P. 101 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 10001-10100   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	cardnueq0 10001	The empty set is the only numerable set with cardinality zero. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card → ((card‘𝐴) = ∅ ↔ 𝐴 = ∅))
Theorem	cardne 10002	No member of a cardinal number of a set is equinumerous to the set. Proposition 10.6(2) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 85. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (card‘𝐵) → ¬ 𝐴 ≈ 𝐵)
Theorem	carden2a 10003	If two sets have equal nonzero cardinalities, then they are equinumerous. This assertion and carden2b 10004 are meant to replace carden 10588 in ZF without AC. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (((card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵) ∧ (card‘𝐴) ≠ ∅) → 𝐴 ≈ 𝐵)
Theorem	carden2b 10004	If two sets are equinumerous, then they have equal cardinalities. (This assertion and carden2a 10003 are meant to replace carden 10588 in ZF without AC.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Jan-2013.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 27-Apr-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ≈ 𝐵 → (card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵))
Theorem	card1 10005*	A set has cardinality one iff it is a singleton. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jan-2013.)
⊢ ((card‘𝐴) = 1o ↔ ∃𝑥 𝐴 = {𝑥})
Theorem	cardsn 10006	A singleton has cardinality one. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (card‘{𝐴}) = 1o)
Theorem	carddomi2 10007	Two sets have the dominance relationship if their cardinalities have the subset relationship and one is numerable. See also carddom 10591, which uses AC. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉) → ((card‘𝐴) ⊆ (card‘𝐵) → 𝐴 ≼ 𝐵))
Theorem	sdomsdomcardi 10008	A set strictly dominates if its cardinal strictly dominates. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ≺ (card‘𝐵) → 𝐴 ≺ 𝐵)
Theorem	cardlim 10009	An infinite cardinal is a limit ordinal. Equivalent to Exercise 4 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 91. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 13-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (ω ⊆ (card‘𝐴) ↔ Lim (card‘𝐴))
Theorem	cardsdomelir 10010	A cardinal strictly dominates its members. Equivalent to Proposition 10.37 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 93. This is half of the assertion cardsdomel 10011 and can be proven without the AC. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ (card‘𝐵) → 𝐴 ≺ 𝐵)
Theorem	cardsdomel 10011	A cardinal strictly dominates its members. Equivalent to Proposition 10.37 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 93. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 4-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ 𝐵 ∈ dom card) → (𝐴 ≺ 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 ∈ (card‘𝐵)))
Theorem	iscard 10012*	Two ways to express the property of being a cardinal number. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jan-2013.)
⊢ ((card‘𝐴) = 𝐴 ↔ (𝐴 ∈ On ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑥 ≺ 𝐴))
Theorem	iscard2 10013*	Two ways to express the property of being a cardinal number. Definition 8 of [Suppes] p. 225. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-Jan-2013.)
⊢ ((card‘𝐴) = 𝐴 ↔ (𝐴 ∈ On ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ On (𝐴 ≈ 𝑥 → 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑥)))
Theorem	carddom2 10014	Two numerable sets have the dominance relationship iff their cardinalities have the subset relationship. See also carddom 10591, which uses AC. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ∈ dom card) → ((card‘𝐴) ⊆ (card‘𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 ≼ 𝐵))
Theorem	harcard 10015	The class of ordinal numbers dominated by a set is a cardinal number. Theorem 59 of [Suppes] p. 228. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-May-2015.)
⊢ (card‘(har‘𝐴)) = (har‘𝐴)
Theorem	cardprclem 10016*	Lemma for cardprc 10017. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 15-May-2015.)
⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∣ (card‘𝑥) = 𝑥}    ⇒   ⊢ ¬ 𝐴 ∈ V
Theorem	cardprc 10017	The class of all cardinal numbers is not a set (i.e. is a proper class). Theorem 19.8 of [Eisenberg] p. 310. In this proof (which does not use AC), we cannot use Cantor's construction canth3 10598 to ensure that there is always a cardinal larger than a given cardinal, but we can use Hartogs' construction hartogs 9581 to construct (effectively) (ℵ‘suc 𝐴) from (ℵ‘𝐴), which achieves the same thing. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Jan-2013.)
