P. 85 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 8401-8500   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	tfrlem12 8401*	Lemma for transfinite recursion. Show 𝐶 is an acceptable function. (Contributed by NM, 15-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-May-2015.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑓 ∣ ∃𝑥 ∈ On (𝑓 Fn 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝑓‘𝑦) = (𝐹‘(𝑓 ↾ 𝑦)))}    &   ⊢ 𝐶 = (recs(𝐹) ∪ {⟨dom recs(𝐹), (𝐹‘recs(𝐹))⟩})    ⇒   ⊢ (recs(𝐹) ∈ V → 𝐶 ∈ 𝐴)
Theorem	tfrlem13 8402*	Lemma for transfinite recursion. If recs is a set function, then 𝐶 is acceptable, and thus a subset of recs, but dom 𝐶 is bigger than dom recs. This is a contradiction, so recs must be a proper class function. (Contributed by NM, 14-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑓 ∣ ∃𝑥 ∈ On (𝑓 Fn 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝑓‘𝑦) = (𝐹‘(𝑓 ↾ 𝑦)))}    ⇒   ⊢ ¬ recs(𝐹) ∈ V
Theorem	tfrlem14 8403*	Lemma for transfinite recursion. Assuming ax-rep 5249, dom recs ∈ V ↔ recs ∈ V, so since dom recs is an ordinal, it must be equal to On. (Contributed by NM, 14-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-May-2015.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑓 ∣ ∃𝑥 ∈ On (𝑓 Fn 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝑓‘𝑦) = (𝐹‘(𝑓 ↾ 𝑦)))}    ⇒   ⊢ dom recs(𝐹) = On
Theorem	tfrlem15 8404*	Lemma for transfinite recursion. Without assuming ax-rep 5249, we can show that all proper initial subsets of recs are sets, while nothing larger is a set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑓 ∣ ∃𝑥 ∈ On (𝑓 Fn 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝑓‘𝑦) = (𝐹‘(𝑓 ↾ 𝑦)))}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐵 ∈ On → (𝐵 ∈ dom recs(𝐹) ↔ (recs(𝐹) ↾ 𝐵) ∈ V))
Theorem	tfrlem16 8405*	Lemma for finite recursion. Without assuming ax-rep 5249, we can show that the domain of the constructed function is a limit ordinal, and hence contains all the finite ordinals. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑓 ∣ ∃𝑥 ∈ On (𝑓 Fn 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝑓‘𝑦) = (𝐹‘(𝑓 ↾ 𝑦)))}    ⇒   ⊢ Lim dom recs(𝐹)
Theorem	tfr1a 8406	A weak version of tfr1 8409 which is useful for proofs that avoid the Axiom of Replacement. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (Fun 𝐹 ∧ Lim dom 𝐹)
Theorem	tfr2a 8407	A weak version of tfr2 8410 which is useful for proofs that avoid the Axiom of Replacement. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom 𝐹 → (𝐹‘𝐴) = (𝐺‘(𝐹 ↾ 𝐴)))
Theorem	tfr2b 8408	Without assuming ax-rep 5249, we can show that all proper initial subsets of recs are sets, while nothing larger is a set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (Ord 𝐴 → (𝐴 ∈ dom 𝐹 ↔ (𝐹 ↾ 𝐴) ∈ V))
Theorem	tfr1 8409	Principle of Transfinite Recursion, part 1 of 3. Theorem 7.41(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 47. We start with an arbitrary class 𝐺, normally a function, and define a class 𝐴 of all "acceptable" functions. The final function we're interested in is the union 𝐹 = recs(𝐺) of them. 𝐹 is then said to be defined by transfinite recursion. The purpose of the 3 parts of this theorem is to demonstrate properties of 𝐹. In this first part we show that 𝐹 is a function whose domain is all ordinal numbers. (Contributed by NM, 17-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 18-Jan-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐹 Fn On
Theorem	tfr2 8410	Principle of Transfinite Recursion, part 2 of 3. Theorem 7.41(2) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 47. Here we show that the function 𝐹 has the property that for any function 𝐺 whatsoever, the "next" value of 𝐹 is 𝐺 recursively applied to all "previous" values of 𝐹. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Jan-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → (𝐹‘𝐴) = (𝐺‘(𝐹 ↾ 𝐴)))
Theorem	tfr3 8411*	Principle of Transfinite Recursion, part 3 of 3. Theorem 7.41(3) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 47. Finally, we show that 𝐹 is unique. We do this by showing that any class 𝐵 with the same properties of 𝐹 that we showed in parts 1 and 2 is identical to 𝐹. (Contributed by NM, 18-Aug-1994.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-May-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 Fn On ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝐵‘𝑥) = (𝐺‘(𝐵 ↾ 𝑥))) → 𝐵 = 𝐹)
Theorem	tfr1ALT 8412	Alternate proof of tfr1 8409 using well-ordered recursion. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 3-Aug-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐹 Fn On
Theorem	tfr2ALT 8413	Alternate proof of tfr2 8410 using well-ordered recursion. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 3-Aug-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → (𝐹‘𝐴) = (𝐺‘(𝐹 ↾ 𝐴)))
Theorem	tfr3ALT 8414*	Alternate proof of tfr3 8411 using well-ordered recursion. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 3-Aug-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 Fn On ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝐵‘𝑥) = (𝐺‘(𝐵 ↾ 𝑥))) → 𝐵 = 𝐹)
Theorem	recsfnon 8415	Strong transfinite recursion defines a function on ordinals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Jan-2015.)
