P. 24 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 2301-2400   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	sbrimOLD 2301	Obsolete version of sbrim 2300 as of 20-Nov-2024. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jun-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 4-Oct-2016.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥](𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ (𝜑 → [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜓))
Theorem	sblim 2302	Substitution in an implication with a variable not free in the consequent affects only the antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 14-Nov-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 4-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥](𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 → 𝜓))
Theorem	sbor 2303	Disjunction inside and outside of a substitution are equivalent. (Contributed by NM, 29-Sep-2002.)
⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥](𝜑 ∨ 𝜓) ↔ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ∨ [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜓))
Theorem	sbbi 2304	Equivalence inside and outside of a substitution are equivalent. (Contributed by NM, 14-May-1993.)
⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥](𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) ↔ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜓))
Theorem	sblbis 2305	Introduce left biconditional inside of a substitution. (Contributed by NM, 19-Aug-1993.)
⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥](𝜒 ↔ 𝜑) ↔ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜒 ↔ 𝜓))
Theorem	sbrbis 2306	Introduce right biconditional inside of a substitution. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1993.)
⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥](𝜑 ↔ 𝜒) ↔ (𝜓 ↔ [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜒))
Theorem	sbrbif 2307	Introduce right biconditional inside of a substitution. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 4-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜒    &   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥](𝜑 ↔ 𝜒) ↔ (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))
Theorem	sbiev 2308*	Conversion of implicit substitution to explicit substitution. Version of sbie 2500 with a disjoint variable condition, not requiring ax-13 2370. See sbievw 2095 for a version with a disjoint variable condition requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-1994.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 18-Jan-2023.) Remove dependence on ax-10 2137 and shorten proof. (Revised by BJ, 18-Jul-2023.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ 𝜓)
Theorem	sbiedw 2309*	Conversion of implicit substitution to explicit substitution (deduction version of sbiev 2308). Version of sbied 2501 with a disjoint variable condition, requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-1994.) Avoid ax-13 2370. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 10-Jan-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))
Theorem	axc7 2310	Show that the original axiom ax-c7 37558 can be derived from ax-10 2137 (hbn1 2138), sp 2176 and propositional calculus. See ax10fromc7 37568 for the rederivation of ax-10 2137 from ax-c7 37558. Normally, axc7 2310 should be used rather than ax-c7 37558, except by theorems specifically studying the latter's properties. (Contributed by NM, 21-May-2008.)
⊢ (¬ ∀𝑥 ¬ ∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜑)
Theorem	axc7e 2311	Abbreviated version of axc7 2310 using the existential quantifier. Corresponds to the dual of Axiom (B) of modal logic. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 8-Jul-2022.)
⊢ (∃𝑥∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜑)
Theorem	modal-b 2312	The analogue in our predicate calculus of the Brouwer axiom (B) of modal logic S5. (Contributed by NM, 5-Oct-2005.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ¬ ∀𝑥 ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	19.9ht 2313	A closed version of 19.9h 2282. (Contributed by NM, 13-May-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 3-Mar-2018.)
⊢ (∀𝑥(𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑) → (∃𝑥𝜑 → 𝜑))
Theorem	axc4 2314	Show that the original axiom ax-c4 37557 can be derived from ax-4 1811 (alim 1812), ax-10 2137 (hbn1 2138), sp 2176 and propositional calculus. See ax4fromc4 37567 for the rederivation of ax-4 1811 from ax-c4 37557. Part of the proof is based on the proof of Lemma 22 of [Monk2] p. 114. (Contributed by NM, 21-May-2008.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ (∀𝑥(∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓) → (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓))
Theorem	axc4i 2315	Inference version of axc4 2314. (Contributed by NM, 3-Jan-1993.)
⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜓)
Theorem	nfal 2316	If 𝑥 is not free in 𝜑, then it is not free in ∀𝑦𝜑. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥∀𝑦𝜑
Theorem	nfex 2317	If 𝑥 is not free in 𝜑, then it is not free in ∃𝑦𝜑. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 30-Dec-2017.) Reduce symbol count in nfex 2317, hbex 2318. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 16-Oct-2021.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥∃𝑦𝜑
Theorem	hbex 2318	If 𝑥 is not free in 𝜑, then it is not free in ∃𝑦𝜑. (Contributed by NM, 12-Mar-1993.) Reduce symbol count in nfex 2317, hbex 2318. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 16-Oct-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑦𝜑 → ∀𝑥∃𝑦𝜑)
Theorem	nfnf 2319	If 𝑥 is not free in 𝜑, then it is not free in Ⅎ𝑦𝜑. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 30-Dec-2017.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥Ⅎ𝑦𝜑
Theorem	19.12 2320	Theorem 19.12 of [Margaris] p. 89. Assuming the converse is a mistake sometimes made by beginners! But sometimes the converse does hold, as in 19.12vv 2343 and r19.12sn 4717. (Contributed by NM, 12-Mar-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 3-Jan-2018.)
⊢ (∃𝑥∀𝑦𝜑 → ∀𝑦∃𝑥𝜑)
Theorem	nfald 2321	Deduction form of nfal 2316. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 16-Oct-2021.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥∀𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	nfexd 2322	If 𝑥 is not free in 𝜓, then it is not free in ∃𝑦𝜓. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Sep-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜓)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥∃𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	nfsbv 2323*	If 𝑧 is not free in 𝜑, then it is not free in [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 when 𝑧 is disjoint from both 𝑥 and 𝑦. Version of nfsb 2521 with an additional disjoint variable condition on 𝑥, 𝑧 but not requiring ax-13 2370. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 7-Feb-2023.) Remove disjoint variable condition on 𝑥, 𝑦. (Revised by Steven Nguyen, 13-Aug-2023.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 25-Oct-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑧𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑧[𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑
Theorem	nfsbvOLD 2324*	Obsolete version of nfsbv 2323 as of 25-Oct-2024. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Aug-2016.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 7-Feb-2023.) Remove disjoint variable condition on 𝑥, 𝑦. (Revised by Steven Nguyen, 13-Aug-2023.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑧𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑧[𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑
Theorem	hbsbwOLD 2325*	Obsolete version of hbsbw 2169 as of 23-May-2024. (Contributed by NM, 12-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Gino Giotto, 10-Jan-2024.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑧𝜑)    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 → ∀𝑧[𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑)
Theorem	sbco2v 2326*	A composition law for substitution. Version of sbco2 2509 with disjoint variable conditions but not requiring ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-1994.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 29-Apr-2023.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑧𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑦 / 𝑧][𝑧 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑)
Theorem	aaan 2327	Distribute universal quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 12-Aug-1993.) Avoid ax-10 2137. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 21-Nov-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥∀𝑦(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∀𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	aaanOLD 2328	Obsolete version of aaan 2327 as of 21-Nov-2024. (Contributed by NM, 12-Aug-1993.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥∀𝑦(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) ↔ (∀𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∀𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	eeor 2329	Distribute existential quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 8-Aug-1994.) Avoid ax-10 2137. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 21-Nov-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝜑 ∨ 𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑 ∨ ∃𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	eeorOLD 2330	Obsolete version of eeor 2329 as of 21-Nov-2024. (Contributed by NM, 8-Aug-1994.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝜑 ∨ 𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑 ∨ ∃𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	cbv3v 2331*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbv3 2395 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by BJ, 31-May-2019.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbv1v 2332*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbv1 2400 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by BJ, 16-Jun-2019.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑦𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 → 𝜒)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 → ∀𝑦𝜒))