⊢ {𝑥 ∣ (card‘𝑥) = 𝑥} ∉ V
Theorem	carduni 10018*	The union of a set of cardinals is a cardinal. Theorem 18.14 of [Monk1] p. 133. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (card‘𝑥) = 𝑥 → (card‘∪ 𝐴) = ∪ 𝐴))
Theorem	cardiun 10019*	The indexed union of a set of cardinals is a cardinal. (Contributed by NM, 3-Nov-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (card‘𝐵) = 𝐵 → (card‘∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵) = ∪ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵))
Theorem	cardennn 10020	If 𝐴 is equinumerous to a natural number, then that number is its cardinal. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Jan-2013.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ≈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ω) → (card‘𝐴) = 𝐵)
Theorem	cardsucinf 10021	The cardinality of the successor of an infinite ordinal. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Jan-2013.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ ω ⊆ 𝐴) → (card‘suc 𝐴) = (card‘𝐴))
Theorem	cardsucnn 10022	The cardinality of the successor of a finite ordinal (natural number). This theorem does not hold for infinite ordinals; see cardsucinf 10021. (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2008.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → (card‘suc 𝐴) = suc (card‘𝐴))
Theorem	cardom 10023	The set of natural numbers is a cardinal number. Theorem 18.11 of [Monk1] p. 133. (Contributed by NM, 28-Oct-2003.)
⊢ (card‘ω) = ω
Theorem	carden2 10024	Two numerable sets are equinumerous iff their cardinal numbers are equal. Unlike carden 10588, the Axiom of Choice is not required. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 22-Sep-2013.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ∈ dom card) → ((card‘𝐴) = (card‘𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 ≈ 𝐵))
Theorem	cardsdom2 10025	A numerable set is strictly dominated by another iff their cardinalities are strictly ordered. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Oct-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ∈ dom card) → ((card‘𝐴) ∈ (card‘𝐵) ↔ 𝐴 ≺ 𝐵))
Theorem	domtri2 10026	Trichotomy of dominance for numerable sets (does not use AC). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ∈ dom card) → (𝐴 ≼ 𝐵 ↔ ¬ 𝐵 ≺ 𝐴))
Theorem	nnsdomel 10027	Strict dominance and elementhood are the same for finite ordinals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 2-Nov-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ω ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ω) → (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 ↔ 𝐴 ≺ 𝐵))
Theorem	cardval2 10028*	An alternate version of the value of the cardinal number of a set. Compare cardval 10583. This theorem could be used to give a simpler definition of card in place of df-card 9976. It apparently does not occur in the literature. (Contributed by NM, 7-Nov-2003.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card → (card‘𝐴) = {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝑥 ≺ 𝐴})
Theorem	isinffi 10029*	An infinite set contains subsets equinumerous to every finite set. Extension of isinf 9293 from finite ordinals to all finite sets. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Oct-2014.)
⊢ ((¬ 𝐴 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝐵 ∈ Fin) → ∃𝑓 𝑓:𝐵–1-1→𝐴)
Theorem	fidomtri 10030	Trichotomy of dominance without AC when one set is finite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Oct-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 27-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝐴 ≼ 𝐵 ↔ ¬ 𝐵 ≺ 𝐴))
Theorem	fidomtri2 10031	Trichotomy of dominance without AC when one set is finite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Oct-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 7-May-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ Fin) → (𝐴 ≼ 𝐵 ↔ ¬ 𝐵 ≺ 𝐴))
Theorem	harsdom 10032	The Hartogs number of a well-orderable set strictly dominates the set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card → 𝐴 ≺ (har‘𝐴))
Theorem	onsdom 10033*	Any well-orderable set is strictly dominated by an ordinal number. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 22-Oct-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 15-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card → ∃𝑥 ∈ On 𝐴 ≺ 𝑥)
Theorem	harval2 10034*	An alternate expression for the Hartogs number of a well-orderable set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 15-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card → (har‘𝐴) = ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝐴 ≺ 𝑥})
Theorem	harsucnn 10035	The next cardinal after a finite ordinal is the successor ordinal. (Contributed by RP, 5-Nov-2023.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ω → (har‘𝐴) = suc 𝐴)
Theorem	cardmin2 10036*	The smallest ordinal that strictly dominates a set is a cardinal, if it exists. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2013.)
