P. 56 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 5501-5600   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	opab0 5501	Empty ordered pair class abstraction. (Contributed by AV, 29-Oct-2021.)
⊢ ({⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝜑} = ∅ ↔ ∀𝑥∀𝑦 ¬ 𝜑)
Theorem	csbopab 5502*	Move substitution into a class abstraction. Version of csbopabgALT 5503 without a sethood antecedent but depending on more axioms. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-2007.) (Revised by NM, 23-Aug-2018.)
⊢ ⦋𝐴 / 𝑥⦌{⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ 𝜑} = {⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ [𝐴 / 𝑥]𝜑}
Theorem	csbopabgALT 5503*	Move substitution into a class abstraction. Version of csbopab 5502 with a sethood antecedent but depending on fewer axioms. (Contributed by NM, 6-Aug-2007.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 17-Nov-2016.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → ⦋𝐴 / 𝑥⦌{⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ 𝜑} = {⟨𝑦, 𝑧⟩ ∣ [𝐴 / 𝑥]𝜑})
Theorem	csbmpt12 5504*	Move substitution into a maps-to notation. (Contributed by AV, 26-Sep-2019.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → ⦋𝐴 / 𝑥⦌(𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 ↦ 𝑍) = (𝑦 ∈ ⦋𝐴 / 𝑥⦌𝑌 ↦ ⦋𝐴 / 𝑥⦌𝑍))
Theorem	csbmpt2 5505*	Move substitution into the second part of a maps-to notation. (Contributed by AV, 26-Sep-2019.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → ⦋𝐴 / 𝑥⦌(𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 ↦ 𝑍) = (𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 ↦ ⦋𝐴 / 𝑥⦌𝑍))
Theorem	iunopab 5506*	Move indexed union inside an ordered-pair class abstraction. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 20-Feb-2015.) Avoid ax-sep 5238, ax-nul 5248, ax-pr 5374. (Revised by SN, 11-Nov-2024.)
⊢ ∪ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝜑} = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 𝜑}
Theorem	elopabr 5507*	Membership in an ordered-pair class abstraction defined by a binary relation. (Contributed by AV, 16-Feb-2021.) (Proof shortened by SN, 11-Dec-2024.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝑥𝑅𝑦} → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑅)
Theorem	elopabran 5508*	Membership in an ordered-pair class abstraction defined by a restricted binary relation. (Contributed by AV, 16-Feb-2021.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ (𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∧ 𝜓)} → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑅)
Theorem	rbropapd 5509*	Properties of a pair in an extended binary relation. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Oct-2017.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 = {⟨𝑓, 𝑝⟩ ∣ (𝑓𝑊𝑝 ∧ 𝜓)})    &   ⊢ ((𝑓 = 𝐹 ∧ 𝑝 = 𝑃) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐹 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑌) → (𝐹𝑀𝑃 ↔ (𝐹𝑊𝑃 ∧ 𝜒))))
Theorem	rbropap 5510*	Properties of a pair in a restricted binary relation 𝑀 expressed as an ordered-pair class abstraction: 𝑀 is the binary relation 𝑊 restricted by the condition 𝜓. (Contributed by AV, 31-Jan-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 = {⟨𝑓, 𝑝⟩ ∣ (𝑓𝑊𝑝 ∧ 𝜓)})    &   ⊢ ((𝑓 = 𝐹 ∧ 𝑝 = 𝑃) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐹 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑌) → (𝐹𝑀𝑃 ↔ (𝐹𝑊𝑃 ∧ 𝜒)))
Theorem	2rbropap 5511*	Properties of a pair in a restricted binary relation 𝑀 expressed as an ordered-pair class abstraction: 𝑀 is the binary relation 𝑊 restricted by the conditions 𝜓 and 𝜏. (Contributed by AV, 31-Jan-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 = {⟨𝑓, 𝑝⟩ ∣ (𝑓𝑊𝑝 ∧ 𝜓 ∧ 𝜏)})    &   ⊢ ((𝑓 = 𝐹 ∧ 𝑝 = 𝑃) → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ ((𝑓 = 𝐹 ∧ 𝑝 = 𝑃) → (𝜏 ↔ 𝜃))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐹 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑌) → (𝐹𝑀𝑃 ↔ (𝐹𝑊𝑃 ∧ 𝜒 ∧ 𝜃)))
Theorem	0nelopab 5512	The empty set is never an element in an ordered-pair class abstraction. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Nov-2017.) Reduce axiom usage and shorten proof. (Revised by GG, 3-Oct-2024.)
