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Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 5301-5400   *Has distinct variable group(s)
TypeLabelDescription
Statement
 
Theoremvpwex 5301 Power set axiom: the powerclass of a set is a set. Axiom 4 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 17. (Contributed by NM, 30-Oct-2003.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.) Revised to prove pwexg 5302 from vpwex 5301. (Revised by BJ, 10-Aug-2022.)
𝒫 𝑥 ∈ V
 
Theorempwexg 5302 Power set axiom expressed in class notation, with the sethood requirement as an antecedent. (Contributed by NM, 30-Oct-2003.)
(𝐴𝑉 → 𝒫 𝐴 ∈ V)
 
Theorempwexd 5303 Deduction version of the power set axiom. (Contributed by Glauco Siliprandi, 26-Jun-2021.)
(𝜑𝐴𝑉)       (𝜑 → 𝒫 𝐴 ∈ V)
 
Theorempwex 5304 Power set axiom expressed in class notation. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jun-1993.)
𝐴 ∈ V       𝒫 𝐴 ∈ V
 
Theorempwel 5305 Quantitative version of pwexg 5302: the powerset of an element of a class is an element of the double powerclass of the union of that class. Exercise 10 of [Enderton] p. 26. (Contributed by NM, 13-Jan-2007.) Remove use of ax-nul 5231 and ax-pr 5353 and shorten proof. (Revised by BJ, 13-Apr-2024.)
(𝐴𝐵 → 𝒫 𝐴 ∈ 𝒫 𝒫 𝐵)
 
Theoremabssexg 5306* Existence of a class of subsets. (Contributed by NM, 15-Jul-2006.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.)
(𝐴𝑉 → {𝑥 ∣ (𝑥𝐴𝜑)} ∈ V)
 
TheoremsnexALT 5307 Alternate proof of snex 5355 using Power Set (ax-pow 5289) instead of Pairing (ax-pr 5353). Unlike in the proof of zfpair 5345, Replacement (ax-rep 5210) is not needed. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
{𝐴} ∈ V
 
Theoremp0ex 5308 The power set of the empty set (the ordinal 1) is a set. See also p0exALT 5309. (Contributed by NM, 23-Dec-1993.)
{∅} ∈ V
 
Theoremp0exALT 5309 Alternate proof of p0ex 5308 which is quite different and longer if snexALT 5307 is expanded. (Contributed by NM, 23-Dec-1993.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
{∅} ∈ V
 
Theorempp0ex 5310 The power set of the power set of the empty set (the ordinal 2) is a set. (Contributed by NM, 24-Jun-1993.)
{∅, {∅}} ∈ V
 
Theoremord3ex 5311 The ordinal number 3 is a set, proved without the Axiom of Union ax-un 7597. (Contributed by NM, 2-May-2009.)
{∅, {∅}, {∅, {∅}}} ∈ V
 
TheoremdtruALT 5312* Alternate proof of dtru 5360 which requires more axioms but is shorter and may be easier to understand.

Assuming that ZF set theory is consistent, we cannot prove this theorem unless we specify that 𝑥 and 𝑦 be distinct. Specifically, Theorem spcev 3546 requires that 𝑥 must not occur in the subexpression ¬ 𝑦 = {∅} in step 4 nor in the subexpression ¬ 𝑦 = ∅ in step 9. The proof verifier will require that 𝑥 and 𝑦 be in a distinct variable group to ensure this. You can check this by deleting the $d statement in set.mm and rerunning the verifier, which will print a detailed explanation of the distinct variable violation. (Contributed by NM, 15-Jul-1994.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)

¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦
 
Theoremaxc16b 5313* This theorem shows that Axiom ax-c16 36913 is redundant in the presence of Theorem dtruALT2 5294, which states simply that at least two things exist. This justifies the remark at mmzfcnd.html#twoness 5294 (which links to this theorem). (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2006.)
(∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 → ∀𝑥𝜑))
 
Theoremeunex 5314 Existential uniqueness implies there is a value for which the wff argument is false. (Contributed by NM, 24-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 2-Jan-2023.)
(∃!𝑥𝜑 → ∃𝑥 ¬ 𝜑)
 
Theoremeusv1 5315* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐴(𝑥). (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2010.)
(∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 ↔ ∃𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴)
 
