P. 293 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 29201-29300   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	subgrprop2 29201	The properties of a subgraph: If 𝑆 is a subgraph of 𝐺, its vertices are also vertices of 𝐺, and its edges are also edges of 𝐺, connecting vertices of the subgraph only. (Contributed by AV, 19-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝑆)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺 → (𝑉 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐼 ⊆ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐸 ⊆ 𝒫 𝑉))
Theorem	uhgrissubgr 29202	The property of a hypergraph to be a subgraph. (Contributed by AV, 19-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ Fun 𝐵 ∧ 𝑆 ∈ UHGraph) → (𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺 ↔ (𝑉 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐼 ⊆ 𝐵)))
Theorem	subgrprop3 29203	The properties of a subgraph: If 𝑆 is a subgraph of 𝐺, its vertices are also vertices of 𝐺, and its edges are also edges of 𝐺. (Contributed by AV, 19-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺 → (𝑉 ⊆ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐸 ⊆ 𝐵))
Theorem	egrsubgr 29204	An empty graph consisting of a subset of vertices of a graph (and having no edges) is a subgraph of the graph. (Contributed by AV, 17-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 17-Dec-2020.)
⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ 𝑆 ∈ 𝑈) ∧ (Vtx‘𝑆) ⊆ (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ (Fun (iEdg‘𝑆) ∧ (Edg‘𝑆) = ∅)) → 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺)
Theorem	0grsubgr 29205	The null graph (represented by an empty set) is a subgraph of all graphs. (Contributed by AV, 17-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ 𝑊 → ∅ SubGraph 𝐺)
Theorem	0uhgrsubgr 29206	The null graph (as hypergraph) is a subgraph of all graphs. (Contributed by AV, 17-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 28-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ 𝑆 ∈ UHGraph ∧ (Vtx‘𝑆) = ∅) → 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺)
Theorem	uhgrsubgrself 29207	A hypergraph is a subgraph of itself. (Contributed by AV, 17-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 21-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UHGraph → 𝐺 SubGraph 𝐺)
Theorem	subgrfun 29208	The edge function of a subgraph of a graph whose edge function is actually a function is a function. (Contributed by AV, 20-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((Fun (iEdg‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺) → Fun (iEdg‘𝑆))
Theorem	subgruhgrfun 29209	The edge function of a subgraph of a hypergraph is a function. (Contributed by AV, 16-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 20-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺) → Fun (iEdg‘𝑆))
Theorem	subgreldmiedg 29210	An element of the domain of the edge function of a subgraph is an element of the domain of the edge function of the supergraph. (Contributed by AV, 20-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺 ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom (iEdg‘𝑆)) → 𝑋 ∈ dom (iEdg‘𝐺))
Theorem	subgruhgredgd 29211	An edge of a subgraph of a hypergraph is a nonempty subset of its vertices. (Contributed by AV, 17-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UHGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐼)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐼‘𝑋) ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}))
Theorem	subumgredg2 29212*	An edge of a subgraph of a multigraph connects exactly two different vertices. (Contributed by AV, 26-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝑆)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺 ∧ 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐼) → (𝐼‘𝑋) ∈ {𝑒 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑒) = 2})
Theorem	subuhgr 29213	A subgraph of a hypergraph is a hypergraph. (Contributed by AV, 16-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 21-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺) → 𝑆 ∈ UHGraph)
Theorem	subupgr 29214	A subgraph of a pseudograph is a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 16-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 21-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺) → 𝑆 ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	subumgr 29215	A subgraph of a multigraph is a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 26-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺) → 𝑆 ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	subusgr 29216	A subgraph of a simple graph is a simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 16-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺) → 𝑆 ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	uhgrspansubgrlem 29217	Lemma for uhgrspansubgr 29218: The edges of the graph 𝑆 obtained by removing some edges of a hypergraph 𝐺 are subsets of its vertices (a spanning subgraph, see comment for uhgrspansubgr 29218. (Contributed by AV, 18-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UHGraph)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Edg‘𝑆) ⊆ 𝒫 (Vtx‘𝑆))