⊢ (∃𝑥 ∈ On 𝐴 ≺ 𝑥 ↔ (card‘∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝐴 ≺ 𝑥}) = ∩ {𝑥 ∈ On ∣ 𝐴 ≺ 𝑥})
Theorem	pm54.43lem 10037*	In Theorem *54.43 of [WhiteheadRussell] p. 360, the number 1 is defined as the collection of all sets with cardinality 1 (i.e. all singletons; see card1 10005), so that their 𝐴 ∈ 1 means, in our notation, 𝐴 ∈ {𝑥 ∣ (card‘𝑥) = 1o}. Here we show that this is equivalent to 𝐴 ≈ 1o so that we can use the latter more convenient notation in pm54.43 10038. (Contributed by NM, 4-Nov-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ≈ 1o ↔ 𝐴 ∈ {𝑥 ∣ (card‘𝑥) = 1o})
Theorem	pm54.43 10038	Theorem *54.43 of [WhiteheadRussell] p. 360. "From this proposition it will follow, when arithmetical addition has been defined, that 1+1=2." See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica#Quotations. This theorem states that two sets of cardinality 1 are disjoint iff their union has cardinality 2. Whitehead and Russell define 1 as the collection of all sets with cardinality 1 (i.e. all singletons; see card1 10005), so that their 𝐴 ∈ 1 means, in our notation, 𝐴 ∈ {𝑥 ∣ (card‘𝑥) = 1o} which is the same as 𝐴 ≈ 1o by pm54.43lem 10037. We do not have several of their earlier lemmas available (which would otherwise be unused by our different approach to arithmetic), so our proof is longer. (It is also longer because we must show every detail.) Theorem dju1p1e2 10211 shows the derivation of 1+1=2 for cardinal numbers from this theorem. (Contributed by NM, 4-Apr-2007.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ≈ 1o ∧ 𝐵 ≈ 1o) → ((𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = ∅ ↔ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ≈ 2o))
Theorem	enpr2 10039	An unordered pair with distinct elements is equinumerous to ordinal two. This is a closed-form version of enpr2d 9087. (Contributed by FL, 17-Aug-2008.) Avoid ax-pow 5370, ax-un 7753. (Revised by BTernaryTau, 30-Dec-2024.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → {𝐴, 𝐵} ≈ 2o)
Theorem	pr2nelemOLD 10040	Obsolete version of enpr2 10039 as of 30-Dec-2024. (Contributed by FL, 17-Aug-2008.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → {𝐴, 𝐵} ≈ 2o)
Theorem	pr2ne 10041	If an unordered pair has two elements, then they are different. (Contributed by FL, 14-Feb-2010.) Avoid ax-pow 5370, ax-un 7753. (Revised by BTernaryTau, 30-Dec-2024.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷) → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ≈ 2o ↔ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵))
Theorem	pr2neOLD 10042	Obsolete version of pr2ne 10041 as of 30-Dec-2024. (Contributed by FL, 14-Feb-2010.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷) → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ≈ 2o ↔ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵))
Theorem	prdom2 10043	An unordered pair has at most two elements. (Contributed by FL, 22-Feb-2011.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐷) → {𝐴, 𝐵} ≼ 2o)
Theorem	en2eqpr 10044	Building a set with two elements. (Contributed by FL, 11-Aug-2008.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 10-Sep-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐶 ≈ 2o ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝐶) → (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 → 𝐶 = {𝐴, 𝐵}))
Theorem	en2eleq 10045	Express a set of pair cardinality as the unordered pair of a given element and the other element. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ 𝑃 ∧ 𝑃 ≈ 2o) → 𝑃 = {𝑋, ∪ (𝑃 ∖ {𝑋})})
Theorem	en2other2 10046	Taking the other element twice in a pair gets back to the original element. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 22-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ 𝑃 ∧ 𝑃 ≈ 2o) → ∪ (𝑃 ∖ {∪ (𝑃 ∖ {𝑋})}) = 𝑋)
Theorem	dif1card 10047	The cardinality of a nonempty finite set is one greater than the cardinality of the set with one element removed. (Contributed by Jeff Madsen, 2-Sep-2009.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2013.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝑋 ∈ 𝐴) → (card‘𝐴) = suc (card‘(𝐴 ∖ {𝑋})))
Theorem	leweon 10048*	Lexicographical order is a well-ordering of On × On. Proposition 7.56(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 54. Note that unlike r0weon 10049, this order is not set-like, as the preimage of ⟨1o, ∅⟩ is the proper class ({∅} × On). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Mar-2013.)
