P. 304 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 30301-30400   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	wwlksnwwlksnon 30301*	A walk of fixed length is a walk of fixed length between two vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 13-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺) ↔ ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 𝑊 ∈ (𝑎(𝑁 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝑏))
Theorem	wspthsnwspthsnon 30302*	A simple path of fixed length is a simple path of fixed length between two vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 16-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 13-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (𝑁 WSPathsN 𝐺) ↔ ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 𝑊 ∈ (𝑎(𝑁 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝑏))
Theorem	wspthsnonn0vne 30303	If the set of simple paths of length at least 1 between two vertices is not empty, the two vertices must be different. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 3-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 16-May-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝑋(𝑁 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝑌) ≠ ∅) → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)
Theorem	wspthsswwlkn 30304	The set of simple paths of a fixed length between two vertices is a subset of the set of walks of the fixed length. (Contributed by AV, 18-May-2021.)
⊢ (𝑁 WSPathsN 𝐺) ⊆ (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺)
Theorem	wspthnfi 30305	In a finite graph, the set of simple paths of a fixed length is finite. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 18-May-2021.)
⊢ ((Vtx‘𝐺) ∈ Fin → (𝑁 WSPathsN 𝐺) ∈ Fin)
Theorem	wwlksnonfi 30306	In a finite graph, the set of walks of a fixed length between two vertices is finite. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 15-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 15-Mar-2022.)
⊢ ((Vtx‘𝐺) ∈ Fin → (𝐴(𝑁 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵) ∈ Fin)
Theorem	wspthsswwlknon 30307	The set of simple paths of a fixed length between two vertices is a subset of the set of walks of the fixed length between the two vertices. (Contributed by AV, 15-May-2021.)
⊢ (𝐴(𝑁 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐵) ⊆ (𝐴(𝑁 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵)
Theorem	wspthnonfi 30308	In a finite graph, the set of simple paths of a fixed length between two vertices is finite. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 15-May-2021.)
⊢ ((Vtx‘𝐺) ∈ Fin → (𝐴(𝑁 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐵) ∈ Fin)
Theorem	wspniunwspnon 30309*	The set of nonempty simple paths of fixed length is the double union of the simple paths of the fixed length between different vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 3-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 16-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 15-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐺 ∈ 𝑈) → (𝑁 WSPathsN 𝐺) = ∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∪ 𝑦 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑥})(𝑥(𝑁 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝑦))
Theorem	wspn0 30310	If there are no vertices, then there are no simple paths (of any length), too. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 11-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 16-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 13-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑉 = ∅ → (𝑁 WSPathsN 𝐺) = ∅)
17.3.8  Walks/paths of length 2 (as length 3 strings)
Theorem	2wlkdlem1 30311	Lemma 1 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (♯‘𝑃) = ((♯‘𝐹) + 1)
Theorem	2wlkdlem2 30312	Lemma 2 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (0..^(♯‘𝐹)) = {0, 1}
Theorem	2wlkdlem3 30313	Lemma 3 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝑃‘0) = 𝐴 ∧ (𝑃‘1) = 𝐵 ∧ (𝑃‘2) = 𝐶))
Theorem	2wlkdlem4 30314*	Lemma 4 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ (0...(♯‘𝐹))(𝑃‘𝑘) ∈ 𝑉)
Theorem	2wlkdlem5 30315*	Lemma 5 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐹))(𝑃‘𝑘) ≠ (𝑃‘(𝑘 + 1)))
Theorem	2pthdlem1 30316*	Lemma 1 for 2pthd 30326. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝑃))∀𝑗 ∈ (1..^(♯‘𝐹))(𝑘 ≠ 𝑗 → (𝑃‘𝑘) ≠ (𝑃‘𝑗)))
Theorem	2wlkdlem6 30317	Lemma 6 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 23-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐵 ∈ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (𝐼‘𝐾)))
Theorem	2wlkdlem7 30318	Lemma 7 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐽 ∈ V ∧ 𝐾 ∈ V))
Theorem	2wlkdlem8 30319	Lemma 8 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ((𝐹‘0) = 𝐽 ∧ (𝐹‘1) = 𝐾))
Theorem	2wlkdlem9 30320	Lemma 9 for 2wlkd 30322. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘(𝐹‘0)) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘(𝐹‘1))))
Theorem	2wlkdlem10 30321*	Lemma 10 for 3wlkd 30558. (Contributed by AV, 14-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑘 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐹)){(𝑃‘𝑘), (𝑃‘(𝑘 + 1))} ⊆ (𝐼‘(𝐹‘𝑘)))
Theorem	2wlkd 30322	Construction of a walk from two given edges in a graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 23-Jan-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 14-Feb-2021.) (Revised by AV, 24-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(Walks‘𝐺)𝑃)