Theorem	uhgrspansubgr 29218	A spanning subgraph 𝑆 of a hypergraph 𝐺 is actually a subgraph of 𝐺. A subgraph 𝑆 of a graph 𝐺 which has the same vertices as 𝐺 and is obtained by removing some edges of 𝐺 is called a spanning subgraph (see section I.1 in [Bollobas] p. 2 and section 1.1 in [Diestel] p. 4). Formally, the edges are "removed" by restricting the edge function of the original graph by an arbitrary class (which actually needs not to be a subset of the domain of the edge function). (Contributed by AV, 18-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 21-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UHGraph)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺)
Theorem	uhgrspan 29219	A spanning subgraph 𝑆 of a hypergraph 𝐺 is a hypergraph. (Contributed by AV, 11-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 18-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UHGraph)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ UHGraph)
Theorem	upgrspan 29220	A spanning subgraph 𝑆 of a pseudograph 𝐺 is a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 11-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 18-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UPGraph)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	umgrspan 29221	A spanning subgraph 𝑆 of a multigraph 𝐺 is a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	usgrspan 29222	A spanning subgraph 𝑆 of a simple graph 𝐺 is a simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 15-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 16-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 18-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ USGraph)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	uhgrspanop 29223	A spanning subgraph of a hypergraph represented by an ordered pair is a hypergraph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 27-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 11-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UHGraph → ⟨𝑉, (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴)⟩ ∈ UHGraph)
Theorem	upgrspanop 29224	A spanning subgraph of a pseudograph represented by an ordered pair is a pseudograph. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Mar-2015.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UPGraph → ⟨𝑉, (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴)⟩ ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	umgrspanop 29225	A spanning subgraph of a multigraph represented by an ordered pair is a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UMGraph → ⟨𝑉, (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴)⟩ ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	usgrspanop 29226	A spanning subgraph of a simple graph represented by an ordered pair is a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 16-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → ⟨𝑉, (𝐸 ↾ 𝐴)⟩ ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	uhgrspan1lem1 29227	Lemma 1 for uhgrspan1 29230. (Contributed by AV, 19-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐼 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐼‘𝑖)}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∈ V ∧ (𝐼 ↾ 𝐹) ∈ V)
Theorem	uhgrspan1lem2 29228	Lemma 2 for uhgrspan1 29230. (Contributed by AV, 19-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐼 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐼‘𝑖)}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), (𝐼 ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (Vtx‘𝑆) = (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁})
Theorem	uhgrspan1lem3 29229	Lemma 3 for uhgrspan1 29230. (Contributed by AV, 19-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐼 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐼‘𝑖)}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), (𝐼 ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐼 ↾ 𝐹)
Theorem	uhgrspan1 29230*	The induced subgraph 𝑆 of a hypergraph 𝐺 obtained by removing one vertex is actually a subgraph of 𝐺. A subgraph is called induced or spanned by a subset of vertices of a graph if it contains all edges of the original graph that join two vertices of the subgraph (see section I.1 in [Bollobas] p. 2 and section 1.1 in [Diestel] p. 4). (Contributed by AV, 19-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐼 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐼‘𝑖)}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), (𝐼 ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝑆 SubGraph 𝐺)
Theorem	upgrreslem 29231*	Lemma for upgrres 29233. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 19-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐸‘𝑖)}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → ran (𝐸 ↾ 𝐹) ⊆ {𝑝 ∈ (𝒫 (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑝) ≤ 2})
Theorem	umgrreslem 29232*	Lemma for umgrres 29234 and usgrres 29235. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 19-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐸‘𝑖)}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → ran (𝐸 ↾ 𝐹) ⊆ {𝑝 ∈ 𝒫 (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∣ (♯‘𝑝) = 2})
