P. 241 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 24001-24100   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	itgrecl 24001*	Real closure of an integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 ∈ ℝ)
Theorem	iblcn 24002*	Integrability of a complex function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1 ↔ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (ℜ‘𝐵)) ∈ 𝐿1 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (ℑ‘𝐵)) ∈ 𝐿1)))
Theorem	itgcnval 24003*	Decompose the integral of a complex function into real and imaginary parts. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 = (∫𝐴(ℜ‘𝐵) d𝑥 + (i · ∫𝐴(ℑ‘𝐵) d𝑥)))
Theorem	itgre 24004*	Real part of an integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (ℜ‘∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥) = ∫𝐴(ℜ‘𝐵) d𝑥)
Theorem	itgim 24005*	Imaginary part of an integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (ℑ‘∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥) = ∫𝐴(ℑ‘𝐵) d𝑥)
Theorem	iblneg 24006*	The negative of an integrable function is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ -𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	itgneg 24007*	Negation of an integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → -∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 = ∫𝐴-𝐵 d𝑥)
Theorem	iblss 24008*	A subset of an integrable function is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ dom vol)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	iblss2 24009*	Change the domain of an integrability predicate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ dom vol)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐵 ∖ 𝐴)) → 𝐶 = 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	itgitg2 24010*	Transfer an integral using ∫2 to an equivalent integral using ∫. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ) → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ) → 0 ≤ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ ℝ ↦ 𝐴) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫ℝ𝐴 d𝑥 = (∫2‘(𝑥 ∈ ℝ ↦ 𝐴)))
Theorem	i1fibl 24011	A simple function is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝐹 ∈ dom ∫1 → 𝐹 ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	itgitg1 24012*	Transfer an integral using ∫1 to an equivalent integral using ∫. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝐹 ∈ dom ∫1 → ∫ℝ(𝐹‘𝑥) d𝑥 = (∫1‘𝐹))
Theorem	itgle 24013*	Monotonicity of an integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ≤ 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 ≤ ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	itgge0 24014*	The integral of a positive function is positive. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥)
Theorem	itgss 24015*	Expand the set of an integral by adding zeroes outside the domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐵 ∖ 𝐴)) → 𝐶 = 0)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥 = ∫𝐵𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	itgss2 24016*	Expand the set of an integral by adding zeroes outside the domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 → ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥 = ∫𝐵if(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝐶, 0) d𝑥)
Theorem	itgeqa 24017*	Approximate equality of integrals. If 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝐷(𝑥) for almost all 𝑥, then ∫𝐵𝐶(𝑥) d𝑥 = ∫𝐵𝐷(𝑥) d𝑥 and one is integrable iff the other is. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-Sep-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (vol*‘𝐴) = 0)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐵 ∖ 𝐴)) → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (((𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1 ↔ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝐷) ∈ 𝐿1) ∧ ∫𝐵𝐶 d𝑥 = ∫𝐵𝐷 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgss3 24018*	Expand the set of an integral by a nullset. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 2-Sep-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ⊆ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (vol*‘(𝐵 ∖ 𝐴)) = 0)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1 ↔ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1) ∧ ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥 = ∫𝐵𝐶 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgioo 24019*	Equality of integrals on open and closed intervals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Sep-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐴[,]𝐵)) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫(𝐴(,)𝐵)𝐶 d𝑥 = ∫(𝐴[,]𝐵)𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	itgless 24020*	Expand the integral of a nonnegative function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ dom vol)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) → 0 ≤ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥 ≤ ∫𝐵𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	iblconst 24021	A constant function is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom vol ∧ (vol‘𝐴) ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐴 × {𝐵}) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	itgconst 24022*	Integral of a constant function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom vol ∧ (vol‘𝐴) ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 = (𝐵 · (vol‘𝐴)))
Theorem	ibladdlem 24023*	Lemma for ibladd 24024. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐷 = (𝐵 + 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ MblFn)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ MblFn)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∫2‘(𝑥 ∈ ℝ ↦ if((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐵), 𝐵, 0))) ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∫2‘(𝑥 ∈ ℝ ↦ if((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐶), 𝐶, 0))) ∈ ℝ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∫2‘(𝑥 ∈ ℝ ↦ if((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 0 ≤ 𝐷), 𝐷, 0))) ∈ ℝ)