Theoremeusvnf 5316* Even if 𝑥 is free in 𝐴, it is effectively bound when 𝐴(𝑥) is single-valued. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Oct-2016.)
(∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥𝐴)
 
Theoremeusvnfb 5317* Two ways to say that 𝐴(𝑥) is a set expression that does not depend on 𝑥. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
(∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 ↔ (𝑥𝐴𝐴 ∈ V))
 
Theoremeusv2i 5318* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐴(𝑥). (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2010.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
(∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 → ∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴)
 
Theoremeusv2nf 5319* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐴(𝑥). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
𝐴 ∈ V       (∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥𝐴)
 
Theoremeusv2 5320* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐴(𝑥). (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.)
𝐴 ∈ V       (∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴 ↔ ∃!𝑦𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴)
 
Theoremreusv1 5321* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐶(𝑦). (Contributed by NM, 16-Dec-2012.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2016.) (Proof shortened by JJ, 7-Aug-2021.)
(∃𝑦𝐵 𝜑 → (∃!𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝑥 = 𝐶) ↔ ∃𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝑥 = 𝐶)))
 
Theoremreusv2lem1 5322* Lemma for reusv2 5327. (Contributed by NM, 22-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.)
(𝐴 ≠ ∅ → (∃!𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵 ↔ ∃𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵))
 
Theoremreusv2lem2 5323* Lemma for reusv2 5327. (Contributed by NM, 27-Oct-2010.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.) (Proof shortened by JJ, 7-Aug-2021.)
(∃!𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵 → ∃!𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵)
 
Theoremreusv2lem3 5324* Lemma for reusv2 5327. (Contributed by NM, 14-Dec-2012.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.)
(∀𝑦𝐴 𝐵 ∈ V → (∃!𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵 ↔ ∃!𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵))
 
Theoremreusv2lem4 5325* Lemma for reusv2 5327. (Contributed by NM, 13-Dec-2012.)
(∃!𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝑥 = 𝐶) ↔ ∃!𝑥𝑦𝐵 ((𝐶𝐴𝜑) → 𝑥 = 𝐶))
 
Theoremreusv2lem5 5326* Lemma for reusv2 5327. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jan-2013.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.)
((∀𝑦𝐵 𝐶𝐴𝐵 ≠ ∅) → (∃!𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 𝑥 = 𝐶 ↔ ∃!𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 𝑥 = 𝐶))
 
Theoremreusv2 5327* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐶(𝑦) that is constant for those 𝑦𝐵 such that 𝜑. The first antecedent ensures that the constant value belongs to the existential uniqueness domain 𝐴, and the second ensures that 𝐶(𝑦) is evaluated for at least one 𝑦. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jan-2013.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.)
((∀𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝐶𝐴) ∧ ∃𝑦𝐵 𝜑) → (∃!𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝑥 = 𝐶) ↔ ∃!𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝑥 = 𝐶)))
 
Theoremreusv3i 5328* Two ways of expressing existential uniqueness via an indirect equality. (Contributed by NM, 23-Dec-2012.)
(𝑦 = 𝑧 → (𝜑𝜓))    &   (𝑦 = 𝑧𝐶 = 𝐷)       (∃𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝑥 = 𝐶) → ∀𝑦𝐵𝑧𝐵 ((𝜑𝜓) → 𝐶 = 𝐷))
 
Theoremreusv3 5329* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐶(𝑦). See reusv1 5321 for the connection to uniqueness. (Contributed by NM, 27-Dec-2012.)
(𝑦 = 𝑧 → (𝜑𝜓))    &   (𝑦 = 𝑧𝐶 = 𝐷)       (∃𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝐶𝐴) → (∀𝑦𝐵𝑧𝐵 ((𝜑𝜓) → 𝐶 = 𝐷) ↔ ∃𝑥𝐴𝑦𝐵 (𝜑𝑥 = 𝐶)))
 
Theoremeusv4 5330* Two ways to express single-valuedness of a class expression 𝐵(𝑦). (Contributed by NM, 27-Oct-2010.)
𝐵 ∈ V       (∃!𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵 ↔ ∃!𝑥𝑦𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐵)
 
Theoremalxfr 5331* Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2007.)
(𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑𝜓))       ((∀𝑦 𝐴𝐵 ∧ ∀𝑥𝑦 𝑥 = 𝐴) → (∀𝑥𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝜓))
 
