𝜑 to the members of a class, asserting only (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴), that is, that the formula held throughout 𝐴 and that 𝐴 had at least one member. I've now decided that that was a mistake. Its older existence conjunct ∃𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 did not require any member of 𝐴 to satisfy the antecedent, so if the formula was itself an implication, that inner implication could still be vacuously true, which is precisely what the allsome quantifier exists to prevent. For example, the older definition meant that "among Martians, all tall ones are green" could be considered true if there are Martians, but no tall Martians. This version of the definition instead ensures that claims of the form "among Martians, all tall ones are green" can only be true if all tall Martians are green and that there is at least one tall Martian. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	dfrals2 17228	The bounded "all some" form is the general form with the class membership folded into the antecedent. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀∃𝑥((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝜑) → 𝜓))
Theorem	alsd 17229	Introduction rule: "all some" holds if the "for all" part holds and the antecedent has a witness. This is the converse of als1d 17231 and als2d 17232 taken together, and is what lets an "all some" statement be proved rather than merely taken apart. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	ralsd 17230	Introduction rule for "all some" restricted to a class. This is the converse of rals1d 17233 and rals2d 17234 taken together. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜓 → 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	als1d 17231	Deduction rule: Given "all some" applied to a top-level inference, you can extract the "for all" part. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	als2d 17232	Deduction rule: Given "all some" applied to a top-level inference, you can extract the "exists" part. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥𝜓)
Theorem	rals1d 17233	Deduction rule: Given "all some" applied to a class, you can extract the "for all" part. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	rals2d 17234	Deduction rule: Given "all some" applied to a class, you can extract the "there exists" part. Note that the witness must satisfy the antecedent 𝜓, not merely be a member of 𝐴. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜓)
Theorem	ralsn0d 17235*	Deduction rule: Given "all some" applied to a class, the class is not the empty set. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 23-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≠ ∅)
Theorem	ralsmd 17236*	Deduction rule: Given "all some" applied to a class, the class is inhabited. This is stronger than ralsn0d 17235, which only concludes that the class is nonempty; see n0r 3535. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴)
Theorem	alsex 17237	The consequent of an "all some" is witnessed: if 𝜓 holds of every 𝑥 satisfying 𝜑, and some 𝑥 satisfies 𝜑, then some 𝑥 satisfies 𝜓. This is the positive counterpart of als-no-surprise 17245, and it is the property that ordinary "for all" with implication lacks: from ∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) alone nothing whatever follows about 𝜓, since nothing need satisfy 𝜑. It is the allsome quantifier says what a speaker of "all Martians are green" usually means. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) → ∃𝑥𝜓)
Theorem	ralsex 17238	The consequent of an "all some" restricted to a class is witnessed: some member of 𝐴 satisfying 𝜑 also satisfies 𝜓. Restricted counterpart of alsex 17237. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜓)
Theorem	alsbii 17239	Congruence: equivalents may be substituted inside an "all some". (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃)    ⇒   ⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀∃𝑥(𝜒 → 𝜃))
Theorem	ralsbii 17240	Congruence for "all some" restricted to a class. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃)    ⇒   ⊢ (∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜒 → 𝜃))
Theorem	alsbid 17241	Deduction form of alsbii 17239. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝜒 ↔ 𝜏))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀∃𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒) ↔ ∀∃𝑥(𝜃 → 𝜏)))
Theorem	nfals 17242	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for "all some". (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥∀∃𝑦(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	nfrals 17243*	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for "all some" restricted to a class. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥∀∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	cbvals 17244*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀∃𝑦(𝜒 → 𝜃))
Theorem	als-no-surprise 17245	Demonstrate that there is never a "surprise" when using the allsome quantifier, that is, it is never possible for the consequent to be both always true and always false. This uses the definition of df-als 17226: the universal parts give ∀𝑥¬ 𝜑, which contradicts the witness that the allsome quantifier supplies. Ordinary "for all" with implication has no such property, since ∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) and ∀𝑥(𝜑 → ¬ 𝜓) can both hold when nothing satisfies 𝜑. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 27-Oct-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ ¬ (∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → ¬ 𝜓))
Theorem	rals-no-surprise 17246	Demonstrate that there is never a "surprise" when using the allsome quantifier restricted to a class, that is, it is never possible for the consequent to be both always true and always false of the members of 𝐴 that satisfy the antecedent. This is the restricted counterpart of als-no-surprise 17245, and follows from it by dfrals2 17228. Note that this holds without any assumption that 𝐴 is inhabited; that is the point of allsome, since the corresponding claim for the ordinary restricted "for all" fails when nothing in 𝐴 satisfies 𝜑. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 12-Jul-2026.)