⊢ 𝐿 = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ((𝑥 ∈ (On × On) ∧ 𝑦 ∈ (On × On)) ∧ ((1st ‘𝑥) ∈ (1st ‘𝑦) ∨ ((1st ‘𝑥) = (1st ‘𝑦) ∧ (2nd ‘𝑥) ∈ (2nd ‘𝑦))))}    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐿 We (On × On)
Theorem	r0weon 10049*	A set-like well-ordering of the class of ordinal pairs. Proposition 7.58(1) of [TakeutiZaring] p. 54. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Mar-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝐿 = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ((𝑥 ∈ (On × On) ∧ 𝑦 ∈ (On × On)) ∧ ((1st ‘𝑥) ∈ (1st ‘𝑦) ∨ ((1st ‘𝑥) = (1st ‘𝑦) ∧ (2nd ‘𝑥) ∈ (2nd ‘𝑦))))}    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = {⟨𝑧, 𝑤⟩ ∣ ((𝑧 ∈ (On × On) ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (On × On)) ∧ (((1st ‘𝑧) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑧)) ∈ ((1st ‘𝑤) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑤)) ∨ (((1st ‘𝑧) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑧)) = ((1st ‘𝑤) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑤)) ∧ 𝑧𝐿𝑤)))}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑅 We (On × On) ∧ 𝑅 Se (On × On))
Theorem	infxpenlem 10050*	Lemma for infxpen 10051. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Mar-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝐿 = {⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ ∣ ((𝑥 ∈ (On × On) ∧ 𝑦 ∈ (On × On)) ∧ ((1st ‘𝑥) ∈ (1st ‘𝑦) ∨ ((1st ‘𝑥) = (1st ‘𝑦) ∧ (2nd ‘𝑥) ∈ (2nd ‘𝑦))))}    &   ⊢ 𝑅 = {⟨𝑧, 𝑤⟩ ∣ ((𝑧 ∈ (On × On) ∧ 𝑤 ∈ (On × On)) ∧ (((1st ‘𝑧) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑧)) ∈ ((1st ‘𝑤) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑤)) ∨ (((1st ‘𝑧) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑧)) = ((1st ‘𝑤) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑤)) ∧ 𝑧𝐿𝑤)))}    &   ⊢ 𝑄 = (𝑅 ∩ ((𝑎 × 𝑎) × (𝑎 × 𝑎)))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 ↔ ((𝑎 ∈ On ∧ ∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑎 (ω ⊆ 𝑚 → (𝑚 × 𝑚) ≈ 𝑚)) ∧ (ω ⊆ 𝑎 ∧ ∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑎 𝑚 ≺ 𝑎)))    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = ((1st ‘𝑤) ∪ (2nd ‘𝑤))    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = OrdIso(𝑄, (𝑎 × 𝑎))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ ω ⊆ 𝐴) → (𝐴 × 𝐴) ≈ 𝐴)
Theorem	infxpen 10051	Every infinite ordinal is equinumerous to its Cartesian square. Proposition 10.39 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 94, whose proof we follow closely. The key idea is to show that the relation 𝑅 is a well-ordering of (On × On) with the additional property that 𝑅-initial segments of (𝑥 × 𝑥) (where 𝑥 is a limit ordinal) are of cardinality at most 𝑥. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Mar-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ ω ⊆ 𝐴) → (𝐴 × 𝐴) ≈ 𝐴)
Theorem	xpomen 10052	The Cartesian product of omega (the set of ordinal natural numbers) with itself is equinumerous to omega. Exercise 1 of [Enderton] p. 133. (Contributed by NM, 23-Jul-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 9-Mar-2013.)