Theoremralxfrd 5332* Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.) (Proof shortened by JJ, 7-Aug-2021.)
((𝜑𝑦𝐶) → 𝐴𝐵)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ((𝜑𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑦𝐶 𝜒))
 
Theoremrexxfrd 5333* Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by FL, 10-Apr-2007.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.)
((𝜑𝑦𝐶) → 𝐴𝐵)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ((𝜑𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∃𝑥𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∃𝑦𝐶 𝜒))
 
Theoremralxfr2d 5334* Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2014.)
((𝜑𝑦𝐶) → 𝐴𝑉)    &   (𝜑 → (𝑥𝐵 ↔ ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴))    &   ((𝜑𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑦𝐶 𝜒))
 
Theoremrexxfr2d 5335* Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Aug-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 19-Nov-2016.)
((𝜑𝑦𝐶) → 𝐴𝑉)    &   (𝜑 → (𝑥𝐵 ↔ ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴))    &   ((𝜑𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∃𝑥𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∃𝑦𝐶 𝜒))
 
Theoremralxfrd2 5336* Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. Variant of ralxfrd 5332. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 25-Apr-2018.)
((𝜑𝑦𝐶) → 𝐴𝐵)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ((𝜑𝑦𝐶𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∀𝑥𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∀𝑦𝐶 𝜒))
 
Theoremrexxfrd2 5337* Transfer existence from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. Variant of rexxfrd 5333. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 25-Apr-2018.)
((𝜑𝑦𝐶) → 𝐴𝐵)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐵) → ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   ((𝜑𝑦𝐶𝑥 = 𝐴) → (𝜓𝜒))       (𝜑 → (∃𝑥𝐵 𝜓 ↔ ∃𝑦𝐶 𝜒))
 
Theoremralxfr 5338* Transfer universal quantification from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.)
(𝑦𝐶𝐴𝐵)    &   (𝑥𝐵 → ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑𝜓))       (∀𝑥𝐵 𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝐶 𝜓)
 
TheoremralxfrALT 5339* Alternate proof of ralxfr 5338 which does not use ralxfrd 5332. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
(𝑦𝐶𝐴𝐵)    &   (𝑥𝐵 → ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑𝜓))       (∀𝑥𝐵 𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑦𝐶 𝜓)
 
Theoremrexxfr 5340* Transfer existence from a variable 𝑥 to another variable 𝑦 contained in expression 𝐴. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Aug-2014.)
(𝑦𝐶𝐴𝐵)    &   (𝑥𝐵 → ∃𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)    &   (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑𝜓))       (∃𝑥𝐵 𝜑 ↔ ∃𝑦𝐶 𝜓)
 
Theoremrabxfrd 5341* Membership in a restricted class abstraction after substituting an expression 𝐴 (containing 𝑦) for 𝑥 in the formula defining the class abstraction. (Contributed by NM, 16-Jan-2012.)
𝑦𝐵    &   𝑦𝐶    &   ((𝜑𝑦𝐷) → 𝐴𝐷)    &   (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜓𝜒))    &   (𝑦 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶)       ((𝜑𝐵𝐷) → (𝐶 ∈ {𝑥𝐷𝜓} ↔ 𝐵 ∈ {𝑦𝐷𝜒}))
 
Theoremrabxfr 5342* Membership in a restricted class abstraction after substituting an expression 𝐴 (containing 𝑦) for 𝑥 in the the formula defining the class abstraction. (Contributed by NM, 10-Jun-2005.)
𝑦𝐵    &   𝑦𝐶    &   (𝑦𝐷𝐴𝐷)    &   (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑𝜓))    &   (𝑦 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶)       (𝐵𝐷 → (𝐶 ∈ {𝑥𝐷𝜑} ↔ 𝐵 ∈ {𝑦𝐷𝜓}))
 
Theoremreuhypd 5343* A theorem useful for eliminating the restricted existential uniqueness hypotheses in riotaxfrd 7276. (Contributed by NM, 16-Jan-2012.)
((𝜑𝑥𝐶) → 𝐵𝐶)    &   ((𝜑𝑥𝐶𝑦𝐶) → (𝑥 = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐵))       ((𝜑𝑥𝐶) → ∃!𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)
 
Theoremreuhyp 5344* A theorem useful for eliminating the restricted existential uniqueness hypotheses in reuxfr1 3688. (Contributed by NM, 15-Nov-2004.)
(𝑥𝐶𝐵𝐶)    &   ((𝑥𝐶𝑦𝐶) → (𝑥 = 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐵))       (𝑥𝐶 → ∃!𝑦𝐶 𝑥 = 𝐴)
 
Theoremzfpair 5345 The Axiom of Pairing of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. Axiom 2 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. In some textbooks this is stated as a separate axiom; here we show it is redundant since it can be derived from the other axioms.