⊢ ¬ (∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → ¬ 𝜓))
Theorem	ralrals 17247	If the universal part of a restricted "all some" statement holds, then the statement reduces to the existence of a member of 𝐴 satisfying its antecedent. This is the restricted counterpart of ralals 17253. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa and David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜑 → 𝜓) → (∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	rexrals 17248	If a member of 𝐴 satisfying the antecedent exists, then a restricted "all some" statement reduces to its universal part. This is the restricted counterpart of rexals 17254. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa and David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑 → (∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜑 → 𝜓)))
Theorem	alsanmo 17249	An "all some" statement conjoined with the claim that at most one 𝑥 satisfies its antecedent is equivalent to the universal part conjoined with the claim that exactly one 𝑥 satisfies the antecedent. The "all some" quantifier supplies the existence of such an 𝑥 and ∃*𝑥𝜑 supplies the at-most-one part, so together they yield ∃!𝑥𝜑. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa and David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ ((∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃*𝑥𝜑) ↔ (∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃!𝑥𝜑))
Theorem	ralsanmo 17250	An "all some" statement restricted to a class, conjoined with the claim that at most one 𝑥 in 𝐴 satisfies its antecedent, is equivalent to the universal part conjoined with the claim that exactly one 𝑥 in 𝐴 satisfies the antecedent. This is the restricted counterpart of alsanmo 17249. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa and David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ ((∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃*𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑) ↔ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	alsralrex 17251*	The general "all some" quantifier with class membership as its antecedent holds if and only if 𝜑 holds for every 𝑥 in 𝐴 and some 𝑥 in 𝐴 satisfies 𝜑. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa, 27-Nov-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝜑) ↔ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	alsraln0m 17252*	The general "all some" quantifier with class membership as its antecedent holds if and only if 𝜑 holds for every 𝑥 in 𝐴 and 𝐴 is inhabited. This is the intuitionistic form of what set.mm states using 𝐴 ≠ ∅; see the section comment. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa, 28-Nov-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝜑) ↔ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴))
Theorem	ralals 17253*	If 𝜑 holds for every 𝑥 in 𝐴, then the general "all some" quantifier with class membership as its antecedent reduces to the assertion that some 𝑥 in 𝐴 satisfies 𝜑. See ralrals 17247 for the restricted counterpart. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa, 19-Dec-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 15-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑 → (∀∃𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝜑) ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	rexals 17254*	If some 𝑥 in 𝐴 satisfies 𝜑, then the general "all some" quantifier with class membership as its antecedent reduces to the assertion that 𝜑 holds for every 𝑥 in 𝐴. See rexrals 17248 for the restricted counterpart. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa, 19-Dec-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 15-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑 → (∀∃𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝜑) ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	n0alsm 17255*	If 𝐴 is inhabited, then the general "all some" quantifier with class membership as its antecedent reduces to the assertion that 𝜑 holds for every 𝑥 in 𝐴. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa, 19-Dec-2018.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → (∀∃𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝜑) ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	2alsraln0m 17256*	Nested general "all some" quantifiers with class membership as their antecedents: 𝜑 holds for every 𝑥 in 𝐴 and every 𝑦 in 𝐵, and both 𝐴 and 𝐵 are inhabited. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa, 28-May-2019.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → ∀∃𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 → 𝜑)) ↔ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 𝜑 ∧ (∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ∃𝑦 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵)))
Theorem	2alsraln0idm 17257*	Nested general "all some" quantifiers with class membership as their antecedents, for the same class 𝐴: 𝜑 holds for every 𝑥 and every 𝑦 in 𝐴, and 𝐴 is inhabited. (Contributed by Peter Mazsa, 28-May-2019.) (Revised by David A. Wheeler, 20-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃𝑥(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → ∀∃𝑦(𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 → 𝜑)) ↔ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴))