Theorem	upgrres 29233*	A subgraph obtained by removing one vertex and all edges incident with this vertex from a pseudograph (see uhgrspan1 29230) is a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 8-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 19-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐸‘𝑖)}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), (𝐸 ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝑆 ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	umgrres 29234*	A subgraph obtained by removing one vertex and all edges incident with this vertex from a multigraph (see uhgrspan1 29230) is a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 19-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐸‘𝑖)}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), (𝐸 ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝑆 ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	usgrres 29235*	A subgraph obtained by removing one vertex and all edges incident with this vertex from a simple graph (see uhgrspan1 29230) is a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 2-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 19-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ (𝐸‘𝑖)}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), (𝐸 ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝑆 ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	upgrres1lem1 29236*	Lemma 1 for upgrres1 29240. (Contributed by AV, 7-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∈ V ∧ ( I ↾ 𝐹) ∈ V)
Theorem	umgrres1lem 29237*	Lemma for umgrres1 29241. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → ran ( I ↾ 𝐹) ⊆ {𝑝 ∈ 𝒫 (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∣ (♯‘𝑝) = 2})
Theorem	upgrres1lem2 29238*	Lemma 2 for upgrres1 29240. (Contributed by AV, 7-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), ( I ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (Vtx‘𝑆) = (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁})
Theorem	upgrres1lem3 29239*	Lemma 3 for upgrres1 29240. (Contributed by AV, 7-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), ( I ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (iEdg‘𝑆) = ( I ↾ 𝐹)
Theorem	upgrres1 29240*	A pseudograph obtained by removing one vertex and all edges incident with this vertex is a pseudograph. Remark: This graph is not a subgraph of the original graph in the sense of df-subgr 29195 since the domains of the edge functions may not be compatible. (Contributed by AV, 8-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), ( I ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝑆 ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	umgrres1 29241*	A multigraph obtained by removing one vertex and all edges incident with this vertex is a multigraph. Remark: This graph is not a subgraph of the original graph in the sense of df-subgr 29195 since the domains of the edge functions may not be compatible. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), ( I ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝑆 ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	usgrres1 29242*	Restricting a simple graph by removing one vertex results in a simple graph. Remark: This restricted graph is not a subgraph of the original graph in the sense of df-subgr 29195 since the domains of the edge functions may not be compatible. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 2-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 10-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 23-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), ( I ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝑆 ∈ USGraph)
17.2.8  Finite undirected simple graphs
Syntax	cfusgr 29243	Extend class notation with finite simple graphs.
class FinUSGraph
Definition	df-fusgr 29244	Define the class of all finite undirected simple graphs without loops (called "finite simple graphs" in the following). A finite simple graph is an undirected simple graph of finite order, i.e. with a finite set of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 3-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Oct-2020.)
⊢ FinUSGraph = {𝑔 ∈ USGraph ∣ (Vtx‘𝑔) ∈ Fin}
Theorem	isfusgr 29245	The property of being a finite simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 3-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑉 ∈ Fin))
Theorem	fusgrvtxfi 29246	A finite simple graph has a finite set of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 16-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph → 𝑉 ∈ Fin)
Theorem	isfusgrf1 29247*	The property of being a finite simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 3-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ 𝑊 → (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph ↔ (𝐼:dom 𝐼–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2} ∧ 𝑉 ∈ Fin)))
Theorem	isfusgrcl 29248	The property of being a finite simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 3-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 9-Jan-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ (♯‘(Vtx‘𝐺)) ∈ ℕ0))
Theorem	fusgrusgr 29249	A finite simple graph is a simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 16-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph → 𝐺 ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	opfusgr 29250	A finite simple graph represented as ordered pair. (Contributed by AV, 23-Oct-2020.)