⊢ ¬ ∅ ∈ {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝜑}
Theorem	brabv 5513	If two classes are in a relationship given by an ordered-pair class abstraction, the classes are sets. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Nov-2017.)
⊢ (𝑋{⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝜑}𝑌 → (𝑋 ∈ V ∧ 𝑌 ∈ V))
2.3.5  Power class of union and intersection
Theorem	pwin 5514	The power class of the intersection of two classes is the intersection of their power classes. Exercise 4.12(j) of [Mendelson] p. 235. (Contributed by NM, 23-Nov-2003.)
⊢ 𝒫 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ 𝒫 𝐵)
Theorem	pwssun 5515	The power class of the union of two classes is a subset of the union of their power classes, iff one class is a subclass of the other. Exercise 4.12(l) of [Mendelson] p. 235. (Contributed by NM, 23-Nov-2003.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 ∨ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴) ↔ 𝒫 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ⊆ (𝒫 𝐴 ∪ 𝒫 𝐵))
Theorem	pwun 5516	The power class of the union of two classes equals the union of their power classes, iff one class is a subclass of the other. Part of Exercise 7(b) of [Enderton] p. 28. (Contributed by NM, 23-Nov-2003.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 ∨ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴) ↔ 𝒫 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = (𝒫 𝐴 ∪ 𝒫 𝐵))
2.3.6  The identity relation
Syntax	cid 5517	Extend the definition of a class to include the identity relation.
class I
Definition	df-id 5518*	Define the identity relation. Definition 9.15 of [Quine] p. 64. For example, 5 I 5 and ¬ 4 I 5 (ex-id 30396). (Contributed by NM, 13-Aug-1995.)
⊢ I = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝑥 = 𝑦}
Theorem	dfid4 5519	The identity function expressed using maps-to notation. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Dec-2017.)
⊢ I = (𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝑥)
Theorem	dfid2 5520	Alternate definition of the identity relation. Instance of dfid3 5521 not requiring auxiliary axioms. (Contributed by NM, 15-Mar-2007.) Reduce axiom usage. (Revised by GG, 4-Nov-2024.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 5-Nov-2024.) Use df-id 5518 instead to make the semantics of the constructor df-opab 5158 clearer. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ I = {⟨𝑥, 𝑥⟩ ∣ 𝑥 = 𝑥}
Theorem	dfid3 5521	A stronger version of df-id 5518 that does not require 𝑥 and 𝑦 to be disjoint. This is not the definition since, in order to pass our definition soundness test, a definition has to have disjoint dummy variables, see conventions 30362. The proof can be instructive in showing how disjoint variable conditions may be eliminated, a task that is not necessarily obvious. (Contributed by NM, 5-Feb-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.) Use df-id 5518 instead to make the semantics of the constructor df-opab 5158 clearer (in usages, 𝑥, 𝑦 will typically be dummy variables, so can be assumed disjoint). (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ I = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝑥 = 𝑦}
2.3.7  The membership relation (or epsilon relation)
Syntax	cep 5522	Extend class notation to include the membership relation.
class E
Definition	df-eprel 5523*	Define the membership relation (also called "epsilon relation" since it is sometimes denoted by the lowercase Greek letter "epsilon"). Similar to Definition 6.22 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 30. The membership relation and the membership predicate agree, that is, (𝐴 E 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵), when 𝐵 is a set (see epelg 5524). Thus, ⊢ 5 E {1, 5} (ex-eprel 30395). (Contributed by NM, 13-Aug-1995.)
⊢ E = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑦}
Theorem	epelg 5524	The membership relation and the membership predicate agree when the "containing" class is a set. General version of epel 5526 and closed form of epeli 5525. Definition 1.6 of [Schloeder] p. 1. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 27-Mar-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 14-Jul-2023.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐴 E 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵))
Theorem	epeli 5525	The membership relation and the membership predicate agree when the "containing" class is a set. Inference associated with epelg 5524. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 11-Apr-2012.)
⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 E 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐵)
Theorem	epel 5526	The membership relation and the membership predicate agree when the "containing" class is a setvar. Definition 1.6 of [Schloeder] p. 1. (Contributed by NM, 13-Aug-1995.) Replace the first setvar variable with a class variable. (Revised by BJ, 13-Sep-2022.)
⊢ (𝐴 E 𝑥 ↔ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑥)
Theorem	0sn0ep 5527	An example for the membership relation. (Contributed by AV, 19-Jun-2022.)
⊢ ∅ E {∅}
Theorem	epn0 5528	The membership relation is nonempty. (Contributed by AV, 19-Jun-2022.)
⊢ E ≠ ∅
2.3.8  Partial and total orderings We have not yet defined relations (df-rel 5630), but here we introduce a few related notions we will use to develop ordinals. The class variable 𝑅 is no different from other class variables, but it reminds us that typically it represents what we will later call a "relation".
Syntax	wpo 5529	Extend wff notation to include the strict partial ordering predicate. Read: "𝑅 is a partial order on 𝐴".
wff 𝑅 Po 𝐴
Syntax	wor 5530	Extend wff notation to include the strict total ordering predicate. Read: "𝑅 orders 𝐴".
wff 𝑅 Or 𝐴
Definition	df-po 5531*	Define the strict partial order predicate. Definition of [Enderton] p. 168. The expression 𝑅 Po 𝐴 means 𝑅 is a partial order on 𝐴. For example, < Po ℝ is true, while ≤ Po ℝ is false (ex-po 30397). (Contributed by NM, 16-Mar-1997.)
⊢ (𝑅 Po 𝐴 ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 (¬ 𝑥𝑅𝑥 ∧ ((𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∧ 𝑦𝑅𝑧) → 𝑥𝑅𝑧)))
Definition	df-so 5532*	Define the strict complete (linear) order predicate. The expression 𝑅 Or 𝐴 is true if relationship 𝑅 orders 𝐴. For example, < Or ℝ is true (ltso 11214). Equivalent to Definition 6.19(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 29. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-1996.)
⊢ (𝑅 Or 𝐴 ↔ (𝑅 Po 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦𝑅𝑥)))
Theorem	poss 5533	Subset theorem for the partial ordering predicate. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 → (𝑅 Po 𝐵 → 𝑅 Po 𝐴))
Theorem	poeq1 5534	Equality theorem for partial ordering predicate. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.)
⊢ (𝑅 = 𝑆 → (𝑅 Po 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Po 𝐴))
Theorem	poeq2 5535	Equality theorem for partial ordering predicate. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → (𝑅 Po 𝐴 ↔ 𝑅 Po 𝐵))
Theorem	poeq12d 5536	Equality deduction for partial orderings. (Contributed by Matthew House, 10-Sep-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 = 𝑆)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑅 Po 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Po 𝐵))
Theorem	nfpo 5537	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for partial orders. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 20-Jan-2015.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝑅    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥 𝑅 Po 𝐴
Theorem	nfso 5538	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for total orders. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 20-Jan-2015.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝑅    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥 𝑅 Or 𝐴
Theorem	pocl 5539	Characteristic properties of a partial order in class notation. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.) Reduce axiom usage and shorten proof. (Revised by GG, 3-Oct-2024.)
⊢ (𝑅 Po 𝐴 → ((𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝐴) → (¬ 𝐵𝑅𝐵 ∧ ((𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐷) → 𝐵𝑅𝐷))))
Theorem	ispod 5540*	Sufficient conditions for a partial order. (Contributed by NM, 9-Jul-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) → ¬ 𝑥𝑅𝑥)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴)) → ((𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∧ 𝑦𝑅𝑧) → 𝑥𝑅𝑧))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 Po 𝐴)
Theorem	swopolem 5541*	Perform the substitutions into the strict weak ordering law. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Dec-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝑥𝑅𝑦 → (𝑥𝑅𝑧 ∨ 𝑧𝑅𝑦)))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑋 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑍 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝑋𝑅𝑌 → (𝑋𝑅𝑍 ∨ 𝑍𝑅𝑌)))
Theorem	swopo 5542*	A strict weak order is a partial order. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2014.)
⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝑦𝑅𝑧 → ¬ 𝑧𝑅𝑦))    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝑥𝑅𝑦 → (𝑥𝑅𝑧 ∨ 𝑧𝑅𝑦)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 Po 𝐴)
Theorem	poirr 5543	A partial order is irreflexive. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Po 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → ¬ 𝐵𝑅𝐵)
Theorem	potr 5544	A partial order is a transitive relation. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Po 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝐴)) → ((𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐷) → 𝐵𝑅𝐷))
Theorem	po2nr 5545	A partial order has no 2-cycle loops. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Po 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → ¬ (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐵))
Theorem	po3nr 5546	A partial order has no 3-cycle loops. (Contributed by NM, 27-Mar-1997.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Po 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝐴)) → ¬ (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐷 ∧ 𝐷𝑅𝐵))
Theorem	po2ne 5547	Two sets related by a partial order are not equal. (Contributed by AV, 13-Mar-2023.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Po 𝑉 ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝐴𝑅𝐵) → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵)
Theorem	po0 5548	Any relation is a partial order on the empty set. (Contributed by NM, 28-Mar-1997.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.)
⊢ 𝑅 Po ∅
Theorem	pofun 5549*	The inverse image of a partial order is a partial order. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 18-Jun-2011.)
⊢ 𝑆 = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ 𝑋𝑅𝑌}    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑋 = 𝑌)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑅 Po 𝐵 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑋 ∈ 𝐵) → 𝑆 Po 𝐴)
Theorem	sopo 5550	A strict linear order is a strict partial order. (Contributed by NM, 28-Mar-1997.)
⊢ (𝑅 Or 𝐴 → 𝑅 Po 𝐴)
Theorem	soss 5551	Subset theorem for the strict ordering predicate. (Contributed by NM, 16-Mar-1997.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 → (𝑅 Or 𝐵 → 𝑅 Or 𝐴))
Theorem	soeq1 5552	Equality theorem for the strict ordering predicate. (Contributed by NM, 16-Mar-1997.)
⊢ (𝑅 = 𝑆 → (𝑅 Or 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Or 𝐴))
Theorem	soeq2 5553	Equality theorem for the strict ordering predicate. (Contributed by NM, 16-Mar-1997.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → (𝑅 Or 𝐴 ↔ 𝑅 Or 𝐵))
Theorem	soeq12d 5554	Equality deduction for total orderings. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Jan-2015.) (Proof shortened by Matthew House, 10-Sep-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 = 𝑆)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑅 Or 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Or 𝐵))
Theorem	sonr 5555	A strict order relation is irreflexive. (Contributed by NM, 24-Nov-1995.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → ¬ 𝐵𝑅𝐵)
Theorem	sotr 5556	A strict order relation is a transitive relation. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-1996.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝐴)) → ((𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐷) → 𝐵𝑅𝐷))
Theorem	sotrd 5557	Transitivity law for strict orderings, deduction form. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 24-Nov-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 Or 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑍 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋𝑅𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌𝑅𝑍)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋𝑅𝑍)
Theorem	solin 5558	A strict order relation is linear (satisfies trichotomy). (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-1996.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∨ 𝐵 = 𝐶 ∨ 𝐶𝑅𝐵))
Theorem	so2nr 5559	A strict order relation has no 2-cycle loops. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-1996.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → ¬ (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐵))
Theorem	so3nr 5560	A strict order relation has no 3-cycle loops. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-1996.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝐴)) → ¬ (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐷 ∧ 𝐷𝑅𝐵))
Theorem	sotric 5561	A strict order relation satisfies strict trichotomy. (Contributed by NM, 19-Feb-1996.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ↔ ¬ (𝐵 = 𝐶 ∨ 𝐶𝑅𝐵)))
Theorem	sotrieq 5562	Trichotomy law for strict order relation. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1996.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝐵 = 𝐶 ↔ ¬ (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∨ 𝐶𝑅𝐵)))
Theorem	sotrieq2 5563	Trichotomy law for strict order relation. (Contributed by NM, 5-May-1999.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝐵 = 𝐶 ↔ (¬ 𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ ¬ 𝐶𝑅𝐵)))
Theorem	soasym 5564	Asymmetry law for strict orderings. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 24-Nov-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝑋 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝑋𝑅𝑌 → ¬ 𝑌𝑅𝑋))
Theorem	sotr2 5565	A transitivity relation. (Read 𝐵 ≤ 𝐶 and 𝐶 < 𝐷 implies 𝐵 < 𝐷.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-May-2013.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝐴)) → ((¬ 𝐶𝑅𝐵 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐷) → 𝐵𝑅𝐷))
Theorem	issod 5566*	An irreflexive, transitive, linear relation is a strict ordering. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 Po 𝐴)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦𝑅𝑥))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 Or 𝐴)
Theorem	issoi 5567*	An irreflexive, transitive, linear relation is a strict ordering. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jan-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2014.)