Theorem	2wlkond 30323	A walk of length 2 from one vertex to another, different vertex via a third vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 30-Jan-2021.) (Revised by AV, 24-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(𝐴(WalksOn‘𝐺)𝐶)𝑃)
Theorem	2trld 30324	Construction of a trail from two given edges in a graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 24-Jan-2021.) (Revised by AV, 24-Mar-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Oct-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐽 ≠ 𝐾)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(Trails‘𝐺)𝑃)
Theorem	2trlond 30325	A trail of length 2 from one vertex to another, different vertex via a third vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 30-Jan-2021.) (Revised by AV, 24-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐽 ≠ 𝐾)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(𝐴(TrailsOn‘𝐺)𝐶)𝑃)
Theorem	2pthd 30326	A path of length 2 from one vertex to another vertex via a third vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 24-Jan-2021.) (Revised by AV, 24-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐽 ≠ 𝐾)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(Paths‘𝐺)𝑃)
Theorem	2spthd 30327	A simple path of length 2 from one vertex to another, different vertex via a third vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Jan-2021.) (Revised by AV, 24-Mar-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Oct-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐽 ≠ 𝐾)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(SPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)
Theorem	2pthond 30328	A simple path of length 2 from one vertex to another, different vertex via a third vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 24-Jan-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Jan-2021.) (Revised by AV, 24-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐽) ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝐾)))    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐽 ≠ 𝐾)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(𝐴(SPathsOn‘𝐺)𝐶)𝑃)
Theorem	2pthon3v 30329*	For a vertex adjacent to two other vertices there is a simple path of length 2 between these other vertices in a hypergraph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 24-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)) ∧ (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶) ∧ ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸)) → ∃𝑓∃𝑝(𝑓(𝐴(SPathsOn‘𝐺)𝐶)𝑝 ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2))
Theorem	umgr2adedgwlklem 30330	Lemma for umgr2adedgwlk 30331, umgr2adedgspth 30334, etc. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 29-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ {𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸) → ((𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶) ∧ (𝐴 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ 𝐶 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺))))
Theorem	umgr2adedgwlk 30331	In a multigraph, two adjacent edges form a walk of length 2. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 29-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐽) = {𝐴, 𝐵})    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐾) = {𝐵, 𝐶})    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹(Walks‘𝐺)𝑃 ∧ (♯‘𝐹) = 2 ∧ (𝐴 = (𝑃‘0) ∧ 𝐵 = (𝑃‘1) ∧ 𝐶 = (𝑃‘2))))
Theorem	umgr2adedgwlkon 30332	In a multigraph, two adjacent edges form a walk between two vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 30-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐽) = {𝐴, 𝐵})    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐾) = {𝐵, 𝐶})    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(𝐴(WalksOn‘𝐺)𝐶)𝑃)
Theorem	umgr2adedgwlkonALT 30333	Alternate proof for umgr2adedgwlkon 30332, using umgr2adedgwlk 30331, but with a much longer proof! In a multigraph, two adjacent edges form a walk between two (different) vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 30-Jan-2021.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐽) = {𝐴, 𝐵})    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐾) = {𝐵, 𝐶})    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(𝐴(WalksOn‘𝐺)𝐶)𝑃)
Theorem	umgr2adedgspth 30334	In a multigraph, two adjacent edges with different endvertices form a simple path of length 2. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 29-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = ⟨“𝐽𝐾”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝑃 = ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐽) = {𝐴, 𝐵})    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝐾) = {𝐵, 𝐶})    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(SPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)
Theorem	umgr2wlk 30335*	In a multigraph, there is a walk of length 2 for each pair of adjacent edges. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 30-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ {𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸) → ∃𝑓∃𝑝(𝑓(Walks‘𝐺)𝑝 ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2 ∧ (𝐴 = (𝑝‘0) ∧ 𝐵 = (𝑝‘1) ∧ 𝐶 = (𝑝‘2))))
Theorem	umgr2wlkon 30336*	For each pair of adjacent edges in a multigraph, there is a walk of length 2 between the not common vertices of the edges. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 30-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ {𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸) → ∃𝑓∃𝑝 𝑓(𝐴(WalksOn‘𝐺)𝐶)𝑝)
Theorem	elwwlks2s3 30337*	A walk of length 2 as word is a length 3 string. (Contributed by AV, 18-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (2 WWalksN 𝐺) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑐 ∈ 𝑉 𝑊 = ⟨“𝑎𝑏𝑐”⟩)