Theorem	cbv2w 2333*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbv2 2401 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) Avoid ax-13 2370. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 10-Jan-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑦𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜒))
Theorem	cbvaldw 2334*	Deduction used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbvald 2405 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.) Avoid ax-13 2370. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 10-Jan-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑦𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜒))
Theorem	cbvexdw 2335*	Deduction used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbvexd 2406 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.) Avoid ax-13 2370. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 10-Jan-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑦𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∃𝑥𝜓 ↔ ∃𝑦𝜒))
Theorem	cbv3hv 2336*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbv3h 2402 with a disjoint variable condition on 𝑥, 𝑦, which does not require ax-13 2370. Was used in a proof of axc11n 2424 (but of independent interest). (Contributed by NM, 25-Jul-2015.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 29-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 30-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝜑)    &   ⊢ (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbvalv1 2337*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbval 2396 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. See cbvalvw 2039 for a version with two more disjoint variable conditions, requiring fewer axioms, and cbvalv 2398 for another variant. (Contributed by NM, 13-May-1993.) (Revised by BJ, 31-May-2019.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbvexv1 2338*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbvex 2397 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. See cbvexvw 2040 for a version with two disjoint variable conditions, requiring fewer axioms, and cbvexv 2399 for another variant. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1993.) (Revised by BJ, 31-May-2019.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbval2v 2339*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbval2 2409 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 22-Dec-2003.) (Revised by BJ, 16-Jun-2019.) (Proof shortened by Gino Giotto, 10-Jan-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑧𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑤𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜓    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 = 𝑧 ∧ 𝑦 = 𝑤) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥∀𝑦𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑧∀𝑤𝜓)
Theorem	cbvex2v 2340*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Version of cbvex2 2410 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 14-Sep-2003.) (Revised by BJ, 16-Jun-2019.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑧𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑤𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜓    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 = 𝑧 ∧ 𝑦 = 𝑤) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑧∃𝑤𝜓)
Theorem	dvelimhw 2341*	Proof of dvelimh 2448 without using ax-13 2370 but with additional distinct variable conditions. (Contributed by NM, 1-Oct-2002.) (Revised by Andrew Salmon, 21-Jul-2011.) (Revised by NM, 1-Aug-2017.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 23-Dec-2018.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑)    &   ⊢ (𝜓 → ∀𝑧𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝑧 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑦 = 𝑧 → ∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧))    ⇒   ⊢ (¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 → ∀𝑥𝜓))
Theorem	pm11.53 2342*	Theorem *11.53 in [WhiteheadRussell] p. 164. See pm11.53v 1947 for a version requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by Andrew Salmon, 24-May-2011.)
⊢ (∀𝑥∀𝑦(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	19.12vv 2343*	Special case of 19.12 2320 where its converse holds. See 19.12vvv 1992 for a version with a disjoint variable condition requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 18-Jul-2001.) (Revised by Andrew Salmon, 11-Jul-2011.)
⊢ (∃𝑥∀𝑦(𝜑 → 𝜓) ↔ ∀𝑦∃𝑥(𝜑 → 𝜓))
Theorem	eean 2344	Distribute existential quantifiers. (Contributed by NM, 27-Oct-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 6-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	eeanv 2345*	Distribute a pair of existential quantifiers over a conjunction. Combination of 19.41v 1953 and 19.42v 1957. For a version requiring fewer axioms but with additional disjoint variable conditions, see exdistrv 1959. (Contributed by NM, 26-Jul-1995.)
⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	eeeanv 2346*	Distribute three existential quantifiers over a conjunction. (Contributed by NM, 26-Jul-1995.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-May-2011.) Reduce distinct variable restrictions. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 20-Jan-2018.)
⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦∃𝑧(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓 ∧ 𝜒) ↔ (∃𝑥𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑦𝜓 ∧ ∃𝑧𝜒))
Theorem	ee4anv 2347*	Distribute two pairs of existential quantifiers over a conjunction. For a version requiring fewer axioms but with additional disjoint variable conditions, see 4exdistrv 1960. (Contributed by NM, 31-Jul-1995.)
⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦∃𝑧∃𝑤(𝜑 ∧ 𝜓) ↔ (∃𝑥∃𝑦𝜑 ∧ ∃𝑧∃𝑤𝜓))
Theorem	sb8v 2348*	Substitution of variable in universal quantifier. Version of sb8f 2349 with a disjoint variable condition replacing the nonfree hypothesis Ⅎ𝑦𝜑, not requiring ax-12 2171. (Contributed by SN, 5-Dec-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦[𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑)
Theorem	sb8f 2349*	Substitution of variable in universal quantifier. Version of sb8 2515 with a disjoint variable condition, not requiring ax-10 2137 or ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 16-May-1993.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 19-Jan-2023.) Avoid ax-10 2137. (Revised by SN, 5-Dec-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦[𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑)
Theorem	sb8fOLD 2350*	Obsolete version of sb8f 2349 as of 5-Dec-2024. (Contributed by NM, 16-May-1993.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 19-Jan-2023.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦[𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑)
Theorem	sb8ef 2351*	Substitution of variable in existential quantifier. Version of sb8e 2516 with a disjoint variable condition, not requiring ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 12-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 19-Jan-2023.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦[𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑)
Theorem	2sb8ef 2352*	An equivalent expression for double existence. Version of 2sb8e 2528 with more disjoint variable conditions, not requiring ax-13 2370. (Contributed by Wolf Lammen, 28-Jan-2023.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑤𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑧𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑧∃𝑤[𝑧 / 𝑥][𝑤 / 𝑦]𝜑)
Theorem	sb6rfv 2353*	Reversed substitution. Version of sb6rf 2466 requiring disjoint variables, but fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 1-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 7-Feb-2023.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦(𝑦 = 𝑥 → [𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑))
Theorem	sbnf2 2354*	Two ways of expressing "𝑥 is (effectively) not free in 𝜑". (Contributed by Gérard Lang, 14-Nov-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 6-Oct-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 22-Sep-2018.) Avoid ax-13 2370. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 30-Jan-2023.)
⊢ (Ⅎ𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦∀𝑧([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ [𝑧 / 𝑥]𝜑))
Theorem	exsb 2355*	An equivalent expression for existence. One direction (exsbim 2005) needs fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2005.) Avoid ax-13 2370. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 16-Oct-2022.)
⊢ (∃𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝜑))
Theorem	2exsb 2356*	An equivalent expression for double existence. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2005.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 30-Sep-2018.)
⊢ (∃𝑥∃𝑦𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑧∃𝑤∀𝑥∀𝑦((𝑥 = 𝑧 ∧ 𝑦 = 𝑤) → 𝜑))
Theorem	sbbib 2357*	Reversal of substitution. (Contributed by AV, 6-Aug-2023.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 4-Sep-2023.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑦([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) ↔ ∀𝑥(𝜑 ↔ [𝑥 / 𝑦]𝜓))
Theorem	sbbibvv 2358*	Reversal of substitution. (Contributed by AV, 6-Aug-2023.)