Theorem	ibladd 24024*	Add two integrals over the same domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (𝐵 + 𝐶)) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	iblsub 24025*	Subtract two integrals over the same domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (𝐵 − 𝐶)) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	itgaddlem1 24026*	Lemma for itgadd 24028. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) d𝑥 = (∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 + ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgaddlem2 24027*	Lemma for itgadd 24028. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) d𝑥 = (∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 + ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgadd 24028*	Add two integrals over the same domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) d𝑥 = (∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 + ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgsub 24029*	Subtract two integrals over the same domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝐴(𝐵 − 𝐶) d𝑥 = (∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥 − ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgfsum 24030*	Take a finite sum of integrals over the same domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ dom vol)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐵)) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑘 ∈ 𝐵) → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1 ∧ ∫𝐴Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 𝐶 d𝑥 = Σ𝑘 ∈ 𝐵 ∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥))
Theorem	iblabslem 24031*	Lemma for iblabs 24032. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ ℝ ↦ if(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, (abs‘(𝐹‘𝐵)), 0))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (𝐹‘𝐵)) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → (𝐹‘𝐵) ∈ ℝ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐺 ∈ MblFn ∧ (∫2‘𝐺) ∈ ℝ))
Theorem	iblabs 24032*	The absolute value of an integrable function is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (abs‘𝐵)) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	iblabsr 24033*	A measurable function is integrable iff its absolute value is integrable. (See iblabs 24032 for the forward implication.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ MblFn)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (abs‘𝐵)) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	iblmulc2 24034*	Multiply an integral by a constant. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (𝐶 · 𝐵)) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	itgmulc2lem1 24035*	Lemma for itgmulc2 24037: positive real case. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 ≤ 𝐶)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 0 ≤ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 · ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥) = ∫𝐴(𝐶 · 𝐵) d𝑥)
Theorem	itgmulc2lem2 24036*	Lemma for itgmulc2 24037: real case. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 · ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥) = ∫𝐴(𝐶 · 𝐵) d𝑥)
Theorem	itgmulc2 24037*	Multiply an integral by a constant. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 · ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥) = ∫𝐴(𝐶 · 𝐵) d𝑥)
Theorem	itgabs 24038*	The triangle inequality for integrals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (abs‘∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥) ≤ ∫𝐴(abs‘𝐵) d𝑥)
Theorem	itgsplit 24039*	The ∫ integral splits under an almost disjoint union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (vol*‘(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) = 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑈 = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫𝑈𝐶 d𝑥 = (∫𝐴𝐶 d𝑥 + ∫𝐵𝐶 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgspliticc 24040*	The ∫ integral splits on closed intervals with matching endpoints. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ (𝐴[,]𝐶))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐴[,]𝐶)) → 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝐴[,]𝐵) ↦ 𝐷) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝐵[,]𝐶) ↦ 𝐷) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫(𝐴[,]𝐶)𝐷 d𝑥 = (∫(𝐴[,]𝐵)𝐷 d𝑥 + ∫(𝐵[,]𝐶)𝐷 d𝑥))
Theorem	itgsplitioo 24041*	The ∫ integral splits on open intervals with matching endpoints. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Sep-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ (𝐴[,]𝐶))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐴(,)𝐶)) → 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝐴(,)𝐵) ↦ 𝐷) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝐵(,)𝐶) ↦ 𝐷) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∫(𝐴(,)𝐶)𝐷 d𝑥 = (∫(𝐴(,)𝐵)𝐷 d𝑥 + ∫(𝐵(,)𝐶)𝐷 d𝑥))
Theorem	bddmulibl 24042*	A bounded function times an integrable function is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐹 ∈ MblFn ∧ 𝐺 ∈ 𝐿1 ∧ ∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ dom 𝐹(abs‘(𝐹‘𝑦)) ≤ 𝑥) → (𝐹 ∘𝑓 · 𝐺) ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	bddibl 24043*	A bounded function is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐹 ∈ MblFn ∧ (vol‘dom 𝐹) ∈ ℝ ∧ ∃𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∀𝑦 ∈ dom 𝐹(abs‘(𝐹‘𝑦)) ≤ 𝑥) → 𝐹 ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	cniccibl 24044	A continuous function on a closed bounded interval is integrable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝ ∧ 𝐹 ∈ ((𝐴[,]𝐵)–cn→ℂ)) → 𝐹 ∈ 𝐿1)
Theorem	itggt0 24045*	The integral of a strictly positive function is positive. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < (vol‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ+)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < ∫𝐴𝐵 d𝑥)
Theorem	itgcn 24046*	Transfer itg2cn 23967 to the full Lebesgue integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 1-Sep-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐵) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℝ+)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑑 ∈ ℝ+ ∀𝑢 ∈ dom vol((𝑢 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ (vol‘𝑢) < 𝑑) → ∫𝑢(abs‘𝐵) d𝑥 < 𝐶))
13.2.2.2  Lesbesgue directed integral
Syntax	cdit 24047	Extend class notation with the directed integral.
class ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥
Definition	df-ditg 24048	Define the directed integral, which is just a regular integral but with a sign change when the limits are interchanged. The 𝐴 and 𝐵 here are the lower and upper limits of the integral, usually written as a subscript and superscript next to the integral sign. We define the region of integration to be an open interval instead of closed so that we can use +∞, -∞ for limits and also integrate up to a singularity at an endpoint. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥 = if(𝐴 ≤ 𝐵, ∫(𝐴(,)𝐵)𝐶 d𝑥, -∫(𝐵(,)𝐴)𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgeq1 24049*	Equality theorem for the directed integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐶]𝐷 d𝑥 = ⨜[𝐵 → 𝐶]𝐷 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgeq2 24050*	Equality theorem for the directed integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → ⨜[𝐶 → 𝐴]𝐷 d𝑥 = ⨜[𝐶 → 𝐵]𝐷 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgeq3 24051*	Equality theorem for the directed integral. (The domain of the equality here is very rough; for more precise bounds one should decompose it with ditgpos 24057 first and use the equality theorems for df-itg 23827.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝐷 = 𝐸 → ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐷 d𝑥 = ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐸 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgeq3dv 24052*	Equality theorem for the directed integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ) → 𝐷 = 𝐸)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐷 d𝑥 = ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐸 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgex 24053	A directed integral is a set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Sep-2014.)
⊢ ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥 ∈ V
Theorem	ditg0 24054*	Value of the directed integral from a point to itself. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐴]𝐵 d𝑥 = 0
Theorem	cbvditg 24055*	Change bound variable in a directed integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Sep-2014.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝐶    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐷    ⇒   ⊢ ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥 = ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐷 d𝑦
Theorem	cbvditgv 24056*	Change bound variable in a directed integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Sep-2014.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥 = ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐷 d𝑦
Theorem	ditgpos 24057*	Value of the directed integral in the forward direction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≤ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥 = ∫(𝐴(,)𝐵)𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgneg 24058*	Value of the directed integral in the backward direction. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≤ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℝ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⨜[𝐵 → 𝐴]𝐶 d𝑥 = -∫(𝐴(,)𝐵)𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgcl 24059*	Closure of a directed integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌)) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌) ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥 ∈ ℂ)
Theorem	ditgswap 24060*	Reverse a directed integral. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌)) → 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌) ↦ 𝐶) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⨜[𝐵 → 𝐴]𝐶 d𝑥 = -⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐶 d𝑥)
Theorem	ditgsplitlem 24061*	Lemma for ditgsplit 24062. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌)) → 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌) ↦ 𝐷) ∈ 𝐿1)    &   ⊢ ((𝜓 ∧ 𝜃) ↔ (𝐴 ≤ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≤ 𝐶))    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) ∧ 𝜃) → ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐶]𝐷 d𝑥 = (⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐷 d𝑥 + ⨜[𝐵 → 𝐶]𝐷 d𝑥))
Theorem	ditgsplit 24062*	This theorem is the raison d'être for the directed integral, because unlike itgspliticc 24040, there is no constraint on the ordering of the points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 in the domain. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Aug-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ ℝ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ (𝑋[,]𝑌))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌)) → 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ (𝑋(,)𝑌) ↦ 𝐷) ∈ 𝐿1)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⨜[𝐴 → 𝐶]𝐷 d𝑥 = (⨜[𝐴 → 𝐵]𝐷 d𝑥 + ⨜[𝐵 → 𝐶]𝐷 d𝑥))
13.3  Derivatives
13.3.1  Real and complex differentiation
13.3.1.1  Derivatives of functions of one complex or real variable
Syntax	climc 24063	The limit operator.
class limℂ
Syntax	cdv 24064	The derivative operator.
class D
Syntax	cdvn 24065	The 𝑛-th derivative operator.
class D𝑛
Syntax	ccpn 24066	The set of 𝑛-times continuously differentiable functions.
class Cn
Definition	df-limc 24067*	Define the set of limits of a complex function at a point. Under normal circumstances, this will be a singleton or empty, depending on whether the limit exists. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Dec-2016.)