⊢ (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 → ¬ 𝑥𝑅𝑥)    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴) → ((𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∧ 𝑦𝑅𝑧) → 𝑥𝑅𝑧))    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴) → (𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∨ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦𝑅𝑥))    ⇒   ⊢ 𝑅 Or 𝐴
Theorem	isso2i 5568*	Deduce strict ordering from its properties. (Contributed by NM, 29-Jan-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jul-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴) → (𝑥𝑅𝑦 ↔ ¬ (𝑥 = 𝑦 ∨ 𝑦𝑅𝑥)))    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐴) → ((𝑥𝑅𝑦 ∧ 𝑦𝑅𝑧) → 𝑥𝑅𝑧))    ⇒   ⊢ 𝑅 Or 𝐴
Theorem	so0 5569	Any relation is a strict ordering of the empty set. (Contributed by NM, 16-Mar-1997.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.)
⊢ 𝑅 Or ∅
Theorem	somo 5570*	A totally ordered set has at most one minimal element. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.) (Revised by NM, 16-Jun-2017.)
⊢ (𝑅 Or 𝐴 → ∃*𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ¬ 𝑦𝑅𝑥)
Theorem	sotrine 5571	Trichotomy law for strict orderings. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Dec-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → (𝐵 ≠ 𝐶 ↔ (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∨ 𝐶𝑅𝐵)))
Theorem	sotr3 5572	Transitivity law for strict orderings. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 24-Nov-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Or 𝐴 ∧ (𝑋 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑍 ∈ 𝐴)) → ((𝑋𝑅𝑌 ∧ ¬ 𝑍𝑅𝑌) → 𝑋𝑅𝑍))
2.3.9  Founded and well-ordering relations
Syntax	wfr 5573	Extend wff notation to include the well-founded predicate. Read: "𝑅 is a well-founded relation on 𝐴".
wff 𝑅 Fr 𝐴
Syntax	wse 5574	Extend wff notation to include the set-like predicate. Read: "𝑅 is set-like on 𝐴".
wff 𝑅 Se 𝐴
Syntax	wwe 5575	Extend wff notation to include the well-ordering predicate. Read: "𝑅 well-orders 𝐴".
wff 𝑅 We 𝐴
Definition	df-fr 5576*	Define the well-founded relation predicate. Definition 6.24(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 30. For alternate definitions, see dffr2 5584 and dffr3 6054. A class is called well-founded when the membership relation E (see df-eprel 5523) is well-founded on it, that is, 𝐴 is well-founded if E Fr 𝐴 (some sources request that the membership relation be well-founded on its transitive closure). (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.)
⊢ (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ↔ ∀𝑥((𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑥 ≠ ∅) → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑥 ¬ 𝑧𝑅𝑦))
Definition	df-se 5577*	Define the set-like predicate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (𝑅 Se 𝐴 ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 {𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ∣ 𝑦𝑅𝑥} ∈ V)
Definition	df-we 5578	Define the well-ordering predicate. For an alternate definition, see dfwe2 7714. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.)
⊢ (𝑅 We 𝐴 ↔ (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ∧ 𝑅 Or 𝐴))
Theorem	dffr6 5579*	Alternate definition of df-fr 5576. See dffr5 35726 for a definition without dummy variables (but note that their equivalence uses ax-sep 5238). (Contributed by BJ, 16-Nov-2024.)
⊢ (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝐴 ∖ {∅})∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑥 ¬ 𝑧𝑅𝑦)
Theorem	frd 5580*	A nonempty subset of an 𝑅-well-founded class has an 𝑅-minimal element (deduction form). (Contributed by BJ, 16-Nov-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 Fr 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ≠ ∅)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ¬ 𝑦𝑅𝑥)
Theorem	fri 5581*	A nonempty subset of an 𝑅-well-founded class has an 𝑅-minimal element (inference form). (Contributed by BJ, 16-Nov-2024.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 19-Nov-2024.)