⊢ (∀𝑦([𝑦 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ 𝜓) ↔ ∀𝑥(𝜑 ↔ [𝑥 / 𝑦]𝜓))
Theorem	cbvsbvf 2359*	Change the bound variable (i.e. the substituted one) in wff's linked by implicit substitution. The proof was part of a former cbvabw 2805 version. (Contributed by GG and WL, 26-Oct-2024.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ ([𝑧 / 𝑥]𝜑 ↔ [𝑧 / 𝑦]𝜓)
Theorem	cleljustALT 2360*	Alternate proof of cleljust 2115. It is kept here and should not be modified because it is referenced on the Metamath Proof Explorer Home Page (mmset.html) as an example of how disjoint variable conditions are inherited by substitutions. (Contributed by NM, 28-Jan-2004.) (Revised by BJ, 29-Dec-2020.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ ∃𝑧(𝑧 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝑦))
Theorem	cleljustALT2 2361*	Alternate proof of cleljust 2115. Compared with cleljustALT 2360, it uses nfv 1917 followed by equsexv 2259 instead of ax-5 1913 followed by equsexhv 2288, so it uses the idiom Ⅎ𝑥𝜑 instead of 𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑 to express nonfreeness. This style is generally preferred for later theorems. (Contributed by NM, 28-Jan-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 21-Dec-2016.) (Revised by BJ, 29-Dec-2020.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝑦 ↔ ∃𝑧(𝑧 = 𝑥 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝑦))
Theorem	equs5aALT 2362	Alternate proof of equs5a 2455. Uses ax-12 2171 but not ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2007.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (∃𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦 ∧ ∀𝑦𝜑) → ∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝜑))
Theorem	equs5eALT 2363	Alternate proof of equs5e 2456. Uses ax-12 2171 but not ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 2-Feb-2007.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 15-Jan-2018.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (∃𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦 ∧ 𝜑) → ∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∃𝑦𝜑))
Theorem	axc11r 2364	Same as axc11 2428 but with reversed antecedent. Note the use of ax-12 2171 (and not merely ax12v 2172 as in axc11rv 2256). This theorem is mostly used to eliminate conditions requiring set variables be distinct (cf. cbvaev 2056 and aecom 2425, for example) in proofs. In practice, theorems beyond elementary set theory do not really benefit from such eliminations. As of 2024, it is used in conjunction with ax-13 2370 only, and like that, it should be applied only in niches where indispensable. (Contributed by NM, 25-Jul-2015.)
⊢ (∀𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑥 → (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝜑))
Theorem	dral1v 2365*	Formula-building lemma for use with the Distinctor Reduction Theorem. Version of dral1 2437 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. Remark: the corresponding versions for dral2 2436 and drex2 2440 are instances of albidv 1923 and exbidv 1924 respectively. (Contributed by NM, 24-Nov-1994.) (Revised by BJ, 17-Jun-2019.) Base the proof on ax12v 2172. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 30-Mar-2024.) Avoid ax-10 2137. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 18-Nov-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	dral1vOLD 2366*	Obsolete version of dral1v 2365 as of 18-Nov-2024. (Contributed by NM, 24-Nov-1994.) (Revised by BJ, 17-Jun-2019.) Base the proof on ax12v 2172. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 30-Mar-2024.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	drex1v 2367*	Formula-building lemma for use with the Distinctor Reduction Theorem. Version of drex1 2439 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 27-Feb-2005.) (Revised by BJ, 17-Jun-2019.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (∃𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	drnf1v 2368*	Formula-building lemma for use with the Distinctor Reduction Theorem. Version of drnf1 2441 with a disjoint variable condition, which does not require ax-13 2370. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Oct-2016.) (Revised by BJ, 17-Jun-2019.) Avoid ax-10 2137. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 18-Nov-2024.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (Ⅎ𝑥𝜑 ↔ Ⅎ𝑦𝜓))
Theorem	drnf1vOLD 2369*	Obsolete version of drnf1v 2368 as of 18-Nov-2024. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 4-Oct-2016.) (Revised by BJ, 17-Jun-2019.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (Ⅎ𝑥𝜑 ↔ Ⅎ𝑦𝜓))
1.5.4  Axiom scheme ax-13 (Quantified Equality)