⊢ limℂ = (𝑓 ∈ (ℂ ↑pm ℂ), 𝑥 ∈ ℂ ↦ {𝑦 ∣ [(TopOpen‘ℂfld) / 𝑗](𝑧 ∈ (dom 𝑓 ∪ {𝑥}) ↦ if(𝑧 = 𝑥, 𝑦, (𝑓‘𝑧))) ∈ (((𝑗 ↾t (dom 𝑓 ∪ {𝑥})) CnP 𝑗)‘𝑥)})
Definition	df-dv 24068*	Define the derivative operator on functions on the reals. This acts on functions to produce a function that is defined where the original function is differentiable, with value the derivative of the function at these points. The set 𝑠 here is the ambient topological space under which we are evaluating the continuity of the difference quotient. Although the definition is valid for any subset of ℂ and is well-behaved when 𝑠 contains no isolated points, we will restrict our attention to the cases 𝑠 = ℝ or 𝑠 = ℂ for the majority of the development, these corresponding respectively to real and complex differentiation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Aug-2014.)
⊢ D = (𝑠 ∈ 𝒫 ℂ, 𝑓 ∈ (ℂ ↑pm 𝑠) ↦ ∪ 𝑥 ∈ ((int‘((TopOpen‘ℂfld) ↾t 𝑠))‘dom 𝑓)({𝑥} × ((𝑧 ∈ (dom 𝑓 ∖ {𝑥}) ↦ (((𝑓‘𝑧) − (𝑓‘𝑥)) / (𝑧 − 𝑥))) limℂ 𝑥)))
Definition	df-dvn 24069*	Define the 𝑛-th derivative operator on functions on the complex numbers. This just iterates the derivative operation according to the last argument. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Feb-2015.)
⊢ D𝑛 = (𝑠 ∈ 𝒫 ℂ, 𝑓 ∈ (ℂ ↑pm 𝑠) ↦ seq0(((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ (𝑠 D 𝑥)) ∘ 1st ), (ℕ0 × {𝑓})))
Definition	df-cpn 24070*	Define the set of 𝑛-times continuously differentiable functions. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 15-Nov-2014.)
⊢ Cn = (𝑠 ∈ 𝒫 ℂ ↦ (𝑥 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ {𝑓 ∈ (ℂ ↑pm 𝑠) ∣ ((𝑠 D𝑛 𝑓)‘𝑥) ∈ (dom 𝑓–cn→ℂ)}))
Theorem	reldv 24071	The derivative function is a relation. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Dec-2016.)
⊢ Rel (𝑆 D 𝐹)
Theorem	limcvallem 24072*	Lemma for ellimc 24074. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑧 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}) ↦ if(𝑧 = 𝐵, 𝐶, (𝐹‘𝑧)))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ ∧ 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → (𝐺 ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘𝐵) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ))
Theorem	limcfval 24073*	Value and set bounds on the limit operator. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ ∧ 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ) → ((𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) = {𝑦 ∣ (𝑧 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}) ↦ if(𝑧 = 𝐵, 𝑦, (𝐹‘𝑧))) ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘𝐵)} ∧ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) ⊆ ℂ))
Theorem	ellimc 24074*	Value of the limit predicate. 𝐶 is the limit of the function 𝐹 at 𝐵 if the function 𝐺, formed by adding 𝐵 to the domain of 𝐹 and setting it to 𝐶, is continuous at 𝐵. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑧 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}) ↦ if(𝑧 = 𝐵, 𝐶, (𝐹‘𝑧)))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) ↔ 𝐺 ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘𝐵)))
Theorem	limcrcl 24075	Reverse closure for the limit operator. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝐶 ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) → (𝐹:dom 𝐹⟶ℂ ∧ dom 𝐹 ⊆ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℂ))
Theorem	limccl 24076	Closure of the limit operator. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) ⊆ ℂ
Theorem	limcdif 24077	It suffices to consider functions which are not defined at 𝐵 to define the limit of a function. In particular, the value of the original function 𝐹 at 𝐵 does not affect the limit of 𝐹. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) = ((𝐹 ↾ (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵})) limℂ 𝐵))
Theorem	ellimc2 24078*	Write the definition of a limit directly in terms of open sets of the topology on the complex numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) ↔ (𝐶 ∈ ℂ ∧ ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝐾 (𝐶 ∈ 𝑢 → ∃𝑤 ∈ 𝐾 (𝐵 ∈ 𝑤 ∧ (𝐹 “ (𝑤 ∩ (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵}))) ⊆ 𝑢)))))
Theorem	limcnlp 24079	If 𝐵 is not a limit point of the domain of the function 𝐹, then every point is a limit of 𝐹 at 𝐵. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 𝐵 ∈ ((limPt‘𝐾)‘𝐴))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) = ℂ)