14.6.3  Allsome one quantifier These are definitions and proofs involving the "allsome one" quantifier, which extends the "allsome" quantifier of the previous section in the same way that ∃! (df-eu 2089) extends ∃. Some systems extend "there exists" by appending a character to it. If a system provides such an extension, it should provide it for allsome as well: append the same character, let it modify allsome's existence conjunct, and change nothing else. Appending "!" gives "allsome one", so ∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) means that 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true and that exactly one 𝑥 satisfies 𝜑. This is what the English word "the" usually does. "The king is hungry" claims that a king exists, that there is only one, and that he is hungry, and the form ∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) claims exactly that kind of statement (specifically when 𝜑 means 𝑥 is a king and 𝜓 means 𝑥 is hungry). English says all of that in a single phrase, and the first two have a dedicated word ("the") for the construct. Many other languages have their own dedicated way of saying this. Languages reserve that kind of compression for what their speakers need constantly, which is a good reason for a formal notation to be able to say it just as directly, rather than spelling it out afresh as a conjunction of two quantified formulas every time it comes up. Russell analyzed such definite descriptions with this apparatus in "On Denoting", where his example of a phrase that appears to refer to someone but in fact denotes no one at all is "the present King of France", item (1) of [Russell1905] p. 479, France being a republic that has no king. Write "the king is hungry" as ∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) instead and only the last of those three claims survives. The existence claim is silently gone, since that formula is vacuously true when there is no king, and the uniqueness claim is silently gone as well, since that formula holds just the same when there are five kings. Russell reached the opposite verdict for the same example, remarking that every proposition of the form "the present King of France ..." is false, [Russell1905] p. 482. The reason to care is the reason that motivates allsome, only more so. Note that this is not merely a way of writing ∃!𝑥(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓). Reading 𝜑 as "is a king" and 𝜓 as "is hungry", ∃!𝑥(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) says that there is exactly one hungry king, whereas ∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) says that there is exactly one king and that he is hungry. The first is true in a region with five kings exactly one of whom is hungry; the second is false there. Uniqueness attaches to the antecedent, not to the conjunction. See dfalseu2 17275 for the exact relationship between the two and alseueu 17276 for the one direction that does hold. Naming: "alseu" is allsome ("als", as in df-als 17226) extended with "exactly one" ("eu", as in df-eu 2089). The form restricted to a class is prefixed with "r", following df-rals 17227 and df-reu 2535, giving df-ralseu 17261. This database is intuitionistic, but nothing in this section depends on excluded middle, so every statement here has the same form as its counterpart in set.mm. That is unlike the allsome section above, where results that recover a witness from 𝐴 ≠ ∅ are omitted or restated in terms of inhabitedness. Soundness: df-alseu 17260 and df-ralseu 17261 are eliminable and conservative directly, so neither needs a justification theorem. Definitions are required to be eliminable and conservative; see the section comment for df-bi 117. Each is a biconditional whose left side is a new syntax construct (walseu 17258 or wralseu 17259) applied to distinct metavariables, and whose right side uses only constructs introduced earlier (∀, ∃!, ∧, →, and the restricted quantifiers df-ral 2533 and df-reu 2535), so any occurrence of the new construct can be replaced by the right side, which is eliminability. Conservativity follows, since a proof of a statement not mentioning ∀∃! can have every use of the definition replaced in this way. Every variable occurring on the right side already occurs on the left side, so no dummy variable is introduced, and introducing a dummy variable whose choice must be shown not to matter is the only circumstance here that would call for a justification theorem. For more, see "The Allsome Quantifier" by David A. Wheeler at https://dwheeler.com/essays/allsome.html 2535
Syntax	walseu 17258	Extend wff definition to include "all some one" applied to a top-level implication, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true, and exactly one 𝑥 satisfies 𝜑. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
wff ∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Syntax	wralseu 17259	Extend wff definition to include "all some one" applied to a class, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true for 𝑥 in 𝐴, and exactly one 𝑥 in 𝐴 satisfies 𝜑. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
wff ∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Definition	df-alseu 17260	Define "all some one" applied to a top-level implication, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true and exactly one 𝑥 satisfies 𝜑. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃!𝑥𝜑))
Definition	df-ralseu 17261	Define "all some one" applied to a class, which means 𝜓 is true whenever 𝜑 is true for 𝑥 in 𝐴, and exactly one 𝑥 in 𝐴 satisfies 𝜑. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑))
Theorem	dfralseu2 17262	The bounded "all some one" form is the general form with the class membership folded into the antecedent. This is the "all some one" counterpart of dfrals2 17228. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀∃!𝑥((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝜑) → 𝜓))
Theorem	alseuals 17263	"All some one" implies "all some": requiring exactly one witness is stronger than requiring at least one. Any consequence of an allsome statement is therefore a consequence of the corresponding "all some one" statement, which is how alseu-no-surprise 17277 is proved. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) → ∀∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓))