Axiom	ax-13 2370	Axiom of Quantified Equality. One of the equality and substitution axioms of predicate calculus with equality. An equivalent way to express this axiom that may be easier to understand is (¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (¬ 𝑥 = 𝑧 → (𝑦 = 𝑧 → ∀𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧))) (see ax13b 2035). Recall that in the intended interpretation, our variables are metavariables ranging over the variables of predicate calculus (the object language). In order for the first antecedent ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 to hold, 𝑥 and 𝑦 must have different values and thus cannot be the same object-language variable (so they are effectively "distinct variables" even though no $d is present). Similarly, 𝑥 and 𝑧 cannot be the same object-language variable. Therefore, 𝑥 will not occur in the wff 𝑦 = 𝑧 when the first two antecedents hold, so analogous to ax-5 1913, the conclusion (𝑦 = 𝑧 → ∀𝑥𝑦 = 𝑧) follows. Note that ax-5 1913 cannot prove this because its distinct variable ($d) requirement is not satisfied directly but only indirectly (outside of Metamath) by the argument above. The original version of this axiom was ax-c9 37563 and was replaced with this shorter ax-13 2370 in December 2015. The old axiom is proved from this one as Theorem axc9 2380. The primary purpose of this axiom is to provide a way to introduce the quantifier ∀𝑥 on 𝑦 = 𝑧 even when 𝑥 and 𝑦 are substituted with the same variable. In this case, the first antecedent becomes ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑥 and the axiom still holds. This axiom is mostly used to eliminate conditions requiring set variables be distinct (cf. ax6ev 1973 and ax6e 2381, for example) in proofs. In practice, theorems beyond elementary set theory do not really benefit from such eliminations, so direct or indirect application of this axiom is discouraged now. You need to explicitly confirm its use in case you see a sensible application in a niche. After some assisting contributions by others over the years, it was in particular the extensive work of Gino Giotto in 2024 that helped reducing dependencies on this axiom on a large scale. Although this version is shorter, the original version axc9 2380 may be more practical to work with because of the "distinctor" form of its antecedents. A typical application of axc9 2380 is in dvelimh 2448 which converts a distinct variable pair to the distinctor antecedent ¬ ∀𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦. In particular, it is conjectured that it is not possible to prove ax6 2382 from ax6v 1972 without this axiom. This axiom can be weakened if desired by adding distinct variable restrictions on pairs 𝑥, 𝑧 and 𝑦, 𝑧. To show that, we add these restrictions to Theorem ax13v 2371 and use only ax13v 2371 for further derivations. Thus, ax13v 2371 should be the only theorem referencing this axiom. Other theorems can reference either ax13v 2371 (preferred) or ax13 2373 (if the stronger form is needed). This axiom scheme is logically redundant (see ax13w 2132) but is used as an auxiliary axiom scheme to achieve scheme completeness (i.e. so that all possible cases of bundling can be proved; see text linked at mmtheorems.html#ax6dgen 2132). It is not known whether this axiom can be derived from the others. (Contributed by NM, 21-Dec-2015.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑦 = 𝑧 → ∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧))
Theorem	ax13v 2371*	A weaker version of ax-13 2370 with distinct variable restrictions on pairs 𝑥, 𝑧 and 𝑦, 𝑧. In order to show (with ax13 2373) that this weakening is still adequate, this should be the only theorem referencing ax-13 2370 directly. Had we additionally required 𝑥 and 𝑦 be distinct, too, this theorem would have been a direct consequence of ax-5 1913. So essentially this theorem states, that a distinct variable condition can be replaced with an inequality between set variables. Preferably, use the version ax13w 2132 to avoid the propagation of ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-2016.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑦 = 𝑧 → ∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧))
Theorem	ax13lem1 2372*	A version of ax13v 2371 with one distinct variable restriction dropped. For convenience, 𝑦 is kept on the right side of equations. The proof of ax13 2373 bases on ideas from NM, 24-Dec-2015. (Contributed by Wolf Lammen, 8-Sep-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑧 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑦))
Theorem	ax13 2373	Derive ax-13 2370 from ax13v 2371 and Tarski's FOL. This shows that the weakening in ax13v 2371 is still sufficient for a complete system. Preferably, use the weaker ax13w 2132 to avoid the propagation of ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 21-Dec-2015.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 31-Jan-2018.) Reduce axiom usage. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 2-Jun-2021.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑦 = 𝑧 → ∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧))
Theorem	ax13lem2 2374*	Lemma for nfeqf2 2375. This lemma is equivalent to ax13v 2371 with one distinct variable constraint removed. (Contributed by Wolf Lammen, 8-Sep-2018.) Reduce axiom usage. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 18-Oct-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (∃𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑦 → 𝑧 = 𝑦))
Theorem	nfeqf2 2375*	An equation between setvar is free of any other setvar. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. (Contributed by Wolf Lammen, 9-Jun-2019.) Remove dependency on ax-12 2171. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 16-Dec-2022.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → Ⅎ𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑦)