Theorem	ellimc3 24080*	Write the epsilon-delta definition of a limit. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) ↔ (𝐶 ∈ ℂ ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ+ ∃𝑦 ∈ ℝ+ ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 ((𝑧 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ (abs‘(𝑧 − 𝐵)) < 𝑦) → (abs‘((𝐹‘𝑧) − 𝐶)) < 𝑥))))
Theorem	limcflflem 24081	Lemma for limcflf 24082. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ((limPt‘𝐾)‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐶 = (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵})    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (((nei‘𝐾)‘{𝐵}) ↾t 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐿 ∈ (Fil‘𝐶))
Theorem	limcflf 24082	The limit operator can be expressed as a filter limit, from the filter of neighborhoods of 𝐵 restricted to 𝐴 ∖ {𝐵}, to the topology of the complex numbers. (If 𝐵 is not a limit point of 𝐴, then it is still formally a filter limit, but the neighborhood filter is not a proper filter in this case.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ((limPt‘𝐾)‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐶 = (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵})    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (((nei‘𝐾)‘{𝐵}) ↾t 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) = ((𝐾 fLimf 𝐿)‘(𝐹 ↾ 𝐶)))
Theorem	limcmo 24083*	If 𝐵 is a limit point of the domain of the function 𝐹, then there is at most one limit value of 𝐹 at 𝐵. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ((limPt‘𝐾)‘𝐴))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃*𝑥 𝑥 ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵))
Theorem	limcmpt 24084*	Express the limit operator for a function defined by a mapping. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 ∈ ((𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝐷) limℂ 𝐵) ↔ (𝑧 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}) ↦ if(𝑧 = 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷)) ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘𝐵)))
Theorem	limcmpt2 24085*	Express the limit operator for a function defined by a mapping. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ≠ 𝐵)) → 𝐷 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶 ∈ ((𝑧 ∈ (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵}) ↦ 𝐷) limℂ 𝐵) ↔ (𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ if(𝑧 = 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷)) ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘𝐵)))
Theorem	limcresi 24086	Any limit of 𝐹 is also a limit of the restriction of 𝐹. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵) ⊆ ((𝐹 ↾ 𝐶) limℂ 𝐵)
Theorem	limcres 24087	If 𝐵 is an interior point of 𝐶 ∪ {𝐵} relative to the domain 𝐴, then a limit point of 𝐹 ↾ 𝐶 extends to a limit of 𝐹. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ⊆ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t (𝐴 ∪ {𝐵}))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ((int‘𝐽)‘(𝐶 ∪ {𝐵})))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐹 ↾ 𝐶) limℂ 𝐵) = (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵))
Theorem	cnplimc 24088	A function is continuous at 𝐵 iff its limit at 𝐵 equals the value of the function there. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ ℂ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → (𝐹 ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘𝐵) ↔ (𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ ∧ (𝐹‘𝐵) ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵))))
Theorem	cnlimc 24089*	𝐹 is a continuous function iff the limit of the function at each point equals the value of the function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ ℂ → (𝐹 ∈ (𝐴–cn→ℂ) ↔ (𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐹‘𝑥) ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝑥))))
Theorem	cnlimci 24090	If 𝐹 is a continuous function, then the limit of the function at any point equals its value. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹 ∈ (𝐴–cn→𝐷))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹‘𝐵) ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵))
Theorem	cnmptlimc 24091*	If 𝐹 is a continuous function, then the limit of the function at any point equals its value. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝑋) ∈ (𝐴–cn→𝐷))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐵 → 𝑋 = 𝑌)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝑋) limℂ 𝐵))