⊢ recs(𝐹) Fn On
Theorem	recsval 8416	Strong transfinite recursion in terms of all previous values. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 18-Jan-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → (recs(𝐹)‘𝐴) = (𝐹‘(recs(𝐹) ↾ 𝐴)))
Theorem	tz7.44lem1 8417*	The ordered pair abstraction 𝐺 defined in the hypothesis is a function. This was a lemma for tz7.44-1 8418, tz7.44-2 8419, and tz7.44-3 8420 when they used that definition of 𝐺. Now, they use the maps-to df-mpt 5202 idiom so this lemma is not needed anymore, but is kept in case other applications (for instance in intuitionistic set theory) need it. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.) (Revised by David Abernethy, 19-Jun-2012.)
⊢ 𝐺 = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ((𝑥 = ∅ ∧ 𝑦 = 𝐴) ∨ (¬ (𝑥 = ∅ ∨ Lim dom 𝑥) ∧ 𝑦 = (𝐻‘(𝑥‘∪ dom 𝑥))) ∨ (Lim dom 𝑥 ∧ 𝑦 = ∪ ran 𝑥))}    ⇒   ⊢ Fun 𝐺
Theorem	tz7.44-1 8418*	The value of 𝐹 at ∅. Part 1 of Theorem 7.44 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ V ↦ if(𝑥 = ∅, 𝐴, if(Lim dom 𝑥, ∪ ran 𝑥, (𝐻‘(𝑥‘∪ dom 𝑥)))))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝐹‘𝑦) = (𝐺‘(𝐹 ↾ 𝑦)))    &   ⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (∅ ∈ 𝑋 → (𝐹‘∅) = 𝐴)
Theorem	tz7.44-2 8419*	The value of 𝐹 at a successor ordinal. Part 2 of Theorem 7.44 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.) Remove unnecessary distinct variable conditions. (Revised by David Abernethy, 19-Jun-2012.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ V ↦ if(𝑥 = ∅, 𝐴, if(Lim dom 𝑥, ∪ ran 𝑥, (𝐻‘(𝑥‘∪ dom 𝑥)))))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝐹‘𝑦) = (𝐺‘(𝐹 ↾ 𝑦)))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝐹 ↾ 𝑦) ∈ V)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 Fn 𝑋    &   ⊢ Ord 𝑋    ⇒   ⊢ (suc 𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = (𝐻‘(𝐹‘𝐵)))
Theorem	tz7.44-3 8420*	The value of 𝐹 at a limit ordinal. Part 3 of Theorem 7.44 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.) (Revised by David Abernethy, 19-Jun-2012.)
⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑥 ∈ V ↦ if(𝑥 = ∅, 𝐴, if(Lim dom 𝑥, ∪ ran 𝑥, (𝐻‘(𝑥‘∪ dom 𝑥)))))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝐹‘𝑦) = (𝐺‘(𝐹 ↾ 𝑦)))    &   ⊢ (𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 → (𝐹 ↾ 𝑦) ∈ V)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 Fn 𝑋    &   ⊢ Ord 𝑋    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ Lim 𝐵) → (𝐹‘𝐵) = ∪ (𝐹 “ 𝐵))
2.4.21  Recursive definition generator
Syntax	crdg 8421	Extend class notation with the recursive definition generator, with characteristic function 𝐹 and initial value 𝐼.
class rec(𝐹, 𝐼)
Definition	df-rdg 8422*	Define a recursive definition generator on On (the class of ordinal numbers) with characteristic function 𝐹 and initial value 𝐼. This combines functions 𝐹 in tfr1 8409 and 𝐺 in tz7.44-1 8418 into one definition. This rather amazing operation allows to define, with compact direct definitions, functions that are usually defined in textbooks only with indirect self-referencing recursive definitions. A recursive definition requires advanced metalogic to justify - in particular, eliminating a recursive definition is very difficult and often not even shown in textbooks. On the other hand, the elimination of a direct definition is a matter of simple mechanical substitution. The price paid is the daunting complexity of our rec operation (especially when df-recs 8383 that it is built on is also eliminated). But once we get past this hurdle, definitions that would otherwise be recursive become relatively simple, as in for example oav 8521, from which we prove the recursive textbook definition as Theorems oa0 8526, oasuc 8534, and oalim 8542 (with the help of Theorems rdg0 8433, rdgsuc 8436, and rdglim2a 8445). We can also restrict the rec operation to define otherwise recursive functions on the natural numbers ω; see fr0g 8448 and frsuc 8449. Our rec operation apparently does not appear in published literature, although closely related is Definition 25.2 of [Quine] p. 177, which he uses to "turn...a recursion into a genuine or direct definition" (p. 174). Note that the if operations (see df-if 4501) select cases based on whether the domain of 𝑔 is zero, a successor, or a limit ordinal. An important use of this definition is in the recursive sequence generator df-seq 14018 on the natural numbers (as a subset of the complex numbers), allowing us to define, with direct definitions, recursive infinite sequences such as the factorial function df-fac 14290 and integer powers df-exp 14078. Note: We introduce rec with the philosophical goal of being able to eliminate all definitions with direct mechanical substitution and to verify easily the soundness of definitions. Metamath itself has no built-in technical limitation that prevents multiple-part recursive definitions in the traditional textbook style. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-May-2015.)
⊢ rec(𝐹, 𝐼) = recs((𝑔 ∈ V ↦ if(𝑔 = ∅, 𝐼, if(Lim dom 𝑔, ∪ ran 𝑔, (𝐹‘(𝑔‘∪ dom 𝑔))))))
Theorem	rdgeq1 8423	Equality theorem for the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝐹 = 𝐺 → rec(𝐹, 𝐴) = rec(𝐺, 𝐴))
Theorem	rdgeq2 8424	Equality theorem for the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐵 → rec(𝐹, 𝐴) = rec(𝐹, 𝐵))
Theorem	rdgeq12 8425	Equality theorem for the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 28-Apr-2012.)
⊢ ((𝐹 = 𝐺 ∧ 𝐴 = 𝐵) → rec(𝐹, 𝐴) = rec(𝐺, 𝐵))
Theorem	nfrdg 8426	Bound-variable hypothesis builder for the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by NM, 14-Sep-2003.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐹    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    ⇒   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥rec(𝐹, 𝐴)
Theorem	rdglem1 8427*	Lemma used with the recursive definition generator. This is a trivial lemma that just changes bound variables for later use. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.)
⊢ {𝑓 ∣ ∃𝑥 ∈ On (𝑓 Fn 𝑥 ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝑓‘𝑦) = (𝐺‘(𝑓 ↾ 𝑦)))} = {𝑔 ∣ ∃𝑧 ∈ On (𝑔 Fn 𝑧 ∧ ∀𝑤 ∈ 𝑧 (𝑔‘𝑤) = (𝐺‘(𝑔 ↾ 𝑤)))}
Theorem	rdgfun 8428	The recursive definition generator is a function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Nov-2014.)
⊢ Fun rec(𝐹, 𝐴)
Theorem	rdgdmlim 8429	The domain of the recursive definition generator is a limit ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 16-Nov-2014.)
⊢ Lim dom rec(𝐹, 𝐴)
Theorem	rdgfnon 8430	The recursive definition generator is a function on ordinal numbers. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-May-2015.)