Theorem	dveeq2 2376*	Quantifier introduction when one pair of variables is distinct. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.) (Revised by NM, 20-Jul-2015.) Remove dependency on ax-11 2154. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 8-Sep-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑧 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑦))
Theorem	nfeqf1 2377*	An equation between setvar is free of any other setvar. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. (Contributed by Wolf Lammen, 10-Jun-2019.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → Ⅎ𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧)
Theorem	dveeq1 2378*	Quantifier introduction when one pair of variables is distinct. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-2002.) Remove dependency on ax-11 2154. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 8-Sep-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝑦 = 𝑧 → ∀𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑧))
Theorem	nfeqf 2379	A variable is effectively not free in an equality if it is not either of the involved variables. Ⅎ version of ax-c9 37563. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Oct-2016.) Remove dependency on ax-11 2154. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 6-Sep-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ((¬ ∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∧ ¬ ∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑦) → Ⅎ𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦)
Theorem	axc9 2380	Derive set.mm's original ax-c9 37563 from the shorter ax-13 2370. Usage is discouraged to avoid uninformed ax-13 2370 propagation. (Contributed by NM, 29-Nov-2015.) (Revised by NM, 24-Dec-2015.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 29-Apr-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (¬ ∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 → (¬ ∀𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑦 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑧 𝑥 = 𝑦)))
Theorem	ax6e 2381	At least one individual exists. This is not a theorem of free logic, which is sound in empty domains. For such a logic, we would add this theorem as an axiom of set theory (Axiom 0 of [Kunen] p. 10). In the system consisting of ax-4 1811 through ax-9 2116, all axioms other than ax-6 1971 are believed to be theorems of free logic, although the system without ax-6 1971 is not complete in free logic. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. It is preferred to use ax6ev 1973 when it is sufficient. (Contributed by NM, 14-May-1993.) Shortened after ax13lem1 2372 became available. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 8-Sep-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ∃𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦
Theorem	ax6 2382	Theorem showing that ax-6 1971 follows from the weaker version ax6v 1972. (Even though this theorem depends on ax-6 1971, all references of ax-6 1971 are made via ax6v 1972. An earlier version stated ax6v 1972 as a separate axiom, but having two axioms caused some confusion.) This theorem should be referenced in place of ax-6 1971 so that all proofs can be traced back to ax6v 1972. When possible, use the weaker ax6v 1972 rather than ax6 2382 since the ax6v 1972 derivation is much shorter and requires fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 12-Nov-2013.) (Revised by NM, 25-Jul-2015.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 4-Feb-2018.) Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use ax6v 1972 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ¬ ∀𝑥 ¬ 𝑥 = 𝑦
Theorem	axc10 2383	Show that the original axiom ax-c10 37559 can be derived from ax6 2382 and axc7 2310 (on top of propositional calculus, ax-gen 1797, and ax-4 1811). See ax6fromc10 37569 for the rederivation of ax6 2382 from ax-c10 37559. Normally, axc10 2383 should be used rather than ax-c10 37559, except by theorems specifically studying the latter's properties. See bj-axc10v 35473 for a weaker version requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦 → ∀𝑥𝜑) → 𝜑)
Theorem	spimt 2384	Closed theorem form of spim 2385. (Contributed by NM, 15-Jan-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-Oct-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 21-Mar-2023.) Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ((Ⅎ𝑥𝜓 ∧ ∀𝑥(𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))) → (∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓))
Theorem	spim 2385	Specialization, using implicit substitution. Compare Lemma 14 of [Tarski] p. 70. The spim 2385 series of theorems requires that only one direction of the substitution hypothesis hold. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. See spimw 1974 for a version requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jan-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 18-Feb-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	spimed 2386	Deduction version of spime 2387. (Contributed by NM, 14-May-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 19-Feb-2018.) Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use spimedv 2190 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝜒 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜑)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜒 → (𝜑 → ∃𝑥𝜓))
