P. 283 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 28201-28300   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	seqsp1 28201	The value of the surreal sequence builder at a successor. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 19-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑀 ∈ No )    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑍 = (rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ (𝑥 +s 1s )), 𝑀) “ ω))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (seqs𝑀( + , 𝐹)‘(𝑁 +s 1s )) = ((seqs𝑀( + , 𝐹)‘𝑁) + (𝐹‘(𝑁 +s 1s ))))
15.6.3  Natural numbers
Syntax	cnn0s 28202	Declare the syntax for surreal non-negative integers.
class ℕ0s
Syntax	cnns 28203	Declare the syntax for surreal positive integers.
class ℕs
Definition	df-n0s 28204	Define the set of non-negative surreal integers. This set behaves similarly to ω and ℕ0, but it is a set of surreal numbers. Like those two sets, it satisfies the Peano axioms and is closed under (surreal) addition and multiplication. Compare df-nn 12238. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕ0s = (rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ (𝑥 +s 1s )), 0s ) “ ω)
Definition	df-nns 28205	Define the set of positive surreal integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕs = (ℕ0s ∖ { 0s })
Theorem	n0sex 28206	The set of all non-negative surreal integers exists. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕ0s ∈ V
Theorem	nnsex 28207	The set of all positive surreal integers exists. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕs ∈ V
Theorem	peano5n0s 28208*	Peano's inductive postulate for non-negative surreal integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ (( 0s ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑥 +s 1s ) ∈ 𝐴) → ℕ0s ⊆ 𝐴)
Theorem	n0ssno 28209	The non-negative surreal integers are a subset of the surreals. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕ0s ⊆ No
Theorem	nnssn0s 28210	The positive surreal integers are a subset of the non-negative surreal integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕs ⊆ ℕ0s
Theorem	nnssno 28211	The positive surreal integers are a subset of the surreals. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕs ⊆ No
Theorem	n0sno 28212	A non-negative surreal integer is a surreal. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → 𝐴 ∈ No )
Theorem	nnsno 28213	A positive surreal integer is a surreal. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs → 𝐴 ∈ No )
Theorem	n0snod 28214	A non-negative surreal integer is a surreal. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ No )
Theorem	nnsnod 28215	A positive surreal integer is a surreal. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕs)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ No )
Theorem	nnn0s 28216	A positive surreal integer is a non-negative surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s)
Theorem	nnn0sd 28217	A positive surreal integer is a non-negative surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕs)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s)
Theorem	0n0s 28218	Peano postulate: 0s is a non-negative surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ 0s ∈ ℕ0s
Theorem	peano2n0s 28219	Peano postulate: the successor of a non-negative surreal integer is a non-negative surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → (𝐴 +s 1s ) ∈ ℕ0s)
Theorem	dfn0s2 28220*	Alternate definition of the set of non-negative surreal integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ ℕ0s = ∩ {𝑥 ∣ ( 0s ∈ 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝑦 +s 1s ) ∈ 𝑥)}
Theorem	n0sind 28221*	Principle of Mathematical Induction (inference schema). Compare nnind 12255 and finds 7898. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Mar-2025.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 0s → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝑦 +s 1s ) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜏))    &   ⊢ 𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ ℕ0s → (𝜒 → 𝜃))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → 𝜏)
Theorem	n0scut 28222	A cut form for surreal naturals. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 2-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → 𝐴 = ({(𝐴 -s 1s )} |s ∅))
Theorem	n0ons 28223	A surreal natural is a surreal ordinal. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 2-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → 𝐴 ∈ Ons)
Theorem	nnne0s 28224	A surreal positive integer is non-zero. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs → 𝐴 ≠ 0s )
Theorem	n0sge0 28225	A non-negative integer is greater than or equal to zero. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → 0s ≤s 𝐴)
Theorem	nnsgt0 28226	A positive integer is greater than zero. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs → 0s <s 𝐴)
Theorem	elnns 28227	Membership in the positive surreal integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs ↔ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 0s ))
Theorem	elnns2 28228	A positive surreal integer is a non-negative surreal integer greater than zero. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs ↔ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s ∧ 0s <s 𝐴))