⊢ rec(𝐹, 𝐴) Fn On
Theorem	rdgvalg 8431*	Value of the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ dom rec(𝐹, 𝐴) → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵) = ((𝑔 ∈ V ↦ if(𝑔 = ∅, 𝐴, if(Lim dom 𝑔, ∪ ran 𝑔, (𝐹‘(𝑔‘∪ dom 𝑔)))))‘(rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ↾ 𝐵)))
Theorem	rdgval 8432*	Value of the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by NM, 9-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 8-Sep-2013.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ On → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵) = ((𝑔 ∈ V ↦ if(𝑔 = ∅, 𝐴, if(Lim dom 𝑔, ∪ ran 𝑔, (𝐹‘(𝑔‘∪ dom 𝑔)))))‘(rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ↾ 𝐵)))
Theorem	rdg0 8433	The initial value of the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ V    ⇒   ⊢ (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘∅) = 𝐴
Theorem	rdgseg 8434	The initial segments of the recursive definition generator are sets. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ dom rec(𝐹, 𝐴) → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ↾ 𝐵) ∈ V)
Theorem	rdgsucg 8435	The value of the recursive definition generator at a successor. (Contributed by NM, 16-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ dom rec(𝐹, 𝐴) → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘suc 𝐵) = (𝐹‘(rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵)))
Theorem	rdgsuc 8436	The value of the recursive definition generator at a successor. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ On → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘suc 𝐵) = (𝐹‘(rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵)))
Theorem	rdglimg 8437	The value of the recursive definition generator at a limit ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 16-Nov-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ dom rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ∧ Lim 𝐵) → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵) = ∪ (rec(𝐹, 𝐴) “ 𝐵))
Theorem	rdglim 8438	The value of the recursive definition generator at a limit ordinal. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ Lim 𝐵) → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵) = ∪ (rec(𝐹, 𝐴) “ 𝐵))
Theorem	rdg0g 8439	The initial value of the recursive definition generator. (Contributed by NM, 25-Apr-1995.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘∅) = 𝐴)
Theorem	rdgsucmptf 8440	The value of the recursive definition generator at a successor (special case where the characteristic function uses the map operation). (Contributed by NM, 22-Oct-2003.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐵    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐷    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝐶), 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝐹‘𝐵) → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ On ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = 𝐷)
Theorem	rdgsucmptnf 8441	The value of the recursive definition generator at a successor (special case where the characteristic function is an ordered-pair class abstraction and where the mapping class 𝐷 is a proper class). This is a technical lemma that can be used together with rdgsucmptf 8440 to help eliminate redundant sethood antecedents. (Contributed by NM, 22-Oct-2003.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-Oct-2016.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐵    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐷    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝐶), 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝐹‘𝐵) → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (¬ 𝐷 ∈ V → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = ∅)
Theorem	rdgsucmpt2 8442*	This version of rdgsucmpt 8443 avoids the not-free hypothesis of rdgsucmptf 8440 by using two substitutions instead of one. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Sep-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝐶), 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑥 → 𝐸 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = (𝐹‘𝐵) → 𝐸 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ On ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = 𝐷)
Theorem	rdgsucmpt 8443*	The value of the recursive definition generator at a successor (special case where the characteristic function uses the map operation). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Sep-2013.)
⊢ 𝐹 = rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝐶), 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝐹‘𝐵) → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ On ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = 𝐷)
Theorem	rdglim2 8444*	The value of the recursive definition generator at a limit ordinal, in terms of the union of all smaller values. (Contributed by NM, 23-Apr-1995.)
⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ Lim 𝐵) → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵) = ∪ {𝑦 ∣ ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 𝑦 = (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝑥)})
Theorem	rdglim2a 8445*	The value of the recursive definition generator at a limit ordinal, in terms of indexed union of all smaller values. (Contributed by NM, 28-Jun-1998.)
⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ Lim 𝐵) → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝐵) = ∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘𝑥))
Theorem	rdg0n 8446	If 𝐴 is a proper class, then the recursive function generator at ∅ is the empty set. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 31-Oct-2024.)