⊢ (ω × ω) ≈ ω
Theorem	xpct 10053	The cartesian product of two countable sets is countable. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 24-Sep-2017.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ≼ ω ∧ 𝐵 ≼ ω) → (𝐴 × 𝐵) ≼ ω)
Theorem	infxpidm2 10054	Every infinite well-orderable set is equinumerous to its Cartesian square. This theorem provides the basis for infinite cardinal arithmetic. Proposition 10.40 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 95. See also infxpidm 10599. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Mar-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ ω ≼ 𝐴) → (𝐴 × 𝐴) ≈ 𝐴)
Theorem	infxpenc 10055*	A canonical version of infxpen 10051, by a completely different approach (although it uses infxpen 10051 via xpomen 10052). Using Cantor's normal form, we can show that 𝐴 ↑o 𝐵 respects equinumerosity (oef1o 9735), so that all the steps of (ω↑𝑊) · (ω↑𝑊) ≈ ω↑(2𝑊) ≈ (ω↑2)↑𝑊 ≈ ω↑𝑊 can be verified using bijections to do the ordinal commutations. (The assumption on 𝑁 can be satisfied using cnfcom3c 9743.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-May-2015.) (Revised by AV, 7-Jul-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ On)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ω ⊆ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑊 ∈ (On ∖ 1o))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:(ω ↑o 2o)–1-1-onto→ω)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹‘∅) = ∅)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁:𝐴–1-1-onto→(ω ↑o 𝑊))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (𝑦 ∈ {𝑥 ∈ ((ω ↑o 2o) ↑m 𝑊) ∣ 𝑥 finSupp ∅} ↦ (𝐹 ∘ (𝑦 ∘ ◡( I ↾ 𝑊))))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = (((ω CNF 𝑊) ∘ 𝐾) ∘ ◡((ω ↑o 2o) CNF 𝑊))    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑦 ∈ {𝑥 ∈ (ω ↑m (𝑊 ·o 2o)) ∣ 𝑥 finSupp ∅} ↦ (( I ↾ ω) ∘ (𝑦 ∘ ◡(𝑌 ∘ ◡𝑋))))    &   ⊢ 𝑋 = (𝑧 ∈ 2o, 𝑤 ∈ 𝑊 ↦ ((𝑊 ·o 𝑧) +o 𝑤))    &   ⊢ 𝑌 = (𝑧 ∈ 2o, 𝑤 ∈ 𝑊 ↦ ((2o ·o 𝑤) +o 𝑧))    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = (((ω CNF (2o ·o 𝑊)) ∘ 𝐿) ∘ ◡(ω CNF (𝑊 ·o 2o)))    &   ⊢ 𝑍 = (𝑥 ∈ (ω ↑o 𝑊), 𝑦 ∈ (ω ↑o 𝑊) ↦ (((ω ↑o 𝑊) ·o 𝑥) +o 𝑦))    &   ⊢ 𝑇 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ ⟨(𝑁‘𝑥), (𝑁‘𝑦)⟩)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (◡𝑁 ∘ (((𝐻 ∘ 𝐽) ∘ 𝑍) ∘ 𝑇))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺:(𝐴 × 𝐴)–1-1-onto→𝐴)
Theorem	infxpenc2lem1 10056*	Lemma for infxpenc2 10059. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ On)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (ω ⊆ 𝑏 → ∃𝑤 ∈ (On ∖ 1o)(𝑛‘𝑏):𝑏–1-1-onto→(ω ↑o 𝑤)))    &   ⊢ 𝑊 = (◡(𝑥 ∈ (On ∖ 1o) ↦ (ω ↑o 𝑥))‘ran (𝑛‘𝑏))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ (𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ ω ⊆ 𝑏)) → (𝑊 ∈ (On ∖ 1o) ∧ (𝑛‘𝑏):𝑏–1-1-onto→(ω ↑o 𝑊)))
Theorem	infxpenc2lem2 10057*	Lemma for infxpenc2 10059. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-May-2015.) (Revised by AV, 7-Jul-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ On)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (ω ⊆ 𝑏 → ∃𝑤 ∈ (On ∖ 1o)(𝑛‘𝑏):𝑏–1-1-onto→(ω ↑o 𝑤)))    &   ⊢ 𝑊 = (◡(𝑥 ∈ (On ∖ 1o) ↦ (ω ↑o 𝑥))‘ran (𝑛‘𝑏))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:(ω ↑o 2o)–1-1-onto→ω)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹‘∅) = ∅)    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (𝑦 ∈ {𝑥 ∈ ((ω ↑o 2o) ↑m 𝑊) ∣ 𝑥 finSupp ∅} ↦ (𝐹 ∘ (𝑦 ∘ ◡( I ↾ 𝑊))))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = (((ω CNF 𝑊) ∘ 𝐾) ∘ ◡((ω ↑o 2o) CNF 𝑊))    &   ⊢ 𝐿 = (𝑦 ∈ {𝑥 ∈ (ω ↑m (𝑊 ·o 2o)) ∣ 𝑥 finSupp ∅} ↦ (( I ↾ ω) ∘ (𝑦 ∘ ◡(𝑌 ∘ ◡𝑋))))    &   ⊢ 𝑋 = (𝑧 ∈ 2o, 𝑤 ∈ 𝑊 ↦ ((𝑊 ·o 𝑧) +o 𝑤))    &   ⊢ 𝑌 = (𝑧 ∈ 2o, 𝑤 ∈ 𝑊 ↦ ((2o ·o 𝑤) +o 𝑧))    &   ⊢ 𝐽 = (((ω CNF (2o ·o 𝑊)) ∘ 𝐿) ∘ ◡(ω CNF (𝑊 ·o 2o)))    &   ⊢ 𝑍 = (𝑥 ∈ (ω ↑o 𝑊), 𝑦 ∈ (ω ↑o 𝑊) ↦ (((ω ↑o 𝑊) ·o 𝑥) +o 𝑦))    &   ⊢ 𝑇 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝑏, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑏 ↦ ⟨((𝑛‘𝑏)‘𝑥), ((𝑛‘𝑏)‘𝑦)⟩)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (◡(𝑛‘𝑏) ∘ (((𝐻 ∘ 𝐽) ∘ 𝑍) ∘ 𝑇))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑔∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (ω ⊆ 𝑏 → (𝑔‘𝑏):(𝑏 × 𝑏)–1-1-onto→𝑏))
Theorem	infxpenc2lem3 10058*	Lemma for infxpenc2 10059. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-May-2015.) (Revised by AV, 7-Jul-2019.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ On)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (ω ⊆ 𝑏 → ∃𝑤 ∈ (On ∖ 1o)(𝑛‘𝑏):𝑏–1-1-onto→(ω ↑o 𝑤)))    &   ⊢ 𝑊 = (◡(𝑥 ∈ (On ∖ 1o) ↦ (ω ↑o 𝑥))‘ran (𝑛‘𝑏))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:(ω ↑o 2o)–1-1-onto→ω)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐹‘∅) = ∅)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∃𝑔∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (ω ⊆ 𝑏 → (𝑔‘𝑏):(𝑏 × 𝑏)–1-1-onto→𝑏))
Theorem	infxpenc2 10059*	Existence form of infxpenc 10055. A "uniform" or "canonical" version of infxpen 10051, asserting the existence of a single function 𝑔 that simultaneously demonstrates product idempotence of all ordinals below a given bound. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ On → ∃𝑔∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐴 (ω ⊆ 𝑏 → (𝑔‘𝑏):(𝑏 × 𝑏)–1-1-onto→𝑏))
Theorem	iunmapdisj 10060*	The union ∪ 𝑛 ∈ 𝐶(𝐴 ↑m 𝑛) is a disjoint union. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) (Revised by NM, 16-Jun-2017.)
⊢ ∃*𝑛 ∈ 𝐶 𝐵 ∈ (𝐴 ↑m 𝑛)
Theorem	fseqenlem1 10061*	Lemma for fseqen 10064. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:(𝐴 × 𝐴)–1-1-onto→𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = seqω((𝑛 ∈ V, 𝑓 ∈ V ↦ (𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 ↑m suc 𝑛) ↦ ((𝑓‘(𝑥 ↾ 𝑛))𝐹(𝑥‘𝑛)))), {⟨∅, 𝐵⟩})    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ω) → (𝐺‘𝐶):(𝐴 ↑m 𝐶)–1-1→𝐴)
Theorem	fseqenlem2 10062*	Lemma for fseqen 10064. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹:(𝐴 × 𝐴)–1-1-onto→𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = seqω((𝑛 ∈ V, 𝑓 ∈ V ↦ (𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 ↑m suc 𝑛) ↦ ((𝑓‘(𝑥 ↾ 𝑛))𝐹(𝑥‘𝑛)))), {⟨∅, 𝐵⟩})    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (𝑦 ∈ ∪ 𝑘 ∈ ω (𝐴 ↑m 𝑘) ↦ ⟨dom 𝑦, ((𝐺‘dom 𝑦)‘𝑦)⟩)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐾:∪ 𝑘 ∈ ω (𝐴 ↑m 𝑘)–1-1→(ω × 𝐴))
Theorem	fseqdom 10063*	One half of fseqen 10064. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (ω × 𝐴) ≼ ∪ 𝑛 ∈ ω (𝐴 ↑m 𝑛))
Theorem	fseqen 10064*	A set that is equinumerous to its Cartesian product is equinumerous to the set of finite sequences on it. (This can be proven more easily using some choice but this proof avoids it.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Nov-2014.)