Theorem	n0addscl 28229	The non-negative surreal integers are closed under addition. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ0s) → (𝐴 +s 𝐵) ∈ ℕ0s)
Theorem	n0mulscl 28230	The non-negative surreal integers are closed under multiplication. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ0s) → (𝐴 ·s 𝐵) ∈ ℕ0s)
Theorem	nnaddscl 28231	The positive surreal integers are closed under addition. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕs ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕs) → (𝐴 +s 𝐵) ∈ ℕs)
Theorem	nnmulscl 28232	The positive surreal integers are closed under multiplication. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕs ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕs) → (𝐴 ·s 𝐵) ∈ ℕs)
Theorem	1n0s 28233	Surreal one is a non-negative surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ 1s ∈ ℕ0s
Theorem	1nns 28234	Surreal one is a positive surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ 1s ∈ ℕs
Theorem	peano2nns 28235	Peano postulate for positive surreal integers. One plus a positive surreal integer is a positive surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs → (𝐴 +s 1s ) ∈ ℕs)
Theorem	n0sbday 28236	A non-negative surreal integer has a finite birthday. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 18-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → ( bday ‘𝐴) ∈ ω)
Theorem	n0ssold 28237	The non-negative surreal integers are a subset of the old set of ω. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 18-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ℕ0s ⊆ ( O ‘ω)
Theorem	nnsrecgt0d 28238	The reciprocal of a positive surreal integer is positive. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 19-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕs)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0s <s ( 1s /su 𝐴))
Theorem	seqn0sfn 28239	The surreal sequence builder is a function over ℕ0s when started from zero. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 19-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → seqs 0s ( + , 𝐹) Fn ℕ0s)
Theorem	eln0s 28240	A non-negative surreal integer is zero or a positive surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s ↔ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs ∨ 𝐴 = 0s ))
Theorem	n0s0m1 28241	Every non-negative surreal integer is either zero or a successor. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → (𝐴 = 0s ∨ (𝐴 -s 1s ) ∈ ℕ0s))
Theorem	n0subs 28242	Subtraction of non-negative surreal integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ ((𝑀 ∈ ℕ0s ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0s) → (𝑀 ≤s 𝑁 ↔ (𝑁 -s 𝑀) ∈ ℕ0s))
Theorem	n0p1nns 28243	One plus a non-negative surreal integer is a positive surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → (𝐴 +s 1s ) ∈ ℕs)
15.6.4  Integers
Syntax	czs 28244	Declare the syntax for surreal integers.
class ℤs
Definition	df-zs 28245	Define the surreal integers. Compare dfz2 12602. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-May-2025.)
⊢ ℤs = ( -s “ (ℕs × ℕs))
Theorem	zsex 28246	The surreal integers form a set. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-May-2025.)
⊢ ℤs ∈ V
Theorem	zssno 28247	The surreal integers are a subset of the surreals. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-May-2025.)
⊢ ℤs ⊆ No
Theorem	zno 28248	A surreal integer is a surreal. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤs → 𝐴 ∈ No )
Theorem	znod 28249	A surreal integer is a surreal. Deduction form. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℤs)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ No )
Theorem	elzs 28250*	Membership in the set of surreal integers. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤs ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ ℕs ∃𝑦 ∈ ℕs 𝐴 = (𝑥 -s 𝑦))
Theorem	nnzs 28251	A positive surreal integer is a surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕs → 𝐴 ∈ ℤs)
Theorem	nnzsd 28252	A positive surreal integer is a surreal integer. Deduction form. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕs)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℤs)
Theorem	0zs 28253	Zero is a surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ 0s ∈ ℤs
Theorem	n0zs 28254	A non-negative surreal integer is a surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s → 𝐴 ∈ ℤs)
Theorem	n0zsd 28255	A non-negative surreal integer is a surreal integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℤs)
Theorem	znegscl 28256	The surreal integers are closed under negation. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤs → ( -us ‘𝐴) ∈ ℤs)
Theorem	znegscld 28257	The surreal integers are closed under negation. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℤs)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ( -us ‘𝐴) ∈ ℤs)
Theorem	elzn0s 28258	A surreal integer is a surreal that is a non-negative integer or whose negative is a non-negative integer. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤs ↔ (𝐴 ∈ No ∧ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ0s ∨ ( -us ‘𝐴) ∈ ℕ0s)))
Theorem	zsbday 28259	A surreal integer has a finite birthday. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 26-May-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤs → ( bday ‘𝐴) ∈ ω)
15.6.5  Real numbers
Syntax	creno 28260	Declare the syntax for the surreal reals.