⊢ (¬ 𝐴 ∈ V → (rec(𝐹, 𝐴)‘∅) = ∅)
2.4.22  Finite recursion
Theorem	frfnom 8447	The function generated by finite recursive definition generation is a function on omega. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 14-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ↾ ω) Fn ω
Theorem	fr0g 8448	The initial value resulting from finite recursive definition generation. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-1996.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → ((rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ↾ ω)‘∅) = 𝐴)
Theorem	frsuc 8449	The successor value resulting from finite recursive definition generation. (Contributed by NM, 15-Oct-1996.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 16-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (𝐵 ∈ ω → ((rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ↾ ω)‘suc 𝐵) = (𝐹‘((rec(𝐹, 𝐴) ↾ ω)‘𝐵)))
Theorem	frsucmpt 8450	The successor value resulting from finite recursive definition generation (special case where the generation function is expressed in maps-to notation). (Contributed by NM, 14-Sep-2003.) (Revised by Scott Fenton, 2-Nov-2011.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐵    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐷    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝐶), 𝐴) ↾ ω)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝐹‘𝐵) → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ ω ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = 𝐷)
Theorem	frsucmptn 8451	The value of the finite recursive definition generator at a successor (special case where the characteristic function is a mapping abstraction and where the mapping class 𝐷 is a proper class). This is a technical lemma that can be used together with frsucmpt 8450 to help eliminate redundant sethood antecedents. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 19-Feb-2011.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 11-Sep-2015.)
⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐴    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐵    &   ⊢ Ⅎ𝑥𝐷    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝐶), 𝐴) ↾ ω)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝐹‘𝐵) → 𝐶 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ (¬ 𝐷 ∈ V → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = ∅)
Theorem	frsucmpt2 8452*	The successor value resulting from finite recursive definition generation (special case where the generation function is expressed in maps-to notation), using double-substitution instead of a bound variable condition. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Sep-2015.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (rec((𝑥 ∈ V ↦ 𝐶), 𝐴) ↾ ω)    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = 𝑥 → 𝐸 = 𝐶)    &   ⊢ (𝑦 = (𝐹‘𝐵) → 𝐸 = 𝐷)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐵 ∈ ω ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐹‘suc 𝐵) = 𝐷)
Theorem	tz7.48lem 8453*	A way of showing an ordinal function is one-to-one. (Contributed by NM, 9-Feb-1997.)
⊢ 𝐹 Fn On    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ⊆ On ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 ¬ (𝐹‘𝑥) = (𝐹‘𝑦)) → Fun ◡(𝐹 ↾ 𝐴))
Theorem	tz7.48-2 8454*	Proposition 7.48(2) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 51. (Contributed by NM, 9-Feb-1997.) (Revised by David Abernethy, 5-May-2013.)
⊢ 𝐹 Fn On    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝐹‘𝑥) ∈ (𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑥)) → Fun ◡𝐹)
Theorem	tz7.48-1 8455*	Proposition 7.48(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 51. (Contributed by NM, 9-Feb-1997.)
⊢ 𝐹 Fn On    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝐹‘𝑥) ∈ (𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑥)) → ran 𝐹 ⊆ 𝐴)
Theorem	tz7.48-3 8456*	Proposition 7.48(3) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 51. (Contributed by NM, 9-Feb-1997.)
⊢ 𝐹 Fn On    ⇒   ⊢ (∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝐹‘𝑥) ∈ (𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑥)) → ¬ 𝐴 ∈ V)
Theorem	tz7.49 8457*	Proposition 7.49 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 51. (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jan-2013.)
⊢ 𝐹 Fn On    &   ⊢ (𝜑 ↔ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ((𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑥)) ≠ ∅ → (𝐹‘𝑥) ∈ (𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑥))))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝜑) → ∃𝑥 ∈ On (∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑥 (𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑦)) ≠ ∅ ∧ (𝐹 “ 𝑥) = 𝐴 ∧ Fun ◡(𝐹 ↾ 𝑥)))
Theorem	tz7.49c 8458*	Corollary of Proposition 7.49 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 51. (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 19-Jan-2013.)
⊢ 𝐹 Fn On    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ On ((𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑥)) ≠ ∅ → (𝐹‘𝑥) ∈ (𝐴 ∖ (𝐹 “ 𝑥)))) → ∃𝑥 ∈ On (𝐹 ↾ 𝑥):𝑥–1-1-onto→𝐴)
Syntax	cseqom 8459	Extend class notation to include index-aware recursive definitions.
class seqω(𝐹, 𝐼)
Definition	df-seqom 8460*	Index-aware recursive definitions over ω. A mashup of df-rdg 8422 and df-seq 14018, this allows for recursive definitions that use an index in the recursion in cases where Infinity is not admitted. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.)