Theorem	ralseurals 17264	"All some one" restricted to a class implies "all some" restricted to that class. Restricted counterpart of alseuals 17263. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) → ∀∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓))
Theorem	alseud 17265	Introduction rule: "all some one" holds if the "for all" part holds and the antecedent has exactly one witness. This is the converse of alseu1d 17267 and alseu2d 17268 taken together. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃!𝑥𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃!𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	ralseud 17266	Introduction rule for "all some one" restricted to a class. This is the converse of ralseu1d 17269 and ralseu2d 17270 taken together. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜓 → 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	alseu1d 17267	Deduction rule: Given "all some one" applied to a top-level inference, you can extract the "for all" part. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃!𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	alseu2d 17268	Deduction rule: Given "all some one" applied to a top-level inference, you can extract the "exactly one" part. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃!𝑥(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃!𝑥𝜓)
Theorem	ralseu1d 17269	Deduction rule: Given "all some one" applied to a class, you can extract the "for all" part. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝜓 → 𝜒))
Theorem	ralseu2d 17270	Deduction rule: Given "all some one" applied to a class, you can extract the "exactly one" part. Note that the witness must satisfy the antecedent 𝜓, not merely be a member of 𝐴. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜓 → 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜓)
Theorem	alseubii 17271	Congruence: equivalents may be substituted inside an "all some one". This is the "all some one" counterpart of alsbii 17239. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃)    ⇒   ⊢ (∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀∃!𝑥(𝜒 → 𝜃))
Theorem	ralseubii 17272	Congruence for "all some one" restricted to a class. This is the "all some one" counterpart of ralsbii 17240. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃)    ⇒   ⊢ (∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐴(𝜒 → 𝜃))
Theorem	nfalseu 17273	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for "all some one". This is the "all some one" counterpart of nfals 17242. Unlike the set.mm version of this theorem, no disjoint variable condition is needed, because nfeu 2105 here does not require one. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥∀∃!𝑦(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	nfralseu 17274*	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for "all some one" restricted to a class. This is the "all some one" counterpart of nfrals 17243. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥∀∃!𝑦 ∈ 𝐴(𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	dfalseu2 17275	An "all some one" statement is equivalent to its universal part conjoined with the claim that exactly one 𝑥 satisfies both 𝜑 and 𝜓. In other words, given ∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓), requiring exactly one 𝑥 to satisfy 𝜑, which is what df-alseu 17260 requires, and requiring exactly one 𝑥 to satisfy (𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) come to the same thing. Read 𝜑 as "is a king" and 𝜓 as "is hungry": if every king is hungry, then "there is exactly one king" and "there is exactly one hungry king" say the same thing, so either of them, together with "every king is hungry", gives "the king is hungry". The universal conjunct is what makes that work, and it cannot be dropped. ∃!𝑥(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) on its own is strictly weaker than ∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓), since it is satisfied when many things are 𝜑 and just one of those is 𝜓, as in a region with five kings exactly one of whom is hungry; see alseueu 17276 for the one direction that does hold without it. Uniqueness attaches to the antecedent, not to the conjunction. Russell's analysis of a definite description is built the same way: its uniqueness clause constrains the description predicate alone, while the predication is a separate conjunct. See his worked example of "the father of Charles II was executed", [Russell1905] p. 482. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∃!𝑥(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓)))
Theorem	alseueu 17276	"The 𝜑 is 𝜓 " implies that exactly one thing is both 𝜑 and 𝜓. This is the half of dfalseu2 17275 that drops the universal conjunct; it does not reverse, so ∃!𝑥(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) cannot be used in place of an "all some one" statement. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ (∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) → ∃!𝑥(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓))
Theorem	alseu-no-surprise 17277	Demonstrate that there is never a "surprise" when using the "all some one" quantifier, that is, it is never possible for the consequent to be both always true and always false. This follows from als-no-surprise 17245 by alseuals 17263. See als-no-surprise 17245 for why ordinary "for all" with implication has no such property. (Contributed by David A. Wheeler, 22-Jul-2026.)
⊢ ¬ (∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓) ∧ ∀∃!𝑥(𝜑 → ¬ 𝜓))

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