class ℝs
Definition	df-reno 28261*	Define the surreal reals. These are the finite numbers without any infintesimal parts. Definition from [Conway] p. 24. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ℝs = {𝑥 ∈ No ∣ (∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs (( -us ‘𝑛) <s 𝑥 ∧ 𝑥 <s 𝑛) ∧ 𝑥 = ({𝑦 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs 𝑦 = (𝑥 -s ( 1s /su 𝑛))} |s {𝑦 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs 𝑦 = (𝑥 +s ( 1s /su 𝑛))}))}
Theorem	elreno 28262*	Membership in the set of surreal reals. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℝs ↔ (𝐴 ∈ No ∧ (∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs (( -us ‘𝑛) <s 𝐴 ∧ 𝐴 <s 𝑛) ∧ 𝐴 = ({𝑥 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs 𝑥 = (𝐴 -s ( 1s /su 𝑛))} |s {𝑥 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs 𝑥 = (𝐴 +s ( 1s /su 𝑛))}))))
Theorem	recut 28263*	The cut involved in defining surreal reals is a genuine cut. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ No → {𝑥 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs 𝑥 = (𝐴 -s ( 1s /su 𝑛))} <<s {𝑥 ∣ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs 𝑥 = (𝐴 +s ( 1s /su 𝑛))})
Theorem	0reno 28264	Surreal zero is a surreal real. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ 0s ∈ ℝs
Theorem	renegscl 28265	The surreal reals are closed under negation. Part of theorem 13(ii) of [Conway] p. 24. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℝs → ( -us ‘𝐴) ∈ ℝs)
Theorem	readdscl 28266	The surreal reals are closed under addition. Part of theorem 13(ii) of [Conway] p. 24. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 15-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝs ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝs) → (𝐴 +s 𝐵) ∈ ℝs)
Theorem	remulscllem1 28267*	Lemma for remulscl 28269. Split a product of reciprocals of naturals. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 16-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (∃𝑝 ∈ ℕs ∃𝑞 ∈ ℕs 𝐴 = (𝐵𝐹(( 1s /su 𝑝) ·s ( 1s /su 𝑞))) ↔ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℕs 𝐴 = (𝐵𝐹( 1s /su 𝑛)))
Theorem	remulscllem2 28268*	Lemma for remulscl 28269. Bound 𝐴 and 𝐵 above and below. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 16-Apr-2025.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ No ∧ 𝐵 ∈ No ) ∧ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕs ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕs) ∧ ((( -us ‘𝑁) <s 𝐴 ∧ 𝐴 <s 𝑁) ∧ (( -us ‘𝑀) <s 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 <s 𝑀)))) → ∃𝑝 ∈ ℕs (( -us ‘𝑝) <s (𝐴 ·s 𝐵) ∧ (𝐴 ·s 𝐵) <s 𝑝))
Theorem	remulscl 28269	The surreal reals are closed under multiplication. Part of theorem 13(ii) of [Conway] p. 24. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 16-Apr-2025.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℝs ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℝs) → (𝐴 ·s 𝐵) ∈ ℝs)
PART 16  ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY This part develops elementary geometry based on Tarski's axioms, following [Schwabhauser]. Tarski's geometry is a first-order theory with one sort, the "points". It has two primitive notions, the ternary predicate of "betweenness" and the quaternary predicate of "congruence". To adapt this theory to the framework of set.mm, and to be able to talk of *a* Tarski structure as a space satisfying the given axioms, we use the following definition, stated informally: A Tarski structure 𝑓 is a set (of points) (Base‘𝑓) together with functions (Itv‘𝑓) and (dist‘𝑓) on ((Base‘𝑓) × (Base‘𝑓)) satisfying certain axioms (given in Definitions df-trkg 28296 et sequentes). This allows to treat a Tarski structure as a special kind of extensible structure (see df-struct 17110). The translation to and from Tarski's treatment is as follows (given, again, informally). Suppose that one is given an extensible structure 𝑓. One defines a betweenness ternary predicate Btw by positing that, for any 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ (Base‘𝑓), one has "Btw 𝑥𝑦𝑧 " if and only if 𝑦 ∈ 𝑥(Itv‘𝑓)𝑧, and a congruence quaternary predicate Congr by positing that, for any 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 ∈ (Base‘𝑓), one has "Congr 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑡 " if and only if 𝑥(dist‘𝑓)𝑦 = 𝑧(dist‘𝑓)𝑡. It is easy to check that if 𝑓 satisfies our Tarski axioms, then Btw and Congr satisfy Tarski's Tarski axioms when (Base‘𝑓) is interpreted as the universe of discourse. Conversely, suppose that one is given a set 𝑎, a ternary predicate Btw, and a quaternary predicate Congr. One defines the extensible structure 𝑓 such that (Base‘𝑓) is 𝑎, and (Itv‘𝑓) is the function which associates with each ⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∈ (𝑎 × 𝑎) the set of points 𝑧 ∈ 𝑎 such that "Btw 𝑥𝑧𝑦", and (dist‘𝑓) is the function which associates with each ⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∈ (𝑎 × 𝑎) the set of ordered pairs ⟨𝑧, 𝑡⟩ ∈ (𝑎 × 𝑎) such that "Congr 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑡". It is easy to check that if Btw and Congr satisfy Tarski's Tarski axioms when 𝑎 is interpreted as the universe of discourse, then 𝑓 satisfies our Tarski axioms. We intentionally choose to represent congruence (without loss of generality) as 𝑥(dist‘𝑓)𝑦 = 𝑧(dist‘𝑓)𝑡 instead of "Congr 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑡", as it is more convenient. It is always possible to define dist for any particular geometry to produce equal results when conguence is desired, and in many cases there is an obvious interpretation of "distance" between two points that can be useful in other situations. Encoding congruence as an equality of distances makes it easier to use these theorems in cases where there is a preferred distance function. We prove that representing a congruence relationship using a distance in the form 𝑥(dist‘𝑓)𝑦 = 𝑧(dist‘𝑓)𝑡 causes no loss of generality in tgjustc1 28318 and tgjustc2 28319, which in turn are supported by tgjustf 28316 and tgjustr 28317. A similar representation of congruence (using a "distance" function) is used in Axiom A1 of [Beeson2016] p. 5, which discusses how a large number of formalized proofs were found in Tarskian Geometry using OTTER. Their detailed proofs in Tarski Geometry, along with other information, are available at https://www.michaelbeeson.com/research/FormalTarski/ 28317. Most theorems are in deduction form, as this is a very general, simple, and convenient format to use in Metamath. An assertion in deduction form can be easily converted into an assertion in inference form (removing the antecedents 𝜑 →) by insert a ⊤ → in each hypothesis, using a1i 11, then using mptru 1540 to remove the final ⊤ → prefix. In some cases we represent, without loss of generality, an implication antecedent in [Schwabhauser] as a hypothesis. The implication can be retrieved from the by using simpr 483, the theorem as stated, and ex 411. For descriptions of individual axioms, we refer to the specific definitions below. A particular feature of Tarski's axioms is modularity, so by using various subsets of the set of axioms, we can define the classes of "absolute dimensionless Tarski structures" (df-trkg 28296), of "Euclidean dimensionless Tarski structures" (df-trkge 28294) and of "Tarski structures of dimension no less than N" (df-trkgld 28295). In this system, angles are not a primitive notion, but instead a derived notion (see df-cgra 28651 and iscgra 28652). To maintain its simplicity, in this system congruence between shapes (a finite sequence of points) is the case where corresponding segments between all corresponding points are congruent. This includes triangles (a shape of 3 distinct points). Note that this definition has no direct regard for angles. For more details and rationale, see df-cgrg 28354. The first section is devoted to the definitions of these various structures. The second section ("Tarskian geometry") develops the synthetic treatment of geometry. The remaining sections prove that real Euclidean spaces and complex Hilbert spaces, with intended interpretations, are Euclidean Tarski structures. Most of the work in this part is due to Thierry Arnoux, with earlier work by Mario Carneiro and Scott Fenton. See also the credits in the comment of each statement.
16.1  Definition and Tarski's Axioms of Geometry
Syntax	cstrkg 28270	Extends class notation with the class of Tarski geometries.
class TarskiG
Syntax	cstrkgc 28271	Extends class notation with the class of geometries fulfilling the congruence axioms.
class TarskiGC
Syntax	cstrkgb 28272	Extends class notation with the class of geometries fulfilling the betweenness axioms.
class TarskiGB
Syntax	cstrkgcb 28273	Extends class notation with the class of geometries fulfilling the congruence and betweenness axioms.
class TarskiGCB
Syntax	cstrkgld 28274	Extends class notation with the relation for geometries fulfilling the lower dimension axioms.
class DimTarskiG≥
Syntax	cstrkge 28275	Extends class notation with the class of geometries fulfilling Euclid's axiom.
class TarskiGE
Syntax	citv 28276	Declare the syntax for the Interval (segment) index extractor.
class Itv
Syntax	clng 28277	Declare the syntax for the Line function.
class LineG
Definition	df-itv 28278	Define the Interval (segment) index extractor for Tarski geometries. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.) Use its index-independent form itvid 28282 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ Itv = Slot ;16
Definition	df-lng 28279	Define the line index extractor for geometries. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 27-Mar-2019.) Use its index-independent form lngid 28283 instead. (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ LineG = Slot ;17
Theorem	itvndx 28280	Index value of the Interval (segment) slot. Use ndxarg 17159. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (Itv‘ndx) = ;16
Theorem	lngndx 28281	Index value of the "line" slot. Use ndxarg 17159. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 27-Mar-2019.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ (LineG‘ndx) = ;17
Theorem	itvid 28282	Utility theorem: index-independent form of df-itv 28278. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.)
⊢ Itv = Slot (Itv‘ndx)
Theorem	lngid 28283	Utility theorem: index-independent form of df-lng 28279. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 27-Mar-2019.)
⊢ LineG = Slot (LineG‘ndx)
Theorem	slotsinbpsd 28284	The slots Base, +g, ·𝑠 and dist are different from the slot Itv. Formerly part of ttglem 28720 and proofs using it. (Contributed by AV, 29-Oct-2024.)
⊢ (((Itv‘ndx) ≠ (Base‘ndx) ∧ (Itv‘ndx) ≠ (+g‘ndx)) ∧ ((Itv‘ndx) ≠ ( ·𝑠 ‘ndx) ∧ (Itv‘ndx) ≠ (dist‘ndx)))
Theorem	slotslnbpsd 28285	The slots Base, +g, ·𝑠 and dist are different from the slot LineG. Formerly part of ttglem 28720 and proofs using it. (Contributed by AV, 29-Oct-2024.)
⊢ (((LineG‘ndx) ≠ (Base‘ndx) ∧ (LineG‘ndx) ≠ (+g‘ndx)) ∧ ((LineG‘ndx) ≠ ( ·𝑠 ‘ndx) ∧ (LineG‘ndx) ≠ (dist‘ndx)))
Theorem	lngndxnitvndx 28286	The slot for the line is not the slot for the Interval (segment) in an extensible structure. Formerly part of proof for ttgval 28718. (Contributed by AV, 9-Nov-2024.)
⊢ (LineG‘ndx) ≠ (Itv‘ndx)
Theorem	trkgstr 28287	Functionality of a Tarski geometry. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.)
⊢ 𝑊 = {⟨(Base‘ndx), 𝑈⟩, ⟨(dist‘ndx), 𝐷⟩, ⟨(Itv‘ndx), 𝐼⟩}    ⇒   ⊢ 𝑊 Struct ⟨1, ;16⟩
Theorem	trkgbas 28288	The base set of a Tarski geometry. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.)
⊢ 𝑊 = {⟨(Base‘ndx), 𝑈⟩, ⟨(dist‘ndx), 𝐷⟩, ⟨(Itv‘ndx), 𝐼⟩}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑈 ∈ 𝑉 → 𝑈 = (Base‘𝑊))
Theorem	trkgdist 28289	The measure of a distance in a Tarski geometry. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.)
⊢ 𝑊 = {⟨(Base‘ndx), 𝑈⟩, ⟨(dist‘ndx), 𝐷⟩, ⟨(Itv‘ndx), 𝐼⟩}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐷 ∈ 𝑉 → 𝐷 = (dist‘𝑊))
Theorem	trkgitv 28290	The congruence relation in a Tarski geometry. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.)
⊢ 𝑊 = {⟨(Base‘ndx), 𝑈⟩, ⟨(dist‘ndx), 𝐷⟩, ⟨(Itv‘ndx), 𝐼⟩}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐼 ∈ 𝑉 → 𝐼 = (Itv‘𝑊))
Definition	df-trkgc 28291*	Define the class of geometries fulfilling the congruence axioms of reflexivity, identity and transitivity. These are axioms A1 to A3 of [Schwabhauser] p. 10. With our distance based notation for congruence, transitivity of congruence boils down to transitivity of equality and is already given by eqtr 2748, so it is not listed in this definition. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.)
⊢ TarskiGC = {𝑓 ∣ [(Base‘𝑓) / 𝑝][(dist‘𝑓) / 𝑑](∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 (𝑥𝑑𝑦) = (𝑦𝑑𝑥) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑝 ((𝑥𝑑𝑦) = (𝑧𝑑𝑧) → 𝑥 = 𝑦))}
Definition	df-trkgb 28292*	Define the class of geometries fulfilling the 3 betweenness axioms in Tarski's Axiomatization of Geometry: identity, Axiom A6 of [Schwabhauser] p. 11, axiom of Pasch, Axiom A7 of [Schwabhauser] p. 12, and continuity, Axiom A11 of [Schwabhauser] p. 13. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.)
⊢ TarskiGB = {𝑓 ∣ [(Base‘𝑓) / 𝑝][(Itv‘𝑓) / 𝑖](∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 (𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑥) → 𝑥 = 𝑦) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑝 ((𝑢 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑧) ∧ 𝑣 ∈ (𝑦𝑖𝑧)) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑝 (𝑎 ∈ (𝑢𝑖𝑦) ∧ 𝑎 ∈ (𝑣𝑖𝑥))) ∧ ∀𝑠 ∈ 𝒫 𝑝∀𝑡 ∈ 𝒫 𝑝(∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑡 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎𝑖𝑦) → ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑡 𝑏 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑦)))}
Definition	df-trkgcb 28293*	Define the class of geometries fulfilling the five segment axiom, Axiom A5 of [Schwabhauser] p. 11, and segment construction axiom, Axiom A4 of [Schwabhauser] p. 11. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 14-Mar-2019.)
⊢ TarskiGCB = {𝑓 ∣ [(Base‘𝑓) / 𝑝][(dist‘𝑓) / 𝑑][(Itv‘𝑓) / 𝑖](∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑐 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑝 (((𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑧) ∧ 𝑏 ∈ (𝑎𝑖𝑐)) ∧ (((𝑥𝑑𝑦) = (𝑎𝑑𝑏) ∧ (𝑦𝑑𝑧) = (𝑏𝑑𝑐)) ∧ ((𝑥𝑑𝑢) = (𝑎𝑑𝑣) ∧ (𝑦𝑑𝑢) = (𝑏𝑑𝑣)))) → (𝑧𝑑𝑢) = (𝑐𝑑𝑣)) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝑝 ∃𝑧 ∈ 𝑝 (𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑧) ∧ (𝑦𝑑𝑧) = (𝑎𝑑𝑏)))}
Definition	df-trkge 28294*	Define the class of geometries fulfilling Euclid's axiom, Axiom A10 of [Schwabhauser] p. 13. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 14-Mar-2019.)
⊢ TarskiGE = {𝑓 ∣ [(Base‘𝑓) / 𝑝][(Itv‘𝑓) / 𝑖]∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝑝 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑝 ((𝑢 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑣) ∧ 𝑢 ∈ (𝑦𝑖𝑧) ∧ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑢) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑝 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑝 (𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑎) ∧ 𝑧 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑏) ∧ 𝑣 ∈ (𝑎𝑖𝑏)))}
Definition	df-trkgld 28295*	Define the class of geometries fulfilling the lower dimension axiom for dimension 𝑛. For such geometries, there are three non-colinear points that are equidistant from 𝑛 − 1 distinct points. Derived from remarks in Tarski's System of Geometry, Alfred Tarski and Steven Givant, Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, Volume 5, Number 2 (1999), 175-214. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 22-Apr-2013.) (Revised by Thierry Arnoux, 23-Nov-2019.)
⊢ DimTarskiG≥ = {⟨𝑔, 𝑛⟩ ∣ [(Base‘𝑔) / 𝑝][(dist‘𝑔) / 𝑑][(Itv‘𝑔) / 𝑖]∃𝑓(𝑓:(1..^𝑛)–1-1→𝑝 ∧ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑝 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑝 ∃𝑧 ∈ 𝑝 (∀𝑗 ∈ (2..^𝑛)(((𝑓‘1)𝑑𝑥) = ((𝑓‘𝑗)𝑑𝑥) ∧ ((𝑓‘1)𝑑𝑦) = ((𝑓‘𝑗)𝑑𝑦) ∧ ((𝑓‘1)𝑑𝑧) = ((𝑓‘𝑗)𝑑𝑧)) ∧ ¬ (𝑧 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑦) ∨ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑧𝑖𝑦) ∨ 𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑧))))}
Definition	df-trkg 28296*	Define the class of Tarski geometries. A Tarski geometry is a set of points, equipped with a betweenness relation (denoting that a point lies on a line segment between two other points) and a congruence relation (denoting equality of line segment lengths). Here, we are using the following: for congruence, (𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑧 − 𝑤) where − = (dist‘𝑊) for betweenness, 𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑧), where 𝐼 = (Itv‘𝑊) With this definition, the axiom A2 is actually equivalent to the transitivity of equality, eqtrd 2765. Tarski originally had more axioms, but later reduced his list to 11: A1 A kind of reflexivity for the congruence relation (TarskiGC) A2 Transitivity for the congruence relation (TarskiGC) A3 Identity for the congruence relation (TarskiGC) A4 Axiom of segment construction (TarskiGCB) A5 5-segment axiom (TarskiGCB) A6 Identity for the betweenness relation (TarskiGB) A7 Axiom of Pasch (TarskiGB) A8 Lower dimension axiom (◡DimTarskiG≥ “ {2}) A9 Upper dimension axiom (V ∖ (◡DimTarskiG≥ “ {3})) A10 Euclid's axiom (TarskiGE) A11 Axiom of continuity (TarskiGB) Our definition is split into 5 parts: congruence axioms TarskiGC (which metric spaces fulfill) betweenness axioms TarskiGB congruence and betweenness axioms TarskiGCB upper and lower dimension axioms DimTarskiG≥ axiom of Euclid / parallel postulate TarskiGE So our definition of a Tarskian Geometry includes the 3 axioms for the quaternary congruence relation (A1, A2, A3), the 3 axioms for the ternary betweenness relation (A6, A7, A11), and the 2 axioms of compatibility of the congruence and the betweenness relations (A4,A5). It does not include Euclid's axiom A10, nor the 2-dimensional axioms A8 (Lower dimension axiom) and A9 (Upper dimension axiom) so the number of dimensions of the geometry it formalizes is not constrained. Considering A2 as one of the 3 axioms for the quaternary congruence relation is somewhat conventional, because the transitivity of the congruence relation is automatically given by our choice to take the distance as this congruence relation in our definition of Tarski geometries. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Aug-2017.) (Revised by Thierry Arnoux, 27-Apr-2019.)