⊢ (((𝐴 × 𝐴) ≈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ ∅) → ∪ 𝑛 ∈ ω (𝐴 ↑m 𝑛) ≈ (ω × 𝐴))
Theorem	infpwfidom 10065	The collection of finite subsets of a set dominates the set. (We use the weaker sethood assumption (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ Fin) ∈ V because this theorem also implies that 𝐴 is a set if 𝒫 𝐴 ∩ Fin is.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.)
⊢ ((𝒫 𝐴 ∩ Fin) ∈ V → 𝐴 ≼ (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ Fin))
Theorem	dfac8alem 10066*	Lemma for dfac8a 10067. If the power set of a set has a choice function, then the set is numerable. (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2013.)
⊢ 𝐹 = recs(𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = (𝑓 ∈ V ↦ (𝑔‘(𝐴 ∖ ran 𝑓)))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐶 → (∃𝑔∀𝑦 ∈ 𝒫 𝐴(𝑦 ≠ ∅ → (𝑔‘𝑦) ∈ 𝑦) → 𝐴 ∈ dom card))
Theorem	dfac8a 10067*	Numeration theorem: every set with a choice function on its power set is numerable. With AC, this reduces to the statement that every set is numerable. Similar to Theorem 10.3 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 84. (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → (∃ℎ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝒫 𝐴(𝑦 ≠ ∅ → (ℎ‘𝑦) ∈ 𝑦) → 𝐴 ∈ dom card))
Theorem	dfac8b 10068*	The well-ordering theorem: every numerable set is well-orderable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 29-Apr-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card → ∃𝑥 𝑥 We 𝐴)
Theorem	dfac8clem 10069*	Lemma for dfac8c 10070. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 10-Jan-2013.)
⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑠 ∈ (𝐴 ∖ {∅}) ↦ (℩𝑎 ∈ 𝑠 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝑠 ¬ 𝑏𝑟𝑎))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → (∃𝑟 𝑟 We ∪ 𝐴 → ∃𝑓∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑧 ≠ ∅ → (𝑓‘𝑧) ∈ 𝑧)))
Theorem	dfac8c 10070*	If the union of a set is well-orderable, then the set has a choice function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝐵 → (∃𝑟 𝑟 We ∪ 𝐴 → ∃𝑓∀𝑧 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑧 ≠ ∅ → (𝑓‘𝑧) ∈ 𝑧)))
Theorem	ac10ct 10071*	A proof of the well-ordering theorem weth 10532, an Axiom of Choice equivalent, restricted to sets dominated by some ordinal (in particular finite sets and countable sets), proven in ZF without AC. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (∃𝑦 ∈ On 𝐴 ≼ 𝑦 → ∃𝑥 𝑥 We 𝐴)
Theorem	ween 10072*	A set is numerable iff it can be well-ordered. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card ↔ ∃𝑟 𝑟 We 𝐴)
Theorem	ac5num 10073*	A version of ac5b 10515 with the choice as a hypothesis. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((∪ 𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ ¬ ∅ ∈ 𝐴) → ∃𝑓(𝑓:𝐴⟶∪ 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑓‘𝑥) ∈ 𝑥))
Theorem	ondomen 10074	If a set is dominated by an ordinal, then it is numerable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 5-Jan-2013.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ On ∧ 𝐵 ≼ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ dom card)
Theorem	numdom 10075	A set dominated by a numerable set is numerable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ≼ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ dom card)
Theorem	ssnum 10076	A subset of a numerable set is numerable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ dom card)
Theorem	onssnum 10077	All subsets of the ordinals are numerable. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 12-Feb-2013.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 ⊆ On) → 𝐴 ∈ dom card)
Theorem	indcardi 10078*	Indirect strong induction on the cardinality of a finite or numerable set. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 24-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑇 ∈ dom card)    &   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑅 ≼ 𝑇 ∧ ∀𝑦(𝑆 ≺ 𝑅 → 𝜒)) → 𝜓)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜓 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → 𝑅 = 𝑆)    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → 𝑅 = 𝑇)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝜃)
Theorem	acnrcl 10079	Reverse closure for the choice set predicate. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴 → 𝐴 ∈ V)
Theorem	acneq 10080	Equality theorem for the choice set function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 = 𝐶 → AC 𝐴 = AC 𝐶)