Theorem	spime 2387	Existential introduction, using implicit substitution. Compare Lemma 14 of [Tarski] p. 70. See spimew 1975 and spimevw 1998 for weaker versions requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 6-Mar-2018.) Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use spimefv 2191 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥𝜓)
Theorem	spimv 2388*	A version of spim 2385 with a distinct variable requirement instead of a bound-variable hypothesis. See spimfv 2232 and spimvw 1999 for versions requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 31-Jul-1993.) Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use spimvw 1999 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	spimvALT 2389*	Alternate proof of spimv 2388. Note that it requires only ax-1 6 through ax-5 1913 together with ax6e 2381. Currently, proofs derive from ax6v 1972, but if ax-6 1971 could be used instead, this proof would reduce axiom usage. (Contributed by NM, 31-Jul-1993.) Remove dependency on ax-10 2137. (Revised by BJ, 29-Nov-2020.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	spimev 2390*	Distinct-variable version of spime 2387. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jan-1993.) Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use spimevw 1998 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥𝜓)
Theorem	spv 2391*	Specialization, using implicit substitution. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use the weaker spvv 2000 if possible. (Contributed by NM, 30-Aug-1993.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → 𝜓)
Theorem	spei 2392	Inference from existential specialization, using implicit substitution. Remove a distinct variable constraint. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use the weaker speiv 1976 if possible. (Contributed by NM, 19-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 12-May-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ 𝜓    ⇒   ⊢ ∃𝑥𝜑
Theorem	chvar 2393	Implicit substitution of 𝑦 for 𝑥 into a theorem. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use the weaker chvarfv 2233 if possible. (Contributed by Raph Levien, 9-Jul-2003.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ 𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ 𝜓
Theorem	chvarv 2394*	Implicit substitution of 𝑦 for 𝑥 into a theorem. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use the weaker chvarvv 2002 if possible. (Contributed by NM, 20-Apr-1994.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 22-Apr-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ 𝜑    ⇒   ⊢ 𝜓
Theorem	cbv3 2395	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution, that does not use ax-c9 37563. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Use the weaker cbv3v 2331 if possible. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Proof shortened by Wolf Lammen, 12-May-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 → ∀𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbval 2396	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Check out cbvalw 2038, cbvalvw 2039, cbvalv1 2337 for versions requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 13-May-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbvex 2397	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. Check out cbvexvw 2040, cbvexv1 2338 for weaker versions requiring fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1993.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbvalv 2398*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. See cbvalvw 2039 for a version requiring fewer axioms, to be preferred when sufficient. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) Remove dependency on ax-10 2137 and shorten proof. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 11-Sep-2023.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbvexv 2399*	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. See cbvexvw 2040 for a version requiring fewer axioms, to be preferred when sufficient. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1993.) Remove dependency on ax-10 2137 and shorten proof. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 11-Sep-2023.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ (∃𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦𝜓)
Theorem	cbv1 2400	Rule used to change bound variables, using implicit substitution. Usage of this theorem is discouraged because it depends on ax-13 2370. See cbv1v 2332 with disjoint variable conditions, not depending on ax-13 2370. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 3-Oct-2016.) Format hypotheses to common style. (Revised by Wolf Lammen, 13-May-2018.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝜑    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑦𝜑    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑦𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Ⅎ𝑥𝜒)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 → 𝜒)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝜓 → ∀𝑦𝜒))