Theorem	midwwlks2s3 30338*	There is a vertex between the endpoints of a walk of length 2 between two vertices as length 3 string. (Contributed by AV, 10-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (2 WWalksN 𝐺) → ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑊‘1) = 𝑏)
Theorem	wwlks2onv 30339	If a length 3 string represents a walk of length 2, its components are vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Feb-2018.) (Proof shortened by AV, 14-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ 𝑈 ∧ ⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶)) → (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉))
Theorem	elwwlks2ons3im 30340	A walk as word of length 2 between two vertices is a length 3 string and its second symbol is a vertex. (Contributed by AV, 14-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) → (𝑊 = ⟨“𝐴(𝑊‘1)𝐶”⟩ ∧ (𝑊‘1) ∈ 𝑉))
Theorem	elwwlks2ons3 30341*	For each walk of length 2 between two vertices, there is a third vertex in the middle of the walk. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 15-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 14-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑊 = ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∧ ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶)))
Theorem	s3wwlks2on 30342*	A length 3 string which represents a walk of length 2 between two vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 15-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉) → (⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑓(𝑓(Walks‘𝐺)⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2)))
Theorem	sps3wwlks2on 30343*	A length 3 string which represents a walk of length 2 between two vertices. Concerns simple pseudographs, in contrast to s3wwlks2on 30342 and does not require the Axiom of Choice for its proof. (Contributed by Ender Ting, 28-Jan-2026.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉) → (⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑓(𝑓(Walks‘𝐺)⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2)))
Theorem	usgrwwlks2on 30344	A walk of length 2 between two vertices as word in a simple graph. This theorem is analogous to umgrwwlks2on 30345 except it talks about simple graphs and therefore does not require the Axiom of Choice for its proof. (Contributed by Ender Ting, 29-Jan-2026.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)) → (⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	umgrwwlks2on 30345	A walk of length 2 between two vertices as word in a multigraph. This theorem would also hold for pseudographs, but to prove this the cases 𝐴 = 𝐵 and/or 𝐵 = 𝐶 must be considered separately. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)) → (⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	wwlks2onsym 30346	There is a walk of length 2 from one vertex to another vertex iff there is a walk of length 2 from the other vertex to the first vertex. (Contributed by AV, 7-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)) → (⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ⟨“𝐶𝐵𝐴”⟩ ∈ (𝐶(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐴)))
Theorem	elwwlks2on 30347*	A walk of length 2 between two vertices as length 3 string. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 15-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝑊 ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑊 = ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∧ ∃𝑓(𝑓(Walks‘𝐺)𝑊 ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2))))
Theorem	elwspths2on 30348*	A simple path of length 2 between two vertices (in a graph) as length 3 string. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 16-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝑊 ∈ (𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑊 = ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∧ ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐶))))
Theorem	elwspths2onw 30349*	A simple path of length 2 between two vertices (in a simple pseudograph) as length 3 string. This theorem avoids the Axiom of Choice for its proof, at the cost of requiring a simple graph; the more general version is elwspths2on 30348. (Contributed by Ender Ting, 29-Jan-2026.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝑊 ∈ (𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑊 = ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∧ ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐶))))
Theorem	wpthswwlks2on 30350	For two different vertices, a walk of length 2 between these vertices is a simple path of length 2 between these vertices in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 2-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 16-Mar-2022.) (Revised by Ender Ting, 29-Jan-2026.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → (𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐵) = (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵))
Theorem	2wspdisj 30351*	All simple paths of length 2 from a fixed vertex to another vertex are disjunct. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 9-Jan-2022.)
⊢ Disj 𝑏 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝐴})(𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝑏)
Theorem	2wspiundisj 30352*	All simple paths of length 2 from a fixed vertex to another vertex are disjunct. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 14-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 9-Jan-2022.)
⊢ Disj 𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∪ 𝑏 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑎})(𝑎(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝑏)
Theorem	usgr2wspthons3 30353	A simple path of length 2 between two vertices represented as length 3 string corresponds to two adjacent edges in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 8-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 16-Mar-2022.) (Revised by Ender Ting, 29-Jan-2026.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)) → (⟨“𝐴𝐵𝐶”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ (𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ {𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	usgr2wspthon 30354*	A simple path of length 2 between two vertices corresponds to two adjacent edges in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-May-2021.) (Revised by Ender Ting, 29-Jan-2026.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉)) → (𝑇 ∈ (𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ((𝑇 = ⟨“𝐴𝑏𝐶”⟩ ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶) ∧ ({𝐴, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸))))
Theorem	elwwlks2 30355*	A walk of length 2 between two vertices as length 3 string in a pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 14-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UPGraph → (𝑊 ∈ (2 WWalksN 𝐺) ↔ ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑐 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑊 = ⟨“𝑎𝑏𝑐”⟩ ∧ ∃𝑓∃𝑝(𝑓(Walks‘𝐺)𝑝 ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2 ∧ (𝑎 = (𝑝‘0) ∧ 𝑏 = (𝑝‘1) ∧ 𝑐 = (𝑝‘2))))))
Theorem	elwspths2spth 30356*	A simple path of length 2 between two vertices as length 3 string in a pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 28-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 18-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 16-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UPGraph → (𝑊 ∈ (2 WSPathsN 𝐺) ↔ ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑐 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑊 = ⟨“𝑎𝑏𝑐”⟩ ∧ ∃𝑓∃𝑝(𝑓(SPaths‘𝐺)𝑝 ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2 ∧ (𝑎 = (𝑝‘0) ∧ 𝑏 = (𝑝‘1) ∧ 𝑐 = (𝑝‘2))))))
17.3.9  Walks in regular graphs
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlkl1 30357*	In a k-regular graph, there are k walks (as word) of length 1 starting at each vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 28-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝐾 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉) → (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (1 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑃}) = 𝐾)
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlkslem 30358*	Lemma for rusgrnumwwlks 30363. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 23-Aug-2018.)
⊢ (𝑌 ∈ {𝑤 ∈ 𝑍 ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑃} → {𝑤 ∈ 𝑋 ∣ (𝜑 ∧ 𝜓)} = {𝑤 ∈ 𝑋 ∣ (𝜑 ∧ (𝑌‘0) = 𝑃 ∧ 𝜓)})
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlklem 30359*	Lemma for rusgrnumwwlk 30364 etc. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑛 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑣}))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝑃𝐿𝑁) = (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑃}))
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlkb0 30360*	Induction base 0 for rusgrnumwwlk 30364. Here, we do not need the regularity of the graph yet. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 24-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑛 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑣}))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝑃𝐿0) = 1)
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlkb1 30361*	Induction base 1 for rusgrnumwwlk 30364. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 28-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑛 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑣}))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝐾 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝑃𝐿1) = 𝐾)
Theorem	rusgr0edg 30362*	Special case for graphs without edges: There are no walks of length greater than 0. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 26-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑛 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑣}))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 RegUSGraph 0 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝑃𝐿𝑁) = 0)
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlks 30363*	Induction step for rusgrnumwwlk 30364. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 24-Aug-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-May-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑛 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑣}))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝐾 ∧ (𝑉 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)) → ((𝑃𝐿𝑁) = (𝐾↑𝑁) → (𝑃𝐿(𝑁 + 1)) = (𝐾↑(𝑁 + 1))))
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlk 30364*	In a 𝐾-regular graph, the number of walks of a fixed length 𝑁 from a fixed vertex is 𝐾 to the power of 𝑁. By definition, (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺) is the set of walks (as words) with length 𝑁, and (𝑃𝐿𝑁) is the number of walks with length 𝑁 starting at the vertex 𝑃. Because of the 𝐾-regularity, a walk can be continued in 𝐾 different ways at the end vertex of the walk, and this repeated 𝑁 times. This theorem even holds for 𝑁 = 0: in this case, the walk consists of only one vertex 𝑃, so the number of walks of length 𝑁 = 0 starting with 𝑃 is (𝐾↑0) = 1. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 24-Aug-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ0 ↦ (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑛 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑣}))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝐾 ∧ (𝑉 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)) → (𝑃𝐿𝑁) = (𝐾↑𝑁))
Theorem	rusgrnumwwlkg 30365*	In a 𝐾-regular graph, the number of walks (as words) of a fixed length 𝑁 from a fixed vertex is 𝐾 to the power of 𝑁. Closed form of rusgrnumwwlk 30364. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝐾 ∧ (𝑉 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)) → (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑃}) = (𝐾↑𝑁))
Theorem	rusgrnumwlkg 30366*	In a k-regular graph, the number of walks of a fixed length n from a fixed vertex is k to the power of n. This theorem corresponds to statement 11 in [Huneke] p. 2: "The total number of walks v(0) v(1) ... v(n-2) from a fixed vertex v = v(0) is k^(n-2) as G is k-regular." This theorem even holds for n=0: then the walk consists of only one vertex v(0), so the number of walks of length n=0 starting with v=v(0) is 1=k^0. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 24-Aug-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 5-Aug-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝐾 ∧ (𝑉 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝑃 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)) → (♯‘{𝑤 ∈ (Walks‘𝐺) ∣ ((♯‘(1st ‘𝑤)) = 𝑁 ∧ ((2nd ‘𝑤)‘0) = 𝑃)}) = (𝐾↑𝑁))
Theorem	clwwlknclwwlkdif 30367*	The set 𝐴 of walks of length 𝑁 starting with a fixed vertex 𝑉 and ending not at this vertex is the difference between the set 𝐶 of walks of length 𝑁 starting with this vertex 𝑋 and the set 𝐵 of closed walks of length 𝑁 anchored at this vertex 𝑋. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 16-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑤 ∈ (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ ((𝑤‘0) = 𝑋 ∧ (lastS‘𝑤) ≠ 𝑋)}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑋(𝑁 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘0) = 𝑋}    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝐶 ∖ 𝐵)
Theorem	clwwlknclwwlkdifnum 30368*	In a 𝐾-regular graph, the size of the set 𝐴 of walks of length 𝑁 starting with a fixed vertex 𝑋 and ending not at this vertex is the difference between 𝐾 to the power of 𝑁 and the size of the set 𝐵 of closed walks of length 𝑁 anchored at this vertex 𝑋. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 7-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 8-Mar-2022.) (Proof shortened by AV, 16-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑤 ∈ (𝑁 WWalksN 𝐺) ∣ ((𝑤‘0) = 𝑋 ∧ (lastS‘𝑤) ≠ 𝑋)}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑋(𝑁 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝐾 ∧ 𝑉 ∈ Fin) ∧ (𝑋 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)) → (♯‘𝐴) = ((𝐾↑𝑁) − (♯‘𝐵)))
17.3.10  Closed walks as words In general, a closed walk is an alternating sequence of vertices and edges, as defined in df-clwlks 30157: p(0) e(f(1)) p(1) e(f(2)) ... p(n-1) e(f(n)) p(n), with p(n) = p(0). Often, it is sufficient to refer to a walk by the (cyclic) sequence of its vertices, i.e omitting its edges in its representation: p(0) p(1) ... p(n-1) p(0), see the corresponding remark on cycles (which are special closed walks) in [Diestel] p. 7. As for "walks as words" in general, the concept of a Word, see df-word 14571, is also used in Definitions df-clwwlk 30370 and df-clwwlkn 30413, and the representation of a closed walk as the sequence of its vertices is called "closed walk as word". In contrast to "walks as words", the terminating vertex p(n) of a closed walk is omitted in the representation of a closed walk as word, see definitions df-clwwlk 30370, df-clwwlkn 30413 and df-clwwlknon 30476, because it is always equal to the first vertex of the closed walk. This representation has the advantage that the vertices can be cyclically shifted without changing the represented closed walk. Furthermore, the length of a closed walk (i.e. the number of its edges) equals the number of symbols/vertices of the word representing the closed walk. To avoid to handle the degenerate case of representing a (closed) walk of length 0 by the empty word, this case is excluded within the definition (𝑤 ≠ ∅). This is because a walk of length 0 is anchored at an arbitrary vertex by the general definition for closed walks, see 0clwlkv 30519, which neither can be reflected by the empty word nor by a singleton word ⟨“𝑣”⟩ with vertex v : ⟨“𝑣”⟩ represents the walk "𝑣𝑣", which is a (closed) walk of length 1 (if there is an edge/loop from 𝑣 to 𝑣), see loopclwwlkn1b 30430. Therefore, a closed walk corresponds to a closed walk as word only for walks of length at least 1, see clwlkclwwlk2 30391 or clwlkclwwlken 30400. Although the set ClWWalksN of all closed walks of a fixed length as words over the set of vertices is defined as function over ℕ0, the fixed length is usually not 0, because (0 ClWWalksN 𝐺) = ∅ (see clwwlkn0 30416). Analogous to (𝐴(𝑁 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵), the set of walks of a fixed length 𝑁 between two vertices 𝐴 and 𝐵, the set (𝑋(ClWWalksNOn‘𝐺)𝑁) of closed walks of a fixed length 𝑁 anchored at a fixed vertex 𝑋 is defined by df-clwwlknon 30476. This definition is also based on ℕ0 instead of ℕ, with (𝑋(ClWWalksNOn‘𝐺)0) = ∅ (see clwwlk0on0 30480). clwwlknon1le1 30489 states that there is at most one (closed) walk of length 1 on a vertex, which would consist of a loop (see clwwlknon1loop 30486). And in a 𝐾-regular graph, there are 𝐾 closed walks of length 2 on each vertex, see clwwlknon2num 30493.
17.3.10.1  Closed walks as words
Syntax	cclwwlk 30369	Extend class notation with closed walks (in an undirected graph) as word over the set of vertices.
class ClWWalks
Definition	df-clwwlk 30370*	Define the set of all closed walks (in an undirected graph) as words over the set of vertices. Such a word corresponds to the sequence p(0) p(1) ... p(n-1) of the vertices in a closed walk p(0) e(f(1)) p(1) e(f(2)) ... p(n-1) e(f(n)) p(n)=p(0) as defined in df-clwlks 30157. Notice that the word does not contain the terminating vertex p(n) of the walk, because it is always equal to the first vertex of the closed walk. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ClWWalks = (𝑔 ∈ V ↦ {𝑤 ∈ Word (Vtx‘𝑔) ∣ (𝑤 ≠ ∅ ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑤) − 1)){(𝑤‘𝑖), (𝑤‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ (Edg‘𝑔) ∧ {(lastS‘𝑤), (𝑤‘0)} ∈ (Edg‘𝑔))})
Theorem	clwwlk 30371*	The set of closed walks (in an undirected graph) as words over the set of vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) = {𝑤 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∣ (𝑤 ≠ ∅ ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑤) − 1)){(𝑤‘𝑖), (𝑤‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {(lastS‘𝑤), (𝑤‘0)} ∈ 𝐸)}
Theorem	isclwwlk 30372*	Properties of a word to represent a closed walk (in an undirected graph). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) ↔ ((𝑊 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 𝑊 ≠ ∅) ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑊) − 1)){(𝑊‘𝑖), (𝑊‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {(lastS‘𝑊), (𝑊‘0)} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	clwwlkbp 30373	Basic properties of a closed walk (in an undirected graph) as word. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 15-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) → (𝐺 ∈ V ∧ 𝑊 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 𝑊 ≠ ∅))
Theorem	clwwlkgt0 30374	There is no empty closed walk (i.e. a closed walk without any edge) represented by a word of vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 15-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.)
⊢ (𝑊 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) → 0 < (♯‘𝑊))
Theorem	clwwlksswrd 30375	Closed walks (represented by words) are words. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 25-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 25-Apr-2021.)
⊢ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) ⊆ Word (Vtx‘𝐺)
Theorem	clwwlk1loop 30376	A closed walk of length 1 is a loop. See also clwlkl1loop 30169. (Contributed by AV, 24-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑊 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) ∧ (♯‘𝑊) = 1) → {(𝑊‘0), (𝑊‘0)} ∈ (Edg‘𝐺))
Theorem	clwwlkccatlem 30377*	Lemma for clwwlkccat 30378: index 𝑗 is shifted up by (♯‘𝐴), and the case 𝑖 = ((♯‘𝐴) − 1) is covered by the "bridge" {(lastS‘𝐴), (𝐵‘0)} = {(lastS‘𝐴), (𝐴‘0)} ∈ (Edg‘𝐺). (Contributed by AV, 23-Apr-2022.)
⊢ ((((𝐴 ∈ Word (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ 𝐴 ≠ ∅) ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝐴) − 1)){(𝐴‘𝑖), (𝐴‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ∧ {(lastS‘𝐴), (𝐴‘0)} ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)) ∧ ((𝐵 ∈ Word (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ 𝐵 ≠ ∅) ∧ ∀𝑗 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝐵) − 1)){(𝐵‘𝑗), (𝐵‘(𝑗 + 1))} ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ∧ {(lastS‘𝐵), (𝐵‘0)} ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)) ∧ (𝐴‘0) = (𝐵‘0)) → ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((♯‘(𝐴 ++ 𝐵)) − 1)){((𝐴 ++ 𝐵)‘𝑖), ((𝐴 ++ 𝐵)‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ (Edg‘𝐺))
Theorem	clwwlkccat 30378	The concatenation of two words representing closed walks anchored at the same vertex represents a closed walk. The resulting walk is a "double loop", starting at the common vertex, coming back to the common vertex by the first walk, following the second walk and finally coming back to the common vertex again. (Contributed by AV, 23-Apr-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) ∧ (𝐴‘0) = (𝐵‘0)) → (𝐴 ++ 𝐵) ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺))
Theorem	umgrclwwlkge2 30379	A closed walk in a multigraph has a length of at least 2 (because it cannot have a loop). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 16-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UMGraph → (𝑃 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺) → 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2a1 30380*	Lemma 1 for clwlkclwwlklem2a 30386. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 11-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (((lastS‘𝑃) = (𝑃‘0) ∧ (∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((((♯‘𝑃) − 1) − 0) − 1)){(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ ran 𝐸 ∧ {(𝑃‘((♯‘𝑃) − 2)), (𝑃‘0)} ∈ ran 𝐸)) → ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1)){(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ ran 𝐸))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2a2 30381*	Lemma 2 for clwlkclwwlklem2a 30386. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Jun-2018.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑥 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1)) ↦ if(𝑥 < ((♯‘𝑃) − 2), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 1))}), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘0)})))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (♯‘𝐹) = ((♯‘𝑃) − 1))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2a3 30382*	Lemma 3 for clwlkclwwlklem2a 30386. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Jun-2018.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑥 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1)) ↦ if(𝑥 < ((♯‘𝑃) − 2), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 1))}), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘0)})))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (𝑃‘(♯‘𝐹)) = (lastS‘𝑃))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2fv1 30383*	Lemma 4a for clwlkclwwlklem2a 30386. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑥 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1)) ↦ if(𝑥 < ((♯‘𝑃) − 2), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 1))}), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘0)})))    ⇒   ⊢ (((♯‘𝑃) ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝐼 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 2))) → (𝐹‘𝐼) = (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝐼), (𝑃‘(𝐼 + 1))}))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2fv2 30384*	Lemma 4b for clwlkclwwlklem2a 30386. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑥 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1)) ↦ if(𝑥 < ((♯‘𝑃) − 2), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 1))}), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘0)})))    ⇒   ⊢ (((♯‘𝑃) ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (𝐹‘((♯‘𝑃) − 2)) = (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘((♯‘𝑃) − 2)), (𝑃‘0)}))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2a4 30385*	Lemma 4 for clwlkclwwlklem2a 30386. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 11-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑥 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1)) ↦ if(𝑥 < ((♯‘𝑃) − 2), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 1))}), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘0)})))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→𝑅 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (((lastS‘𝑃) = (𝑃‘0) ∧ 𝐼 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1))) → ({(𝑃‘𝐼), (𝑃‘(𝐼 + 1))} ∈ ran 𝐸 → (𝐸‘(𝐹‘𝐼)) = {(𝑃‘𝐼), (𝑃‘(𝐼 + 1))})))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2a 30386*	Lemma for clwlkclwwlklem2 30388. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 11-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑥 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝑃) − 1)) ↦ if(𝑥 < ((♯‘𝑃) − 2), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 1))}), (◡𝐸‘{(𝑃‘𝑥), (𝑃‘0)})))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→𝑅 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (((lastS‘𝑃) = (𝑃‘0) ∧ (∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((((♯‘𝑃) − 1) − 0) − 1)){(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ ran 𝐸 ∧ {(𝑃‘((♯‘𝑃) − 2)), (𝑃‘0)} ∈ ran 𝐸)) → ((𝐹 ∈ Word dom 𝐸 ∧ 𝑃:(0...(♯‘𝐹))⟶𝑉 ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐹))(𝐸‘(𝐹‘𝑖)) = {(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))}) ∧ (𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘(♯‘𝐹)))))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem1 30387*	Lemma 1 for clwlkclwwlk 30390. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 11-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→𝑅 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (((lastS‘𝑃) = (𝑃‘0) ∧ (∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((((♯‘𝑃) − 1) − 0) − 1)){(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ ran 𝐸 ∧ {(𝑃‘((♯‘𝑃) − 2)), (𝑃‘0)} ∈ ran 𝐸)) → ∃𝑓((𝑓 ∈ Word dom 𝐸 ∧ 𝑃:(0...(♯‘𝑓))⟶𝑉 ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝑓))(𝐸‘(𝑓‘𝑖)) = {(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))}) ∧ (𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘(♯‘𝑓)))))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem2 30388*	Lemma 2 for clwlkclwwlk 30390. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 11-Apr-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→𝑅 ∧ 𝐹 ∈ Word dom 𝐸) ∧ (𝑃:(0...(♯‘𝐹))⟶𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) ∧ (∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐹))(𝐸‘(𝐹‘𝑖)) = {(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∧ (𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘(♯‘𝐹)))) → ((lastS‘𝑃) = (𝑃‘0) ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((♯‘𝐹) − 1)){(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ ran 𝐸 ∧ {(𝑃‘((♯‘𝐹) − 1)), (𝑃‘0)} ∈ ran 𝐸))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlklem3 30389*	Lemma 3 for clwlkclwwlk 30390. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 11-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→𝑅 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (∃𝑓((𝑓 ∈ Word dom 𝐸 ∧ 𝑃:(0...