⊢ (((𝐵 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝑅 Fr 𝐴) ∧ (𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ ∅)) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ¬ 𝑦𝑅𝑥)
Theorem	seex 5582*	The 𝑅-preimage of an element of the base set in a set-like relation is a set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Se 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → {𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∣ 𝑥𝑅𝐵} ∈ V)
Theorem	exse 5583	Any relation on a set is set-like on it. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → 𝑅 Se 𝐴)
Theorem	dffr2 5584*	Alternate definition of well-founded relation. Similar to Definition 6.21 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 30. (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2004.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 27-Aug-2011.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 23-Jun-2015.) Avoid ax-10 2142, ax-11 2158, ax-12 2178, but use ax-8 2111. (Revised by GG, 3-Oct-2024.)
⊢ (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ↔ ∀𝑥((𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑥 ≠ ∅) → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 {𝑧 ∈ 𝑥 ∣ 𝑧𝑅𝑦} = ∅))
Theorem	dffr2ALT 5585*	Alternate proof of dffr2 5584, which avoids ax-8 2111 but requires ax-10 2142, ax-11 2158, ax-12 2178. (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2004.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 27-Aug-2011.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 23-Jun-2015.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ↔ ∀𝑥((𝑥 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑥 ≠ ∅) → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 {𝑧 ∈ 𝑥 ∣ 𝑧𝑅𝑦} = ∅))
Theorem	frc 5586*	Property of well-founded relation (one direction of definition using class variables). (Contributed by NM, 17-Feb-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐵 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ ∅) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 {𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ∣ 𝑦𝑅𝑥} = ∅)
Theorem	frss 5587	Subset theorem for the well-founded predicate. Exercise 1 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 31. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 → (𝑅 Fr 𝐵 → 𝑅 Fr 𝐴))
Theorem	sess1 5588	Subset theorem for the set-like predicate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝑅 ⊆ 𝑆 → (𝑆 Se 𝐴 → 𝑅 Se 𝐴))
Theorem	sess2 5589	Subset theorem for the set-like predicate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 → (𝑅 Se 𝐵 → 𝑅 Se 𝐴))
Theorem	freq1 5590	Equality theorem for the well-founded predicate. (Contributed by NM, 9-Mar-1997.)
⊢ (𝑅 = 𝑆 → (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Fr 𝐴))
Theorem	freq2 5591	Equality theorem for the well-founded predicate. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-1994.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ↔ 𝑅 Fr 𝐵))
Theorem	freq12d 5592	Equality deduction for well-founded relations. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 19-Jan-2015.) (Proof shortened by Matthew House, 10-Sep-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 = 𝑆)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Fr 𝐵))
Theorem	seeq1 5593	Equality theorem for the set-like predicate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝑅 = 𝑆 → (𝑅 Se 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Se 𝐴))
Theorem	seeq2 5594	Equality theorem for the set-like predicate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → (𝑅 Se 𝐴 ↔ 𝑅 Se 𝐵))
Theorem	seeq12d 5595	Equality deduction for the set-like predicate. (Contributed by Matthew House, 10-Sep-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑅 = 𝑆)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 = 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑅 Se 𝐴 ↔ 𝑆 Se 𝐵))
Theorem	nffr 5596	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for well-founded relations. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 20-Jan-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝑅    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥 𝑅 Fr 𝐴
Theorem	nfse 5597	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for set-like relations. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝑅    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥 𝑅 Se 𝐴
Theorem	nfwe 5598	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for well-orderings. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 20-Jan-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝑅    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥 𝑅 We 𝐴
Theorem	frirr 5599	A well-founded relation is irreflexive. Special case of Proposition 6.23 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 30. (Contributed by NM, 2-Jan-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴) → ¬ 𝐵𝑅𝐵)
Theorem	fr2nr 5600	A well-founded relation has no 2-cycle loops. Special case of Proposition 6.23 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 30. (Contributed by NM, 30-May-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 22-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑅 Fr 𝐴 ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)) → ¬ (𝐵𝑅𝐶 ∧ 𝐶𝑅𝐵))