Theorem	limccnp 24092	If the limit of 𝐹 at 𝐵 is 𝐶 and 𝐺 is continuous at 𝐶, then the limit of 𝐺 ∘ 𝐹 at 𝐵 is 𝐺(𝐶). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = (𝐾 ↾t 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ (𝐹 limℂ 𝐵))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘𝐶))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐺‘𝐶) ∈ ((𝐺 ∘ 𝐹) limℂ 𝐵))
Theorem	limccnp2 24093*	The image of a convergent sequence under a continuous map is convergent to the image of the original point. Binary operation version. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Dec-2016.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝑅 ∈ 𝑋)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → 𝑆 ∈ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = ((𝐾 ×t 𝐾) ↾t (𝑋 × 𝑌))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝑅) limℂ 𝐵))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 ∈ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝑆) limℂ 𝐵))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻 ∈ ((𝐽 CnP 𝐾)‘⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐶𝐻𝐷) ∈ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (𝑅𝐻𝑆)) limℂ 𝐵))
Theorem	limcco 24094*	Composition of two limits. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-Dec-2016.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑅 ≠ 𝐶)) → 𝑅 ∈ 𝐵)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝑆 ∈ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝑅) limℂ 𝑋))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 ∈ ((𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ↦ 𝑆) limℂ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑅 → 𝑆 = 𝑇)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑅 = 𝐶)) → 𝑇 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 ∈ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ 𝑇) limℂ 𝑋))
Theorem	limciun 24095*	A point is a limit of 𝐹 on the finite union ∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝐵(𝑥) iff it is the limit of the restriction of 𝐹 to each 𝐵(𝑥). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ Fin)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹 limℂ 𝐶) = (ℂ ∩ ∩ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ((𝐹 ↾ 𝐵) limℂ 𝐶)))
Theorem	limcun 24096	A point is a limit of 𝐹 on 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 iff it is the limit of the restriction of 𝐹 to 𝐴 and to 𝐵. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-Dec-2016.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)⟶ℂ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹 limℂ 𝐶) = (((𝐹 ↾ 𝐴) limℂ 𝐶) ∩ ((𝐹 ↾ 𝐵) limℂ 𝐶)))
Theorem	dvlem 24097	Closure for a difference quotient. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 1-Sep-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐷⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐷 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐴 ∈ (𝐷 ∖ {𝐵})) → (((𝐹‘𝐴) − (𝐹‘𝐵)) / (𝐴 − 𝐵)) ∈ ℂ)
Theorem	dvfval 24098*	Value and set bounds on the derivative operator. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ 𝑇 = (𝐾 ↾t 𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑆 ⊆ ℂ ∧ 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ ∧ 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆) → ((𝑆 D 𝐹) = ∪ 𝑥 ∈ ((int‘𝑇)‘𝐴)({𝑥} × ((𝑧 ∈ (𝐴 ∖ {𝑥}) ↦ (((𝐹‘𝑧) − (𝐹‘𝑥)) / (𝑧 − 𝑥))) limℂ 𝑥)) ∧ (𝑆 D 𝐹) ⊆ (((int‘𝑇)‘𝐴) × ℂ)))
Theorem	eldv 24099*	The differentiable predicate. A function 𝐹 is differentiable at 𝐵 with derivative 𝐶 iff 𝐹 is defined in a neighborhood of 𝐵 and the difference quotient has limit 𝐶 at 𝐵. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 25-Dec-2016.)
⊢ 𝑇 = (𝐾 ↾t 𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (TopOpen‘ℂfld)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑧 ∈ (𝐴 ∖ {𝐵}) ↦ (((𝐹‘𝑧) − (𝐹‘𝐵)) / (𝑧 − 𝐵)))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐵(𝑆 D 𝐹)𝐶 ↔ (𝐵 ∈ ((int‘𝑇)‘𝐴) ∧ 𝐶 ∈ (𝐺 limℂ 𝐵))))
Theorem	dvcl 24100	The derivative function takes values in the complex numbers. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Aug-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Feb-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ⊆ ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:𝐴⟶ℂ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑆)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐵(𝑆 D 𝐹)𝐶) → 𝐶 ∈ ℂ)