Theorem	isacn 10081*	The property of being a choice set of length 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝑊) → (𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴 ↔ ∀𝑓 ∈ ((𝒫 𝑋 ∖ {∅}) ↑m 𝐴)∃𝑔∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑔‘𝑥) ∈ (𝑓‘𝑥)))
Theorem	acni 10082*	The property of being a choice set of length 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴 ∧ 𝐹:𝐴⟶(𝒫 𝑋 ∖ {∅})) → ∃𝑔∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑔‘𝑥) ∈ (𝐹‘𝑥))
Theorem	acni2 10083*	The property of being a choice set of length 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝐵 ⊆ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ ∅)) → ∃𝑔(𝑔:𝐴⟶𝑋 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑔‘𝑥) ∈ 𝐵))
Theorem	acni3 10084*	The property of being a choice set of length 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝑦 = (𝑔‘𝑥) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑋 𝜑) → ∃𝑔(𝑔:𝐴⟶𝑋 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝜓))
Theorem	acnlem 10085*	Construct a mapping satisfying the consequent of isacn 10081. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝐵 ∈ (𝑓‘𝑥)) → ∃𝑔∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑔‘𝑥) ∈ (𝑓‘𝑥))
Theorem	numacn 10086	A well-orderable set has choice sequences of every length. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝑋 ∈ dom card → 𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴))
Theorem	finacn 10087	Every set has finite choice sequences. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ Fin → AC 𝐴 = V)
Theorem	acndom 10088	A set with long choice sequences also has shorter choice sequences, where "shorter" here means the new index set is dominated by the old index set. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ≼ 𝐵 → (𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐵 → 𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴))
Theorem	acnnum 10089	A set 𝑋 which has choice sequences on it of length 𝒫 𝑋 is well-orderable (and hence has choice sequences of every length). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝑋 ∈ AC 𝒫 𝑋 ↔ 𝑋 ∈ dom card)
Theorem	acnen 10090	The class of choice sets of length 𝐴 is a cardinal invariant. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ≈ 𝐵 → AC 𝐴 = AC 𝐵)
Theorem	acndom2 10091	A set smaller than one with choice sequences of length 𝐴 also has choice sequences of length 𝐴. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝑋 ≼ 𝑌 → (𝑌 ∈ AC 𝐴 → 𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴))
Theorem	acnen2 10092	The class of sets with choice sequences of length 𝐴 is a cardinal invariant. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝑋 ≈ 𝑌 → (𝑋 ∈ AC 𝐴 ↔ 𝑌 ∈ AC 𝐴))
Theorem	fodomacn 10093	A version of fodom 10560 that doesn't require the Axiom of Choice ax-ac 10496. If 𝐴 has choice sequences of length 𝐵, then any surjection from 𝐴 to 𝐵 can be inverted to an injection the other way. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ AC 𝐵 → (𝐹:𝐴–onto→𝐵 → 𝐵 ≼ 𝐴))
Theorem	fodomnum 10094	A version of fodom 10560 that doesn't require the Axiom of Choice ax-ac 10496. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ dom card → (𝐹:𝐴–onto→𝐵 → 𝐵 ≼ 𝐴))
Theorem	fonum 10095	A surjection maps numerable sets to numerable sets. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-Apr-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐹:𝐴–onto→𝐵) → 𝐵 ∈ dom card)
Theorem	numwdom 10096	A surjection maps numerable sets to numerable sets. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Aug-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ 𝐵 ≼* 𝐴) → 𝐵 ∈ dom card)
Theorem	fodomfi2 10097	Onto functions define dominance when a finite number of choices need to be made. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 28-Feb-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝐹:𝐴–onto→𝐵) → 𝐵 ≼ 𝐴)
Theorem	wdomfil 10098	Weak dominance agrees with normal for finite left sets. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 28-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 5-May-2015.)
⊢ (𝑋 ∈ Fin → (𝑋 ≼* 𝑌 ↔ 𝑋 ≼ 𝑌))
Theorem	infpwfien 10099	Any infinite well-orderable set is equinumerous to its set of finite subsets. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-May-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ ω ≼ 𝐴) → (𝒫 𝐴 ∩ Fin) ≈ 𝐴)
Theorem	inffien 10100	The set of finite intersections of an infinite well-orderable set is equinumerous to the set itself. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-May-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ dom card ∧ ω ≼ 𝐴) → (fi‘𝐴) ≈ 𝐴)