⊢ ((𝑉 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐸 ∈ 𝑌) → (⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ ∈ FinUSGraph ↔ (⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑉 ∈ Fin)))
Theorem	usgredgffibi 29251	The number of edges in a simple graph is finite iff its edge function is finite. (Contributed by AV, 10-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 22-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → (𝐸 ∈ Fin ↔ 𝐼 ∈ Fin))
Theorem	fusgredgfi 29252*	In a finite simple graph the number of edges which contain a given vertex is also finite. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 21-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑒} ∈ Fin)
Theorem	usgr1v0e 29253	The size of a (finite) simple graph with 1 vertex is 0. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 22-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ (♯‘𝑉) = 1) → (♯‘𝐸) = 0)
Theorem	usgrfilem 29254*	In a finite simple graph, the number of edges is finite iff the number of edges not containing one of the vertices is finite. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 9-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐸 ∈ Fin ↔ 𝐹 ∈ Fin))
Theorem	fusgrfisbase 29255	Induction base for fusgrfis 29257. Main work is done in uhgr0v0e 29165. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 23-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑉 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐸 ∈ 𝑌) ∧ ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ ∈ USGraph ∧ (♯‘𝑉) = 0) → 𝐸 ∈ Fin)
Theorem	fusgrfisstep 29256*	Induction step in fusgrfis 29257: In a finite simple graph, the number of edges is finite if the number of edges not containing one of the vertices is finite. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 23-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑉 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐸 ∈ 𝑌) ∧ ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ ∈ FinUSGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (( I ↾ {𝑝 ∈ (Edg‘⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩) ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑝}) ∈ Fin → 𝐸 ∈ Fin))
Theorem	fusgrfis 29257	A finite simple graph is of finite size, i.e. has a finite number of edges. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 8-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph → (Edg‘𝐺) ∈ Fin)
Theorem	fusgrfupgrfs 29258	A finite simple graph is a finite pseudograph of finite size. (Contributed by AV, 27-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph → (𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑉 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝐼 ∈ Fin))
17.2.9  Neighbors, complete graphs and universal vertices
17.2.9.1  Neighbors
Syntax	cnbgr 29259	Extend class notation with neighbors (of a vertex in a graph).
class NeighbVtx
Definition	df-nbgr 29260*	Define the (open) neighborhood resp. the class of all neighbors of a vertex (in a graph), see definition in section I.1 of [Bollobas] p. 3 or definition in section 1.1 of [Diestel] p. 3. The neighborhood/neighbors of a vertex are all (other) vertices which are connected with this vertex by an edge. In contrast to a closed neighborhood (see df-clnbgr 47820), a vertex is not a neighbor of itself (see nbgrnself 29286). This definition is applicable even for arbitrary hypergraphs. Remark: To distinguish this definition from other definitions for neighborhoods resp. neighbors (e.g., nei in Topology, see df-nei 22985), the suffix Vtx is added to the class constant NeighbVtx. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens and Mario Carneiro, 7-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 24-Oct-2020.)
⊢ NeighbVtx = (𝑔 ∈ V, 𝑣 ∈ (Vtx‘𝑔) ↦ {𝑛 ∈ ((Vtx‘𝑔) ∖ {𝑣}) ∣ ∃𝑒 ∈ (Edg‘𝑔){𝑣, 𝑛} ⊆ 𝑒})
Theorem	nbgrprc0 29261	The set of neighbors is empty if the graph 𝐺 or the vertex 𝑁 are proper classes. (Contributed by AV, 26-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (¬ (𝐺 ∈ V ∧ 𝑁 ∈ V) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = ∅)
Theorem	nbgrcl 29262	If a class 𝑋 has at least one neighbor, this class must be a vertex. (Contributed by AV, 6-Jun-2021.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋) → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)
Theorem	nbgrval 29263*	The set of neighbors of a vertex 𝑉 in a graph 𝐺. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 7-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 24-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∣ ∃𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 {𝑁, 𝑛} ⊆ 𝑒})
Theorem	dfnbgr2 29264*	Alternate definition of the neighbors of a vertex breaking up the subset relationship of an unordered pair. (Contributed by AV, 15-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∣ ∃𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 (𝑁 ∈ 𝑒 ∧ 𝑛 ∈ 𝑒)})