⊢ seqω(𝐹, 𝐼) = (rec((𝑖 ∈ ω, 𝑣 ∈ V ↦ ⟨suc 𝑖, (𝑖𝐹𝑣)⟩), ⟨∅, ( I ‘𝐼)⟩) “ ω)
Theorem	seqomlem0 8461*	Lemma for seqω. Change bound variables. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.)
⊢ rec((𝑎 ∈ ω, 𝑏 ∈ V ↦ ⟨suc 𝑎, (𝑎𝐹𝑏)⟩), ⟨∅, ( I ‘𝐼)⟩) = rec((𝑐 ∈ ω, 𝑑 ∈ V ↦ ⟨suc 𝑐, (𝑐𝐹𝑑)⟩), ⟨∅, ( I ‘𝐼)⟩)
Theorem	seqomlem1 8462*	Lemma for seqω. The underlying recursion generates a sequence of pairs with the expected first values. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝑄 = rec((𝑖 ∈ ω, 𝑣 ∈ V ↦ ⟨suc 𝑖, (𝑖𝐹𝑣)⟩), ⟨∅, ( I ‘𝐼)⟩)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → (𝑄‘𝐴) = ⟨𝐴, (2nd ‘(𝑄‘𝐴))⟩)
Theorem	seqomlem2 8463*	Lemma for seqω. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝑄 = rec((𝑖 ∈ ω, 𝑣 ∈ V ↦ ⟨suc 𝑖, (𝑖𝐹𝑣)⟩), ⟨∅, ( I ‘𝐼)⟩)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑄 “ ω) Fn ω
Theorem	seqomlem3 8464*	Lemma for seqω. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝑄 = rec((𝑖 ∈ ω, 𝑣 ∈ V ↦ ⟨suc 𝑖, (𝑖𝐹𝑣)⟩), ⟨∅, ( I ‘𝐼)⟩)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑄 “ ω)‘∅) = ( I ‘𝐼)
Theorem	seqomlem4 8465*	Lemma for seqω. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 23-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝑄 = rec((𝑖 ∈ ω, 𝑣 ∈ V ↦ ⟨suc 𝑖, (𝑖𝐹𝑣)⟩), ⟨∅, ( I ‘𝐼)⟩)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → ((𝑄 “ ω)‘suc 𝐴) = (𝐴𝐹((𝑄 “ ω)‘𝐴)))
Theorem	seqomeq12 8466	Equality theorem for seqω. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 = 𝐵 ∧ 𝐶 = 𝐷) → seqω(𝐴, 𝐶) = seqω(𝐵, 𝐷))
Theorem	fnseqom 8467	An index-aware recursive definition defines a function on the natural numbers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐺 = seqω(𝐹, 𝐼)    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐺 Fn ω
Theorem	seqom0g 8468	Value of an index-aware recursive definition at 0. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.) (Revised by AV, 17-Sep-2021.)
⊢ 𝐺 = seqω(𝐹, 𝐼)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐼 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝐺‘∅) = 𝐼)
Theorem	seqomsuc 8469	Value of an index-aware recursive definition at a successor. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 1-Nov-2014.)
⊢ 𝐺 = seqω(𝐹, 𝐼)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → (𝐺‘suc 𝐴) = (𝐴𝐹(𝐺‘𝐴)))
Theorem	omsucelsucb 8470	Membership is inherited by successors for natural numbers. (Contributed by AV, 15-Sep-2023.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ω ↔ suc 𝑁 ∈ suc ω)
2.4.23  Ordinal arithmetic
Syntax	c1o 8471	Extend the definition of a class to include the ordinal number 1.
class 1o
Syntax	c2o 8472	Extend the definition of a class to include the ordinal number 2.
class 2o
Syntax	c3o 8473	Extend the definition of a class to include the ordinal number 3.
class 3o
Syntax	c4o 8474	Extend the definition of a class to include the ordinal number 4.
class 4o
Syntax	coa 8475	Extend the definition of a class to include the ordinal addition operation.
class +o
Syntax	comu 8476	Extend the definition of a class to include the ordinal multiplication operation.
class ·o
Syntax	coe 8477	Extend the definition of a class to include the ordinal exponentiation operation.
class ↑o
Definition	df-1o 8478	Define the ordinal number 1. Definition 2.1 of [Schloeder] p. 4. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.)
⊢ 1o = suc ∅
Definition	df-2o 8479	Define the ordinal number 2. Lemma 3.17 of [Schloeder] p. 10. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2004.)