⊢ TarskiG = ((TarskiGC ∩ TarskiGB) ∩ (TarskiGCB ∩ {𝑓 ∣ [(Base‘𝑓) / 𝑝][(Itv‘𝑓) / 𝑖](LineG‘𝑓) = (𝑥 ∈ 𝑝, 𝑦 ∈ (𝑝 ∖ {𝑥}) ↦ {𝑧 ∈ 𝑝 ∣ (𝑧 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑦) ∨ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑧𝑖𝑦) ∨ 𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝑖𝑧))})}))
Theorem	istrkgc 28297*	Property of being a Tarski geometry - congruence part. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 14-Mar-2019.)
⊢ 𝑃 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ − = (dist‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (Itv‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ TarskiGC ↔ (𝐺 ∈ V ∧ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑃 (𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑦 − 𝑥) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑃 ((𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑧 − 𝑧) → 𝑥 = 𝑦))))
Theorem	istrkgb 28298*	Property of being a Tarski geometry - betweenness part. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 14-Mar-2019.)
⊢ 𝑃 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ − = (dist‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (Itv‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ TarskiGB ↔ (𝐺 ∈ V ∧ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑃 (𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑥) → 𝑥 = 𝑦) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑃 ((𝑢 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑧) ∧ 𝑣 ∈ (𝑦𝐼𝑧)) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑃 (𝑎 ∈ (𝑢𝐼𝑦) ∧ 𝑎 ∈ (𝑣𝐼𝑥))) ∧ ∀𝑠 ∈ 𝒫 𝑃∀𝑡 ∈ 𝒫 𝑃(∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑡 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎𝐼𝑦) → ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑠 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑡 𝑏 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑦)))))
Theorem	istrkgcb 28299*	Property of being a Tarski geometry - congruence and betweenness part. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 14-Mar-2019.)
⊢ 𝑃 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ − = (dist‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (Itv‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ TarskiGCB ↔ (𝐺 ∈ V ∧ (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑐 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑃 (((𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑧) ∧ 𝑏 ∈ (𝑎𝐼𝑐)) ∧ (((𝑥 − 𝑦) = (𝑎 − 𝑏) ∧ (𝑦 − 𝑧) = (𝑏 − 𝑐)) ∧ ((𝑥 − 𝑢) = (𝑎 − 𝑣) ∧ (𝑦 − 𝑢) = (𝑏 − 𝑣)))) → (𝑧 − 𝑢) = (𝑐 − 𝑣)) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝑃 ∃𝑧 ∈ 𝑃 (𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑧) ∧ (𝑦 − 𝑧) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)))))
Theorem	istrkge 28300*	Property of fulfilling Euclid's axiom. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 14-Mar-2019.)
⊢ 𝑃 = (Base‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ − = (dist‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (Itv‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ TarskiGE ↔ (𝐺 ∈ V ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑧 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑢 ∈ 𝑃 ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑃 ((𝑢 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑣) ∧ 𝑢 ∈ (𝑦𝐼𝑧) ∧ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑢) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑃 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑃 (𝑦 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑎) ∧ 𝑧 ∈ (𝑥𝐼𝑏) ∧ 𝑣 ∈ (𝑎𝐼𝑏)))))