This theorem should not be referenced by any proof other than axprALT 5346. Instead, use zfpair2 5354 below so that the uses of the Axiom of Pairing can be more easily identified. (Contributed by NM, 18-Oct-1995.) (New usage is discouraged.)

{𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ V
 
TheoremaxprALT 5346* Alternate proof of axpr 5352. (Contributed by NM, 14-Nov-2006.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
𝑧𝑤((𝑤 = 𝑥𝑤 = 𝑦) → 𝑤𝑧)
 
2.3.2  Derive the Axiom of Pairing
 
Theoremaxprlem1 5347* Lemma for axpr 5352. There exists a set to which all empty sets belong. (Contributed by Rohan Ridenour, 10-Aug-2023.) (Revised by BJ, 13-Aug-2023.)
𝑥𝑦(∀𝑧 ¬ 𝑧𝑦𝑦𝑥)
 
Theoremaxprlem2 5348* Lemma for axpr 5352. There exists a set to which all sets whose only members are empty sets belong. (Contributed by Rohan Ridenour, 9-Aug-2023.) (Revised by BJ, 13-Aug-2023.)
𝑥𝑦(∀𝑧𝑦𝑤 ¬ 𝑤𝑧𝑦𝑥)
 
Theoremaxprlem3 5349* Lemma for axpr 5352. Eliminate the antecedent of the relevant replacement instance. (Contributed by Rohan Ridenour, 10-Aug-2023.)
𝑧𝑤(𝑤𝑧 ↔ ∃𝑠(𝑠𝑝 ∧ if-(∃𝑛 𝑛𝑠, 𝑤 = 𝑥, 𝑤 = 𝑦)))
 
Theoremaxprlem4 5350* Lemma for axpr 5352. The first element of the pair is included in any superset of the set whose existence is asserted by the axiom of replacement. (Contributed by Rohan Ridenour, 10-Aug-2023.) (Revised by BJ, 13-Aug-2023.)
((∀𝑠(∀𝑛𝑠𝑡 ¬ 𝑡𝑛𝑠𝑝) ∧ 𝑤 = 𝑥) → ∃𝑠(𝑠𝑝 ∧ if-(∃𝑛 𝑛𝑠, 𝑤 = 𝑥, 𝑤 = 𝑦)))
 
Theoremaxprlem5 5351* Lemma for axpr 5352. The second element of the pair is included in any superset of the set whose existence is asserted by the axiom of replacement. (Contributed by Rohan Ridenour, 10-Aug-2023.) (Revised by BJ, 13-Aug-2023.)
((∀𝑠(∀𝑛𝑠𝑡 ¬ 𝑡𝑛𝑠𝑝) ∧ 𝑤 = 𝑦) → ∃𝑠(𝑠𝑝 ∧ if-(∃𝑛 𝑛𝑠, 𝑤 = 𝑥, 𝑤 = 𝑦)))
 
Theoremaxpr 5352* Unabbreviated version of the Axiom of Pairing of ZF set theory, derived as a theorem from the other axioms.

This theorem should not be referenced by any proof. Instead, use ax-pr 5353 below so that the uses of the Axiom of Pairing can be more easily identified.

For a shorter proof using ax-ext 2710, see axprALT 5346. (Contributed by NM, 14-Nov-2006.) Remove dependency on ax-ext 2710. (Revised by Rohan Ridenour, 10-Aug-2023.) (Proof shortened by BJ, 13-Aug-2023.) Use ax-pr 5353 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)

𝑧𝑤((𝑤 = 𝑥𝑤 = 𝑦) → 𝑤𝑧)
 
Axiomax-pr 5353* The Axiom of Pairing of ZF set theory. It was derived as Theorem axpr 5352 above and is therefore redundant, but we state it as a separate axiom here so that its uses can be identified more easily. (Contributed by NM, 14-Nov-2006.)
𝑧𝑤((𝑤 = 𝑥𝑤 = 𝑦) → 𝑤𝑧)
 