⊢ 2o = suc 1o
Definition	df-3o 8480	Define the ordinal number 3. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Jul-2013.)
⊢ 3o = suc 2o
Definition	df-4o 8481	Define the ordinal number 4. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Jul-2013.)
⊢ 4o = suc 3o
Definition	df-oadd 8482*	Define the ordinal addition operation. (Contributed by NM, 3-May-1995.)
⊢ +o = (𝑥 ∈ On, 𝑦 ∈ On ↦ (rec((𝑧 ∈ V ↦ suc 𝑧), 𝑥)‘𝑦))
Definition	df-omul 8483*	Define the ordinal multiplication operation. (Contributed by NM, 26-Aug-1995.)
⊢ ·o = (𝑥 ∈ On, 𝑦 ∈ On ↦ (rec((𝑧 ∈ V ↦ (𝑧 +o 𝑥)), ∅)‘𝑦))
Definition	df-oexp 8484*	Define the ordinal exponentiation operation. (Contributed by NM, 30-Dec-2004.)
⊢ ↑o = (𝑥 ∈ On, 𝑦 ∈ On ↦ if(𝑥 = ∅, (1o ∖ 𝑦), (rec((𝑧 ∈ V ↦ (𝑧 ·o 𝑥)), 1o)‘𝑦)))
Theorem	df1o2 8485	Expanded value of the ordinal number 1. Definition 2.1 of [Schloeder] p. 4. (Contributed by NM, 4-Nov-2002.)
⊢ 1o = {∅}
Theorem	df2o3 8486	Expanded value of the ordinal number 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 14-Aug-2015.)
⊢ 2o = {∅, 1o}
Theorem	df2o2 8487	Expanded value of the ordinal number 2. (Contributed by NM, 29-Jan-2004.)
⊢ 2o = {∅, {∅}}
Theorem	1oex 8488	Ordinal 1 is a set. (Contributed by BJ, 6-Apr-2019.) (Proof shortened by AV, 1-Jul-2022.) Remove dependency on ax-10 2141, ax-11 2157, ax-12 2177, ax-un 7727. (Revised by Zhi Wang, 19-Sep-2024.)
⊢ 1o ∈ V
Theorem	2oex 8489	2o is a set. (Contributed by BJ, 6-Apr-2019.) Remove dependency on ax-10 2141, ax-11 2157, ax-12 2177, ax-un 7727. (Proof shortened by Zhi Wang, 19-Sep-2024.)
⊢ 2o ∈ V
Theorem	1on 8490	Ordinal 1 is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.) Avoid ax-un 7727. (Revised by BTernaryTau, 30-Nov-2024.)
⊢ 1o ∈ On
Theorem	1onOLD 8491	Obsolete version of 1on 8490 as of 30-Nov-2024. (Contributed by NM, 29-Oct-1995.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ 1o ∈ On
Theorem	2on 8492	Ordinal 2 is an ordinal number. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2004.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 12-Aug-2011.) Avoid ax-un 7727. (Revised by BTernaryTau, 30-Nov-2024.)
⊢ 2o ∈ On
Theorem	2onOLD 8493	Obsolete version of 2on 8492 as of 30-Nov-2024. (Contributed by NM, 18-Feb-2004.) (Proof shortened by Andrew Salmon, 12-Aug-2011.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ 2o ∈ On
Theorem	2on0 8494	Ordinal two is not zero. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 17-Jun-2011.)
⊢ 2o ≠ ∅
Theorem	ord3 8495	Ordinal 3 is an ordinal class. (Contributed by BTernaryTau, 6-Jan-2025.)
⊢ Ord 3o
Theorem	3on 8496	Ordinal 3 is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2016.)
⊢ 3o ∈ On
Theorem	4on 8497	Ordinal 4 is an ordinal number. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2016.)
⊢ 4o ∈ On
Theorem	1n0 8498	Ordinal one is not equal to ordinal zero. (Contributed by NM, 26-Dec-2004.)
⊢ 1o ≠ ∅
Theorem	nlim1 8499	1 is not a limit ordinal. (Contributed by BTernaryTau, 1-Dec-2024.)
⊢ ¬ Lim 1o
Theorem	nlim2 8500	2 is not a limit ordinal. (Contributed by BTernaryTau, 1-Dec-2024.)
⊢ ¬ Lim 2o