(♯‘𝑓))⟶𝑉 ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝑓))(𝐸‘(𝑓‘𝑖)) = {(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))}) ∧ (𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘(♯‘𝑓))) ↔ ((lastS‘𝑃) = (𝑃‘0) ∧ (∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^((((♯‘𝑃) − 1) − 0) − 1)){(𝑃‘𝑖), (𝑃‘(𝑖 + 1))} ∈ ran 𝐸 ∧ {(𝑃‘((♯‘𝑃) − 2)), (𝑃‘0)} ∈ ran 𝐸))))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlk 30390*	A closed walk as word of length at least 2 corresponds to a closed walk in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.) (Revised by AV, 30-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (∃𝑓 𝑓(ClWalks‘𝐺)𝑃 ↔ ((lastS‘𝑃) = (𝑃‘0) ∧ (𝑃 prefix ((♯‘𝑃) − 1)) ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺))))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlk2 30391*	A closed walk corresponds to a closed walk as word in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 24-Apr-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 2-Nov-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝑃 ∈ Word 𝑉 ∧ 1 ≤ (♯‘𝑃)) → (∃𝑓 𝑓(ClWalks‘𝐺)(𝑃 ++ ⟨“(𝑃‘0)”⟩) ↔ 𝑃 ∈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺)))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkflem 30392*	Lemma for clwlkclwwlkf 30396. (Contributed by AV, 24-May-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (1st ‘𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (2nd ‘𝑈)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑈 ∈ 𝐶 → (𝐴(Walks‘𝐺)𝐵 ∧ (𝐵‘0) = (𝐵‘(♯‘𝐴)) ∧ (♯‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkf1lem2 30393*	Lemma 2 for clwlkclwwlkf1 30398. (Contributed by AV, 24-May-2022.) (Revised by AV, 30-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (1st ‘𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (2nd ‘𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (1st ‘𝑊)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (2nd ‘𝑊)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑈 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝑊 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ (𝐵 prefix (♯‘𝐴)) = (𝐸 prefix (♯‘𝐷))) → ((♯‘𝐴) = (♯‘𝐷) ∧ ∀𝑖 ∈ (0..^(♯‘𝐴))(𝐵‘𝑖) = (𝐸‘𝑖)))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkf1lem3 30394*	Lemma 3 for clwlkclwwlkf1 30398. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 30-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (1st ‘𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (2nd ‘𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (1st ‘𝑊)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (2nd ‘𝑊)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑈 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝑊 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ (𝐵 prefix (♯‘𝐴)) = (𝐸 prefix (♯‘𝐷))) → ∀𝑖 ∈ (0...(♯‘𝐴))(𝐵‘𝑖) = (𝐸‘𝑖))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkfolem 30395*	Lemma for clwlkclwwlkfo 30397. (Contributed by AV, 25-May-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑊 ∈ Word (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ 1 ≤ (♯‘𝑊) ∧ ⟨𝑓, (𝑊 ++ ⟨“(𝑊‘0)”⟩)⟩ ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺)) → ⟨𝑓, (𝑊 ++ ⟨“(𝑊‘0)”⟩)⟩ ∈ 𝐶)
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkf 30396*	𝐹 is a function from the nonempty closed walks into the closed walks as word in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 23-May-2022.) (Revised by AV, 29-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 ↦ ((2nd ‘𝑐) prefix ((♯‘(2nd ‘𝑐)) − 1)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐹:𝐶⟶(ClWWalks‘𝐺))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkfo 30397*	𝐹 is a function from the nonempty closed walks onto the closed walks as words in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Jun-2018.) (Revised by AV, 2-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 29-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 ↦ ((2nd ‘𝑐) prefix ((♯‘(2nd ‘𝑐)) − 1)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐹:𝐶–onto→(ClWWalks‘𝐺))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkf1 30398*	𝐹 is a one-to-one function from the nonempty closed walks into the closed walks as words in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 3-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 29-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 ↦ ((2nd ‘𝑐) prefix ((♯‘(2nd ‘𝑐)) − 1)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐹:𝐶–1-1→(ClWWalks‘𝐺))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlkf1o 30399*	𝐹 is a bijection between the nonempty closed walks and the closed walks as words in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 3-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 29-Oct-2022.)
⊢ 𝐶 = {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))}    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 ↦ ((2nd ‘𝑐) prefix ((♯‘(2nd ‘𝑐)) − 1)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐹:𝐶–1-1-onto→(ClWWalks‘𝐺))
Theorem	clwlkclwwlken 30400*	The set of the nonempty closed walks and the set of closed walks as word are equinumerous in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 25-May-2022.) (Proof shortened by AV, 4-Nov-2022.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → {𝑤 ∈ (ClWalks‘𝐺) ∣ 1 ≤ (♯‘(1st ‘𝑤))} ≈ (ClWWalks‘𝐺))