Theoremzfpair2 5354 Derive the abbreviated version of the Axiom of Pairing from ax-pr 5353. See zfpair 5345 for its derivation from the other axioms. (Contributed by NM, 14-Nov-2006.)
{𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ V
 
Theoremsnex 5355 A singleton is a set. Theorem 7.12 of [Quine] p. 51, proved using Extensionality, Separation, Null Set, and Pairing. See also snexALT 5307. (Contributed by NM, 7-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 19-May-2013.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
{𝐴} ∈ V
 
Theoremprex 5356 The Axiom of Pairing using class variables. Theorem 7.13 of [Quine] p. 51. By virtue of its definition, an unordered pair remains a set (even though no longer a pair) even when its components are proper classes (see prprc 4704), so we can dispense with hypotheses requiring them to be sets. (Contributed by NM, 15-Jul-1993.)
{𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ V
 
Theoremsels 5357* If a class is a set, then it is a member of a set. (Contributed by BJ, 3-Apr-2019.)
(𝐴𝑉 → ∃𝑥 𝐴𝑥)
 
Theoremel 5358* Every set is an element of some other set. See elALT 5359 for a shorter proof using more axioms, and see elALT2 5293 for a proof that uses ax-9 2117 and ax-pow 5289 instead of ax-pr 5353. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jan-2002.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.) Avoid ax-9 2117, ax-pow 5289. (Revised by BTernaryTau, 2-Dec-2024.)
𝑦 𝑥𝑦
 
TheoremelALT 5359* Alternate proof of el 5358, shorter but requiring more axioms. (Contributed by NM, 4-Jan-2002.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
𝑦 𝑥𝑦
 
Theoremdtru 5360* At least two sets exist (or in terms of first-order logic, the universe of discourse has two or more objects). Note that we may not substitute the same variable for both 𝑥 and 𝑦 (as indicated by the distinct variable requirement), for otherwise we would contradict stdpc6 2032.

This theorem is proved directly from set theory axioms (no set theory definitions) and does not use ax-ext 2710, ax-sep 5224, or ax-pow 5289. See dtruALT 5312 for a shorter proof using these axioms, and see dtruALT2 5294 for a proof that uses ax-pow 5289 instead of ax-pr 5353.

The proof makes use of dummy variables 𝑧 and 𝑤 which do not appear in the final theorem. They must be distinct from each other and from 𝑥 and 𝑦. In other words, if we were to substitute 𝑥 for 𝑧 throughout the proof, the proof would fail. (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2006.) Avoid ax-13 2373. (Revised by Gino Giotto, 5-Sep-2023.) Avoid ax-12 2172. (Revised by Rohan Ridenour, 9-Oct-2024.) Use ax-pr 5353 instead of ax-pow 5289. (Revised by BTernaryTau, 3-Dec-2024.)

¬ ∀𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦
 
Theoremsnelpwi 5361 A singleton of a set belongs to the power class of a class containing the set. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 25-Aug-2011.)
(𝐴𝐵 → {𝐴} ∈ 𝒫 𝐵)
 
Theoremsnelpw 5362 A singleton of a set belongs to the power class of a class containing the set. (Contributed by NM, 1-Apr-1998.)
𝐴 ∈ V       (𝐴𝐵 ↔ {𝐴} ∈ 𝒫 𝐵)
 
Theoremprelpw 5363 A pair of two sets belongs to the power class of a class containing those two sets and vice versa. (Contributed by AV, 8-Jan-2020.)
((𝐴𝑉𝐵𝑊) → ((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐶) ↔ {𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝒫 𝐶))
 
Theoremprelpwi 5364 A pair of two sets belongs to the power class of a class containing those two sets. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 10-Mar-2017.) (Proof shortened by AV, 23-Oct-2021.)
((𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐶) → {𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝒫 𝐶)
 
Theoremrext 5365* A theorem similar to extensionality, requiring the existence of a singleton. Exercise 8 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 16. (Contributed by NM, 10-Aug-1993.)
(∀𝑧(𝑥𝑧𝑦𝑧) → 𝑥 = 𝑦)
 
Theoremsspwb 5366 The powerclass construction preserves and reflects inclusion. Classes are subclasses if and only if their power classes are subclasses. Exercise 18 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 18. (Contributed by NM, 13-Oct-1996.)
(𝐴𝐵 ↔ 𝒫 𝐴 ⊆ 𝒫 𝐵)
 
Theoremunipw 5367 A class equals the union of its power class. Exercise 6(a) of [Enderton] p. 38. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-1996.) (Proof shortened by Alan Sare, 28-Dec-2008.)
𝒫 𝐴 = 𝐴
 
Theoremuniv 5368 The union of the universe is the universe. Exercise 4.12(c) of [Mendelson] p. 235. (Contributed by NM, 14-Sep-2003.)
V = V
 
Theorempwtr 5369 A class is transitive iff its power class is transitive. (Contributed by Alan Sare, 25-Aug-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jun-2014.)
(Tr 𝐴 ↔ Tr 𝒫 𝐴)
 
Theoremssextss 5370* An extensionality-like principle defining subclass in terms of subsets. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-2004.)
(𝐴𝐵 ↔ ∀𝑥(𝑥𝐴𝑥𝐵))
 
Theoremssext 5371* An extensionality-like principle that uses the subset instead of the membership relation: two classes are equal iff they have the same subsets. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-2004.)
(𝐴 = 𝐵 ↔ ∀𝑥(𝑥𝐴𝑥𝐵))
 
Theoremnssss 5372* Negation of subclass relationship. Compare nss 3984. (Contributed by NM, 30-Jun-2004.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 25-Jul-2011.)
𝐴𝐵 ↔ ∃𝑥(𝑥𝐴 ∧ ¬ 𝑥𝐵))
 
Theorempweqb 5373 Classes are equal if and only if their power classes are equal. Exercise 19 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 18. (Contributed by NM, 13-Oct-1996.)
(𝐴 = 𝐵 ↔ 𝒫 𝐴 = 𝒫 𝐵)
 
Theoremintid 5374* The intersection of all sets to which a set belongs is the singleton of that set. (Contributed by NM, 5-Jun-2009.)
𝐴 ∈ V        {𝑥𝐴𝑥} = {𝐴}
 
Theoremmoabex 5375 "At most one" existence implies a class abstraction exists. (Contributed by NM, 30-Dec-1996.)
(∃*𝑥𝜑 → {𝑥𝜑} ∈ V)
 
Theoremrmorabex 5376 Restricted "at most one" existence implies a restricted class abstraction exists. (Contributed by NM, 17-Jun-2017.)
(∃*𝑥𝐴 𝜑 → {𝑥𝐴𝜑} ∈ V)
 
Theoremeuabex 5377 The abstraction of a wff with existential uniqueness exists. (Contributed by NM, 25-Nov-1994.)
(∃!𝑥𝜑 → {𝑥𝜑} ∈ V)
 
Theoremnnullss 5378* A nonempty class (even if proper) has a nonempty subset. (Contributed by NM, 23-Aug-2003.)
(𝐴 ≠ ∅ → ∃𝑥(𝑥𝐴𝑥 ≠ ∅))
 
Theoremexss 5379* Restricted existence in a class (even if proper) implies restricted existence in a subset. (Contributed by NM, 23-Aug-2003.)
(∃𝑥𝐴 𝜑 → ∃𝑦(𝑦𝐴 ∧ ∃𝑥𝑦 𝜑))
 
Theoremopex 5380 An ordered pair of classes is a set. Exercise 7 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 16. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ V
 
Theoremotex 5381 An ordered triple of classes is a set. (Contributed by NM, 3-Apr-2015.)
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶⟩ ∈ V
 
Theoremelopg 5382 Characterization of the elements of an ordered pair. Closed form of elop 5383. (Contributed by BJ, 22-Jun-2019.) (Avoid depending on this detail.)
((𝐴𝑉𝐵𝑊) → (𝐶 ∈ ⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ↔ (𝐶 = {𝐴} ∨ 𝐶 = {𝐴, 𝐵})))
 
Theoremelop 5383 Characterization of the elements of an ordered pair. Exercise 3 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 15. (Contributed by NM, 15-Jul-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.) Remove an extraneous hypothesis. (Revised by BJ, 25-Dec-2020.) (Avoid depending on this detail.)
𝐵 ∈ V    &   𝐶 ∈ V       (𝐴 ∈ ⟨𝐵, 𝐶⟩ ↔ (𝐴 = {𝐵} ∨ 𝐴 = {𝐵, 𝐶}))
 
Theoremopi1 5384 One of the two elements in an ordered pair. (Contributed by NM, 15-Jul-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.) (Avoid depending on this detail.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V       {𝐴} ∈ ⟨𝐴, 𝐵
 
Theoremopi2 5385 One of the two elements of an ordered pair. (Contributed by NM, 5-Aug-1993.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.) (Avoid depending on this detail.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V       {𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ ⟨𝐴, 𝐵
 
Theoremopeluu 5386 Each member of an ordered pair belongs to the union of the union of a class to which the ordered pair belongs. Lemma 3D of [Enderton] p. 41. (Contributed by NM, 31-Mar-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-Feb-2016.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V       (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ 𝐶 → (𝐴 𝐶𝐵 𝐶))
 
Theoremop1stb 5387 Extract the first member of an ordered pair. Theorem 73 of [Suppes] p. 42. (See op2ndb 6135 to extract the second member, op1sta 6133 for an alternate version, and op1st 7848 for the preferred version.) (Contributed by NM, 25-Nov-2003.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V        𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = 𝐴
 
Theorembrv 5388 Two classes are always in relation by V. This is simply equivalent to 𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ∈ V, and does not imply that V is a relation: see nrelv 5712. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 11-Apr-2012.)
𝐴V𝐵
 
2.3.3  Ordered pair theorem
 
Theoremopnz 5389 An ordered pair is nonempty iff the arguments are sets. (Contributed by NM, 24-Jan-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
(⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ≠ ∅ ↔ (𝐴 ∈ V ∧ 𝐵 ∈ V))
 
Theoremopnzi 5390 An ordered pair is nonempty if the arguments are sets. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V       𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ≠ ∅
 
Theoremopth1 5391 Equality of the first members of equal ordered pairs. (Contributed by NM, 28-May-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V       (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ → 𝐴 = 𝐶)
 
Theoremopth 5392 The ordered pair theorem. If two ordered pairs are equal, their first elements are equal and their second elements are equal. Exercise 6 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 16. Note that 𝐶 and 𝐷 are not required to be sets due our specific ordered pair definition. (Contributed by NM, 28-May-1995.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V       (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷))
 
Theoremopthg 5393 Ordered pair theorem. 𝐶 and 𝐷 are not required to be sets under our specific ordered pair definition. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
((𝐴𝑉𝐵𝑊) → (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷)))
 
Theoremopth1g 5394 Equality of the first members of equal ordered pairs. Closed form of opth1 5391. (Contributed by AV, 14-Oct-2018.)
((𝐴𝑉𝐵𝑊) → (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ → 𝐴 = 𝐶))
 
Theoremopthg2 5395 Ordered pair theorem. (Contributed by NM, 14-Oct-2005.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
((𝐶𝑉𝐷𝑊) → (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷)))
 
Theoremopth2 5396 Ordered pair theorem. (Contributed by NM, 21-Sep-2014.)
𝐶 ∈ V    &   𝐷 ∈ V       (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ = ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷))
 
Theoremopthneg 5397 Two ordered pairs are not equal iff their first components or their second components are not equal. (Contributed by AV, 13-Dec-2018.)
((𝐴𝑉𝐵𝑊) → (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ≠ ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ ↔ (𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷)))
 
Theoremopthne 5398 Two ordered pairs are not equal iff their first components or their second components are not equal. (Contributed by AV, 13-Dec-2018.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V       (⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩ ≠ ⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩ ↔ (𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷))
 
Theoremotth2 5399 Ordered triple theorem, with triple expressed with ordered pairs. (Contributed by NM, 1-May-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V    &   𝑅 ∈ V       (⟨⟨𝐴, 𝐵⟩, 𝑅⟩ = ⟨⟨𝐶, 𝐷⟩, 𝑆⟩ ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷𝑅 = 𝑆))
 
Theoremotth 5400 Ordered triple theorem. (Contributed by NM, 25-Sep-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Apr-2015.)
𝐴 ∈ V    &   𝐵 ∈ V    &   𝑅 ∈ V       (⟨𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑅⟩ = ⟨𝐶, 𝐷, 𝑆⟩ ↔ (𝐴 = 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷𝑅 = 𝑆))
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