Theorem	dfnbgr3 29265*	Alternate definition of the neighbors of a vertex using the edge function instead of the edges themselves (see also nbgrval 29263). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 17-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 25-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ Fun 𝐼) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∣ ∃𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐼{𝑁, 𝑛} ⊆ (𝐼‘𝑖)})
Theorem	nbgrnvtx0 29266	If a class 𝑋 is not a vertex of a graph 𝐺, then it has no neighbors in 𝐺. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑋 ∉ 𝑉 → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋) = ∅)
Theorem	nbgrel 29267*	Characterization of a neighbor 𝑁 of a vertex 𝑋 in a graph 𝐺. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens and Mario Carneiro, 9-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋) ↔ ((𝑁 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 𝑋 ∧ ∃𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 {𝑋, 𝑁} ⊆ 𝑒))
Theorem	nbgrisvtx 29268	Every neighbor 𝑁 of a vertex 𝐾 is a vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) → 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉)
Theorem	nbgrssvtx 29269	The neighbors of a vertex 𝐾 in a graph form a subset of all vertices of the graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) ⊆ 𝑉
Theorem	nbuhgr 29270*	The set of neighbors of a vertex in a hypergraph. This version of nbgrval 29263 (with 𝑁 being an arbitrary set instead of being a vertex) only holds for classes whose edges are subsets of the set of vertices (hypergraphs!). (Contributed by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 15-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∣ ∃𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 {𝑁, 𝑛} ⊆ 𝑒})
Theorem	nbupgr 29271*	The set of neighbors of a vertex in a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 5-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∣ {𝑁, 𝑛} ∈ 𝐸})
Theorem	nbupgrel 29272	A neighbor of a vertex in a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 5-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐾 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ≠ 𝐾)) → (𝑁 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) ↔ {𝑁, 𝐾} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	nbumgrvtx 29273*	The set of neighbors of a vertex in a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ {𝑁, 𝑛} ∈ 𝐸})
Theorem	nbumgr 29274*	The set of neighbors of an arbitrary class in a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UMGraph → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ {𝑁, 𝑛} ∈ 𝐸})
Theorem	nbusgrvtx 29275*	The set of neighbors of a vertex in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ {𝑁, 𝑛} ∈ 𝐸})
Theorem	nbusgr 29276*	The set of neighbors of an arbitrary class in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = {𝑛 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ {𝑁, 𝑛} ∈ 𝐸})
Theorem	nbgr2vtx1edg 29277*	If a graph has two vertices, and there is an edge between the vertices, then each vertex is the neighbor of the other vertex. (Contributed by AV, 2-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 25-Mar-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 13-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((♯‘𝑉) = 2 ∧ 𝑉 ∈ 𝐸) → ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑛 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣})𝑛 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑣))
Theorem	nbuhgr2vtx1edgblem 29278*	Lemma for nbuhgr2vtx1edgb 29279. This reverse direction of nbgr2vtx1edg 29277 only holds for classes whose edges are subsets of the set of vertices, which is the property of hypergraphs. (Contributed by AV, 2-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 13-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝑉 = {𝑎, 𝑏} ∧ 𝑎 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑏)) → {𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	nbuhgr2vtx1edgb 29279*	If a hypergraph has two vertices, and there is an edge between the vertices, then each vertex is the neighbor of the other vertex. (Contributed by AV, 2-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 13-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ (♯‘𝑉) = 2) → (𝑉 ∈ 𝐸 ↔ ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑛 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣})𝑛 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑣)))
Theorem	nbusgreledg 29280	A class/vertex is a neighbor of another class/vertex in a simple graph iff the vertices are endpoints of an edge. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 11-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → (𝑁 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) ↔ {𝑁, 𝐾} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	uhgrnbgr0nb 29281*	A vertex which is not endpoint of an edge has no neighbor in a hypergraph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ ∀𝑒 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)𝑁 ∉ 𝑒) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) = ∅)
Theorem	nbgr0vtx 29282	In a null graph (with no vertices), all neighborhoods are empty. (Contributed by AV, 15-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 10-May-2025.)
⊢ ((Vtx‘𝐺) = ∅ → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) = ∅)
Theorem	nbgr0edglem 29283*	Lemma for nbgr0edg 29284 and nbgr1vtx 29285. (Contributed by AV, 15-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑛 ∈ ((Vtx‘𝐺) ∖ {𝐾}) ¬ ∃𝑒 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺){𝐾, 𝑛} ⊆ 𝑒)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) = ∅)
Theorem	nbgr0edg 29284	In an empty graph (with no edges), every vertex has no neighbor. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 15-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((Edg‘𝐺) = ∅ → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) = ∅)
Theorem	nbgr1vtx 29285	In a graph with one vertex, all neighborhoods are empty. (Contributed by AV, 15-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((♯‘(Vtx‘𝐺)) = 1 → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) = ∅)
Theorem	nbgrnself 29286*	A vertex in a graph is not a neighbor of itself. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 3-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 21-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 𝑣 ∉ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑣)
Theorem	nbgrnself2 29287	A class 𝑋 is not a neighbor of itself (whether it is a vertex or not). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 3-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑋 ∉ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)
Theorem	nbgrssovtx 29288	The neighbors of a vertex 𝑋 form a subset of all vertices except the vertex 𝑋 itself. Stronger version of nbgrssvtx 29269. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 13-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 3-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋) ⊆ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑋})
Theorem	nbgrssvwo2 29289	The neighbors of a vertex 𝑋 form a subset of all vertices except the vertex 𝑋 itself and a class 𝑀 which is not a neighbor of 𝑋. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 13-Jul-2018.) (Revised by AV, 3-Nov-2020.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑀 ∉ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋) → (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋) ⊆ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑀, 𝑋}))
Theorem	nbgrsym 29290	In a graph, the neighborhood relation is symmetric: a vertex 𝑁 in a graph 𝐺 is a neighbor of a second vertex 𝐾 iff the second vertex 𝐾 is a neighbor of the first vertex 𝑁. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 12-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 27-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) ↔ 𝐾 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁))
Theorem	nbupgrres 29291*	The neighborhood of a vertex in a restricted pseudograph (not necessarily valid for a hypergraph, because 𝑁, 𝐾 and 𝑀 could be connected by one edge, so 𝑀 is a neighbor of 𝐾 in the original graph, but not in the restricted graph, because the edge between 𝑀 and 𝐾, also incident with 𝑁, was removed). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 2-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 8-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∉ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝑆 = ⟨(𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}), ( I ↾ 𝐹)⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝐾 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}) ∧ 𝑀 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁, 𝐾})) → (𝑀 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾) → 𝑀 ∈ (𝑆 NeighbVtx 𝐾)))
Theorem	usgrnbcnvfv 29292	Applying the edge function on the converse edge function applied on a pair of a vertex and one of its neighbors is this pair in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 27-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐾)) → (𝐼‘(◡𝐼‘{𝐾, 𝑁})) = {𝐾, 𝑁})
Theorem	nbusgredgeu 29293*	For each neighbor of a vertex there is exactly one edge between the vertex and its neighbor in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 17-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 27-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑀 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁)) → ∃!𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 𝑒 = {𝑀, 𝑁})
Theorem	edgnbusgreu 29294*	For each edge incident to a vertex there is exactly one neighbor of the vertex also incident to this edge in a simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 28-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jul-2022.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑀)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑀 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ (𝐶 ∈ 𝐸 ∧ 𝑀 ∈ 𝐶)) → ∃!𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 𝐶 = {𝑀, 𝑛})
Theorem	nbusgredgeu0 29295*	For each neighbor of a vertex there is exactly one edge between the vertex and its neighbor in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 17-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 27-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 13-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑒}    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝑀 ∈ 𝑁) → ∃!𝑖 ∈ 𝐼 𝑖 = {𝑈, 𝑀})
Theorem	nbusgrf1o0 29296*	The mapping of neighbors of a vertex to edges incident to the vertex is a bijection ( 1-1 onto function) in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 17-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 28-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 ↦ {𝑈, 𝑛})    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝐹:𝑁–1-1-onto→𝐼)
Theorem	nbusgrf1o1 29297*	The set of neighbors of a vertex is isomorphic to the set of edges containing the vertex in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 28-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑈)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑒}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉) → ∃𝑓 𝑓:𝑁–1-1-onto→𝐼)
Theorem	nbusgrf1o 29298*	The set of neighbors of a vertex is isomorphic to the set of edges containing the vertex in a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 28-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉) → ∃𝑓 𝑓:(𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑈)–1-1-onto→{𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑒})
Theorem	nbedgusgr 29299*	The number of neighbors of a vertex is the number of edges at the vertex in a simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Dec-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 5-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉) → (♯‘(𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑈)) = (♯‘{𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑒}))
Theorem	edgusgrnbfin 29300*	The number of neighbors of a vertex in a simple graph is finite iff the number of edges having this vertex as endpoint is finite. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 28-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉) → ((𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑈) ∈ Fin ↔ {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑒} ∈ Fin))