P. 167 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 16601-16700   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	lcmfunsnlem1 16601*	Lemma for lcmfdvds 16606 and lcmfunsnlem 16605 (Induction step part 1). (Contributed by AV, 25-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑧 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ∈ Fin) ∧ (∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑦 𝑚 ∥ 𝑘 → (lcm‘𝑦) ∥ 𝑘) ∧ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℤ (lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑛})) = ((lcm‘𝑦) lcm 𝑛))) → ∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ (∀𝑚 ∈ (𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})𝑚 ∥ 𝑘 → (lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})) ∥ 𝑘))
Theorem	lcmfunsnlem2lem1 16602*	Lemma 1 for lcmfunsnlem2 16604. (Contributed by AV, 26-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((0 ∉ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑧 ≠ 0 ∧ 𝑛 ≠ 0) ∧ (𝑛 ∈ ℤ ∧ ((𝑧 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ∈ Fin) ∧ (∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑦 𝑚 ∥ 𝑘 → (lcm‘𝑦) ∥ 𝑘) ∧ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℤ (lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑛})) = ((lcm‘𝑦) lcm 𝑛))))) → ∀𝑘 ∈ ℕ (∀𝑖 ∈ ((𝑦 ∪ {𝑧}) ∪ {𝑛})𝑖 ∥ 𝑘 → ((lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})) lcm 𝑛) ≤ 𝑘))
Theorem	lcmfunsnlem2lem2 16603*	Lemma 2 for lcmfunsnlem2 16604. (Contributed by AV, 26-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((0 ∉ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑧 ≠ 0 ∧ 𝑛 ≠ 0) ∧ (𝑛 ∈ ℤ ∧ ((𝑧 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ∈ Fin) ∧ (∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑦 𝑚 ∥ 𝑘 → (lcm‘𝑦) ∥ 𝑘) ∧ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℤ (lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑛})) = ((lcm‘𝑦) lcm 𝑛))))) → (lcm‘((𝑦 ∪ {𝑧}) ∪ {𝑛})) = ((lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})) lcm 𝑛))
Theorem	lcmfunsnlem2 16604*	Lemma for lcmfunsn 16608 and lcmfunsnlem 16605 (Induction step part 2). (Contributed by AV, 26-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑧 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑦 ∈ Fin) ∧ (∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑦 𝑚 ∥ 𝑘 → (lcm‘𝑦) ∥ 𝑘) ∧ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℤ (lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑛})) = ((lcm‘𝑦) lcm 𝑛))) → ∀𝑛 ∈ ℤ (lcm‘((𝑦 ∪ {𝑧}) ∪ {𝑛})) = ((lcm‘(𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})) lcm 𝑛))
Theorem	lcmfunsnlem 16605*	Lemma for lcmfdvds 16606 and lcmfunsn 16608. These two theorems must be proven simultaneously by induction on the cardinality of a finite set 𝑌, because they depend on each other. This can be seen by the two parts lcmfunsnlem1 16601 and lcmfunsnlem2 16604 of the induction step, each of them using both induction hypotheses. (Contributed by AV, 26-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝑌 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑌 ∈ Fin) → (∀𝑘 ∈ ℤ (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑌 𝑚 ∥ 𝑘 → (lcm‘𝑌) ∥ 𝑘) ∧ ∀𝑛 ∈ ℤ (lcm‘(𝑌 ∪ {𝑛})) = ((lcm‘𝑌) lcm 𝑛)))
Theorem	lcmfdvds 16606*	The least common multiple of a set of integers divides any integer which is divisible by all elements of the set. (Contributed by AV, 26-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑍 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑍 ∈ Fin) → (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑍 𝑚 ∥ 𝐾 → (lcm‘𝑍) ∥ 𝐾))
Theorem	lcmfdvdsb 16607*	Biconditional form of lcmfdvds 16606. (Contributed by AV, 26-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑍 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑍 ∈ Fin) → (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑍 𝑚 ∥ 𝐾 ↔ (lcm‘𝑍) ∥ 𝐾))
Theorem	lcmfunsn 16608	The lcm function for a union of a set of integer and a singleton. (Contributed by AV, 26-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝑌 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑌 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (lcm‘(𝑌 ∪ {𝑁})) = ((lcm‘𝑌) lcm 𝑁))
Theorem	lcmfun 16609	The lcm function for a union of sets of integers. (Contributed by AV, 27-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑌 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑌 ∈ Fin) ∧ (𝑍 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑍 ∈ Fin)) → (lcm‘(𝑌 ∪ 𝑍)) = ((lcm‘𝑌) lcm (lcm‘𝑍)))
Theorem	lcmfass 16610	Associative law for the lcm function. (Contributed by AV, 27-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑌 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑌 ∈ Fin) ∧ (𝑍 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑍 ∈ Fin)) → (lcm‘({(lcm‘𝑌)} ∪ 𝑍)) = (lcm‘(𝑌 ∪ {(lcm‘𝑍)})))
Theorem	lcmf2a3a4e12 16611	The least common multiple of 2 , 3 and 4 is 12. (Contributed by AV, 27-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (lcm‘{2, 3, 4}) = ;12
Theorem	lcmflefac 16612	The least common multiple of all positive integers less than or equal to an integer is less than or equal to the factorial of the integer. (Contributed by AV, 16-Aug-2020.) (Revised by AV, 27-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ → (lcm‘(1...𝑁)) ≤ (!‘𝑁))
6.1.12  Coprimality and Euclid's lemma According to Wikipedia "Coprime integers", see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime_integers (16-Aug-2020) "[...] two integers a and b are said to be relatively prime, mutually prime, or coprime [...] if the only positive integer (factor) that divides both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides one does not divide the other. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (gcd) being 1.". In the following, we use this equivalent characterization to say that 𝐴 ∈ ℤ and 𝐵 ∈ ℤ are coprime (or relatively prime) if (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1. The equivalence of the definitions is shown by coprmgcdb 16613. The negation, i.e. two integers are not coprime, can be expressed either by (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) ≠ 1, see ncoprmgcdne1b 16614, or equivalently by 1 < (𝐴 gcd 𝐵), see ncoprmgcdgt1b 16615. A proof of Euclid's lemma based on coprimality is provided in coprmdvds 16617 (see euclemma 16678 for a version of Euclid's lemma for primes).
Theorem	coprmgcdb 16613*	Two positive integers are coprime, i.e. the only positive integer that divides both of them is 1, iff their greatest common divisor is 1. (Contributed by AV, 9-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (∀𝑖 ∈ ℕ ((𝑖 ∥ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑖 ∥ 𝐵) → 𝑖 = 1) ↔ (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1))
Theorem	ncoprmgcdne1b 16614*	Two positive integers are not coprime, i.e. there is an integer greater than 1 which divides both integers, iff their greatest common divisor is not 1. See prmdvdsncoprmbd 16692 for a version where the existential quantifier is restricted to primes. (Contributed by AV, 9-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (∃𝑖 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2)(𝑖 ∥ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑖 ∥ 𝐵) ↔ (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) ≠ 1))
Theorem	ncoprmgcdgt1b 16615*	Two positive integers are not coprime, i.e. there is an integer greater than 1 which divides both integers, iff their greatest common divisor is greater than 1. (Contributed by AV, 9-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (∃𝑖 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2)(𝑖 ∥ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑖 ∥ 𝐵) ↔ 1 < (𝐴 gcd 𝐵)))
Theorem	coprmdvds1 16616	If two positive integers are coprime, i.e. their greatest common divisor is 1, the only positive integer that divides both of them is 1. (Contributed by AV, 4-Aug-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐹 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐺 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝐹 gcd 𝐺) = 1) → ((𝐼 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐼 ∥ 𝐹 ∧ 𝐼 ∥ 𝐺) → 𝐼 = 1))
Theorem	coprmdvds 16617	Euclid's Lemma (see ProofWiki "Euclid's Lemma", 10-Jul-2021, https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Euclid's_Lemma): If an integer divides the product of two integers and is coprime to one of them, then it divides the other. See also theorem 1.5 in [ApostolNT] p. 16. Generalization of euclemma 16678. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by AV, 10-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → ((𝐾 ∥ (𝑀 · 𝑁) ∧ (𝐾 gcd 𝑀) = 1) → 𝐾 ∥ 𝑁))
Theorem	coprmdvds2 16618	If an integer is divisible by two coprime integers, then it is divisible by their product. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.)
⊢ (((𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐾 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑀 gcd 𝑁) = 1) → ((𝑀 ∥ 𝐾 ∧ 𝑁 ∥ 𝐾) → (𝑀 · 𝑁) ∥ 𝐾))
Theorem	mulgcddvds 16619	One half of rpmulgcd2 16620, which does not need the coprimality assumption. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝐾 gcd (𝑀 · 𝑁)) ∥ ((𝐾 gcd 𝑀) · (𝐾 gcd 𝑁)))
Theorem	rpmulgcd2 16620	If 𝑀 is relatively prime to 𝑁, then the GCD of 𝐾 with 𝑀 · 𝑁 is the product of the GCDs with 𝑀 and 𝑁 respectively. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.)
⊢ (((𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑀 gcd 𝑁) = 1) → (𝐾 gcd (𝑀 · 𝑁)) = ((𝐾 gcd 𝑀) · (𝐾 gcd 𝑁)))
Theorem	qredeq 16621	Two equal reduced fractions have the same numerator and denominator. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 29-Sep-2013.)
⊢ (((𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝑀 gcd 𝑁) = 1) ∧ (𝑃 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝑃 gcd 𝑄) = 1) ∧ (𝑀 / 𝑁) = (𝑃 / 𝑄)) → (𝑀 = 𝑃 ∧ 𝑁 = 𝑄))
Theorem	qredeu 16622*	Every rational number has a unique reduced form. (Contributed by Jeff Hankins, 29-Sep-2013.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℚ → ∃!𝑥 ∈ (ℤ × ℕ)(((1st ‘𝑥) gcd (2nd ‘𝑥)) = 1 ∧ 𝐴 = ((1st ‘𝑥) / (2nd ‘𝑥))))
Theorem	rpmul 16623	If 𝐾 is relatively prime to 𝑀 and to 𝑁, it is also relatively prime to their product. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (((𝐾 gcd 𝑀) = 1 ∧ (𝐾 gcd 𝑁) = 1) → (𝐾 gcd (𝑀 · 𝑁)) = 1))
Theorem	rpdvds 16624	If 𝐾 is relatively prime to 𝑁 then it is also relatively prime to any divisor 𝑀 of 𝑁. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 19-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (((𝐾 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) ∧ ((𝐾 gcd 𝑁) = 1 ∧ 𝑀 ∥ 𝑁)) → (𝐾 gcd 𝑀) = 1)
Theorem	coprmprod 16625*	The product of the elements of a sequence of pairwise coprime positive integers is coprime to a positive integer which is coprime to all integers of the sequence. (Contributed by AV, 18-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑀 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝑀 ⊆ ℕ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) ∧ 𝐹:ℕ⟶ℕ ∧ ∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑀 ((𝐹‘𝑚) gcd 𝑁) = 1) → (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑀 ∀𝑛 ∈ (𝑀 ∖ {𝑚})((𝐹‘𝑚) gcd (𝐹‘𝑛)) = 1 → (∏𝑚 ∈ 𝑀 (𝐹‘𝑚) gcd 𝑁) = 1))
Theorem	coprmproddvdslem 16626*	Lemma for coprmproddvds 16627: Induction step. (Contributed by AV, 19-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝑦 ∈ Fin ∧ ¬ 𝑧 ∈ 𝑦) → ((((𝑦 ⊆ ℕ ∧ (𝐾 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐹:ℕ⟶ℕ)) ∧ (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑦 ∀𝑛 ∈ (𝑦 ∖ {𝑚})((𝐹‘𝑚) gcd (𝐹‘𝑛)) = 1 ∧ ∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑦 (𝐹‘𝑚) ∥ 𝐾)) → ∏𝑚 ∈ 𝑦 (𝐹‘𝑚) ∥ 𝐾) → ((((𝑦 ∪ {𝑧}) ⊆ ℕ ∧ (𝐾 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐹:ℕ⟶ℕ)) ∧ (∀𝑚 ∈ (𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})∀𝑛 ∈ ((𝑦 ∪ {𝑧}) ∖ {𝑚})((𝐹‘𝑚) gcd (𝐹‘𝑛)) = 1 ∧ ∀𝑚 ∈ (𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})(𝐹‘𝑚) ∥ 𝐾)) → ∏𝑚 ∈ (𝑦 ∪ {𝑧})(𝐹‘𝑚) ∥ 𝐾)))
Theorem	coprmproddvds 16627*	If a positive integer is divisible by each element of a set of pairwise coprime positive integers, then it is divisible by their product. (Contributed by AV, 19-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (((𝑀 ⊆ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ Fin) ∧ (𝐾 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐹:ℕ⟶ℕ) ∧ (∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑀 ∀𝑛 ∈ (𝑀 ∖ {𝑚})((𝐹‘𝑚) gcd (𝐹‘𝑛)) = 1 ∧ ∀𝑚 ∈ 𝑀 (𝐹‘𝑚) ∥ 𝐾)) → ∏𝑚 ∈ 𝑀 (𝐹‘𝑚) ∥ 𝐾)
6.1.13  Cancellability of congruences
Theorem	congr 16628*	Definition of congruence by integer multiple (see ProofWiki "Congruence (Number Theory)", 11-Jul-2021, https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Definition:Congruence_(Number_Theory)): An integer 𝐴 is congruent to an integer 𝐵 modulo 𝑀 if their difference is a multiple of 𝑀. See also the definition in [ApostolNT] p. 104: "... 𝑎 is congruent to 𝑏 modulo 𝑚, and we write 𝑎≡𝑏 (mod 𝑚) if 𝑚 divides the difference 𝑎 − 𝑏", or Wikipedia "Modular arithmetic - Congruence", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic#Congruence, 11-Jul-2021,: "Given an integer n > 1, called a modulus, two integers are said to be congruent modulo n, if n is a divisor of their difference (i.e., if there is an integer k such that a-b = kn)". (Contributed by AV, 11-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ) → ((𝐴 mod 𝑀) = (𝐵 mod 𝑀) ↔ ∃𝑛 ∈ ℤ (𝑛 · 𝑀) = (𝐴 − 𝐵)))
Theorem	divgcdcoprm0 16629	Integers divided by gcd are coprime. (Contributed by AV, 12-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 0) → ((𝐴 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵)) gcd (𝐵 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵))) = 1)
Theorem	divgcdcoprmex 16630*	Integers divided by gcd are coprime (see ProofWiki "Integers Divided by GCD are Coprime", 11-Jul-2021, https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Integers_Divided_by_GCD_are_Coprime): Any pair of integers, not both zero, can be reduced to a pair of coprime ones by dividing them by their gcd. (Contributed by AV, 12-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 0) ∧ 𝑀 = (𝐴 gcd 𝐵)) → ∃𝑎 ∈ ℤ ∃𝑏 ∈ ℤ (𝐴 = (𝑀 · 𝑎) ∧ 𝐵 = (𝑀 · 𝑏) ∧ (𝑎 gcd 𝑏) = 1))
Theorem	cncongr1 16631	One direction of the bicondition in cncongr 16633. Theorem 5.4 in [ApostolNT] p. 109. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 = (𝑁 / (𝐶 gcd 𝑁)))) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) → (𝐴 mod 𝑀) = (𝐵 mod 𝑀)))
Theorem	cncongr2 16632	The other direction of the bicondition in cncongr 16633. (Contributed by AV, 11-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 = (𝑁 / (𝐶 gcd 𝑁)))) → ((𝐴 mod 𝑀) = (𝐵 mod 𝑀) → ((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁)))
Theorem	cncongr 16633	Cancellability of Congruences (see ProofWiki "Cancellability of Congruences, https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Cancellability_of_Congruences, 10-Jul-2021): Two products with a common factor are congruent modulo a positive integer iff the other factors are congruent modulo the integer divided by the greatest common divisor of the integer and the common factor. See also Theorem 5.4 "Cancellation law" in [ApostolNT] p. 109. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑀 = (𝑁 / (𝐶 gcd 𝑁)))) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) ↔ (𝐴 mod 𝑀) = (𝐵 mod 𝑀)))
Theorem	cncongrcoprm 16634	Corollary 1 of Cancellability of Congruences: Two products with a common factor are congruent modulo an integer being coprime to the common factor iff the other factors are congruent modulo the integer. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ (𝐶 gcd 𝑁) = 1)) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑁) ↔ (𝐴 mod 𝑁) = (𝐵 mod 𝑁)))
6.2  Elementary prime number theory
6.2.1  Elementary properties Remark: to represent odd prime numbers, i.e., all prime numbers except 2, the idiom 𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}) is used. It is a little bit shorter than (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑃 ≠ 2). Both representations can be converted into each other by eldifsn 4721.
Syntax	cprime 16635	Extend the definition of a class to include the set of prime numbers.
class ℙ
Definition	df-prm 16636*	Define the set of prime numbers. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ ℙ = {𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 𝑝} ≈ 2o}
Theorem	isprm 16637*	The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is a positive integer with exactly two positive divisors. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ ℕ ∧ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 𝑃} ≈ 2o))
Theorem	prmnn 16638	A prime number is a positive integer. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 𝑃 ∈ ℕ)
Theorem	prmz 16639	A prime number is an integer. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Jonathan Yan, 16-Jul-2017.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 𝑃 ∈ ℤ)
Theorem	prmssnn 16640	The prime numbers are a subset of the positive integers. (Contributed by AV, 22-Jul-2020.)
⊢ ℙ ⊆ ℕ
Theorem	prmex 16641	The set of prime numbers exists. (Contributed by AV, 22-Jul-2020.)
⊢ ℙ ∈ V
Theorem	0nprm 16642	0 is not a prime number. Already Definition df-prm 16636 excludes 0 from being prime (ℙ = {𝑝 ∈ ℕ ∣ ...), but even if 𝑝 ∈ ℕ0 was allowed, the condition {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 𝑝} ≈ 2o would not hold for 𝑝 = 0, because {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 0} = ℕ, see dvds0 16235, and ¬ ℕ ≈ 2o (there are more than 2 positive integers). (Contributed by AV, 29-May-2023.)
⊢ ¬ 0 ∈ ℙ
Theorem	1nprm 16643	1 is not a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Fan Zheng, 3-Jul-2016.)
⊢ ¬ 1 ∈ ℙ
Theorem	1idssfct 16644*	The positive divisors of a positive integer include 1 and itself. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ ℕ → {1, 𝑁} ⊆ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 𝑁})
Theorem	isprm2lem 16645*	Lemma for isprm2 16646. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑃 ≠ 1) → ({𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 𝑃} ≈ 2o ↔ {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∣ 𝑛 ∥ 𝑃} = {1, 𝑃}))
Theorem	isprm2 16646*	The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2 whose only positive divisors are 1 and itself. Definition in [ApostolNT] p. 16. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ ℕ (𝑧 ∥ 𝑃 → (𝑧 = 1 ∨ 𝑧 = 𝑃))))
Theorem	isprm3 16647*	The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2 with no divisors strictly between 1 and itself. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ (2...(𝑃 − 1)) ¬ 𝑧 ∥ 𝑃))
Theorem	isprm4 16648*	The predicate "is a prime number". A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2 whose only divisor greater than or equal to 2 is itself. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2)(𝑧 ∥ 𝑃 → 𝑧 = 𝑃)))
Theorem	prmind2 16649*	A variation on prmind 16650 assuming complete induction for primes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 1 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑧 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝑦 · 𝑧) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜏))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜂))    &   ⊢ 𝜓    &   ⊢ ((𝑥 ∈ ℙ ∧ ∀𝑦 ∈ (1...(𝑥 − 1))𝜒) → 𝜑)    &   ⊢ ((𝑦 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑧 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2)) → ((𝜒 ∧ 𝜃) → 𝜏))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ → 𝜂)
Theorem	prmind 16650*	Perform induction over the multiplicative structure of ℕ. If a property 𝜑(𝑥) holds for the primes and 1 and is preserved under multiplication, then it holds for every positive integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝑥 = 1 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜓))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑦 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜒))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝑧 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜃))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = (𝑦 · 𝑧) → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜏))    &   ⊢ (𝑥 = 𝐴 → (𝜑 ↔ 𝜂))    &   ⊢ 𝜓    &   ⊢ (𝑥 ∈ ℙ → 𝜑)    &   ⊢ ((𝑦 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑧 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2)) → ((𝜒 ∧ 𝜃) → 𝜏))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℕ → 𝜂)
Theorem	dvdsprime 16651	If 𝑀 divides a prime, then 𝑀 is either the prime or one. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ) → (𝑀 ∥ 𝑃 ↔ (𝑀 = 𝑃 ∨ 𝑀 = 1)))
Theorem	nprm 16652	A product of two integers greater than one is composite. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝐵 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2)) → ¬ (𝐴 · 𝐵) ∈ ℙ)
Theorem	nprmi 16653	An inference for compositeness. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Feb-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
⊢ 𝐴 ∈ ℕ    &   ⊢ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ    &   ⊢ 1 < 𝐴    &   ⊢ 1 < 𝐵    &   ⊢ (𝐴 · 𝐵) = 𝑁    ⇒   ⊢ ¬ 𝑁 ∈ ℙ
Theorem	dvdsnprmd 16654	If a number is divisible by an integer greater than 1 and less than the number, the number is not prime. (Contributed by AV, 24-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 1 < 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 < 𝑁)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∥ 𝑁)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑁 ∈ ℙ)
Theorem	prm2orodd 16655	A prime number is either 2 or odd. (Contributed by AV, 19-Jun-2021.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → (𝑃 = 2 ∨ ¬ 2 ∥ 𝑃))
Theorem	2prm 16656	2 is a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Fan Zheng, 16-Jun-2016.)
⊢ 2 ∈ ℙ
Theorem	2mulprm 16657	A multiple of two is prime iff the multiplier is one. (Contributed by AV, 8-Jun-2023.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤ → ((2 · 𝐴) ∈ ℙ ↔ 𝐴 = 1))
Theorem	3prm 16658	3 is a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ 3 ∈ ℙ
Theorem	4nprm 16659	4 is not a prime number. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-Feb-2014.)
⊢ ¬ 4 ∈ ℙ
Theorem	prmuz2 16660	A prime number is an integer greater than or equal to 2. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2))
Theorem	prmssuz2 16661	The primes are integers greater than 1. (Contributed by AV, 10-Apr-2026.)
⊢ ℙ ⊆ (ℤ≥‘2)
Theorem	prmgt1 16662	A prime number is an integer greater than 1. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 17-May-2018.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → 1 < 𝑃)
Theorem	prmm2nn0 16663	Subtracting 2 from a prime number results in a nonnegative integer. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Aug-2018.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → (𝑃 − 2) ∈ ℕ0)
Theorem	oddprmgt2 16664	An odd prime is greater than 2. (Contributed by AV, 20-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}) → 2 < 𝑃)
Theorem	oddprmge3 16665	An odd prime is greater than or equal to 3. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 7-Oct-2018.) (Revised by AV, 20-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ (ℙ ∖ {2}) → 𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘3))
Theorem	ge2nprmge4 16666	A composite integer greater than or equal to 2 is greater than or equal to 4. (Contributed by AV, 5-Jun-2023.)
⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑋 ∉ ℙ) → 𝑋 ∈ (ℤ≥‘4))
Theorem	sqnprm 16667	A square is never prime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝐴 ∈ ℤ → ¬ (𝐴↑2) ∈ ℙ)
Theorem	dvdsprm 16668	An integer greater than or equal to 2 divides a prime number iff it is equal to it. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.)
⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ 𝑃 ∈ ℙ) → (𝑁 ∥ 𝑃 ↔ 𝑁 = 𝑃))
Theorem	exprmfct 16669*	Every integer greater than or equal to 2 has a prime factor. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 26-Oct-2012.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 20-Jun-2015.)
⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → ∃𝑝 ∈ ℙ 𝑝 ∥ 𝑁)
Theorem	prmdvdsfz 16670*	Each integer greater than 1 and less than or equal to a fixed number is divisible by a prime less than or equal to this fixed number. (Contributed by AV, 15-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐼 ∈ (2...𝑁)) → ∃𝑝 ∈ ℙ (𝑝 ≤ 𝑁 ∧ 𝑝 ∥ 𝐼))
Theorem	nprmdvds1 16671	No prime number divides 1. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 2-Jul-2015.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ → ¬ 𝑃 ∥ 1)
Theorem	isprm5 16672*	One need only check prime divisors of 𝑃 up to √𝑃 in order to ensure primality. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Feb-2014.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ ℙ ((𝑧↑2) ≤ 𝑃 → ¬ 𝑧 ∥ 𝑃)))
Theorem	isprm7 16673*	One need only check prime divisors of 𝑃 up to √𝑃 in order to ensure primality. This version of isprm5 16672 combines the primality and bound on 𝑧 into a finite interval of prime numbers. (Contributed by Steve Rodriguez, 20-Jan-2020.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ ∀𝑧 ∈ ((2...(⌊‘(√‘𝑃))) ∩ ℙ) ¬ 𝑧 ∥ 𝑃))
Theorem	maxprmfct 16674*	The set of prime factors of an integer greater than or equal to 2 satisfies the conditions to have a supremum, and that supremum is a member of the set. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.)
⊢ 𝑆 = {𝑧 ∈ ℙ ∣ 𝑧 ∥ 𝑁}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) → ((𝑆 ⊆ ℤ ∧ 𝑆 ≠ ∅ ∧ ∃𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑦 ∈ 𝑆 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥) ∧ sup(𝑆, ℝ, < ) ∈ 𝑆))
Theorem	divgcdodd 16675	Either 𝐴 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) is odd or 𝐵 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) is odd. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 19-Apr-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ) → (¬ 2 ∥ (𝐴 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵)) ∨ ¬ 2 ∥ (𝐵 / (𝐴 gcd 𝐵))))
6.2.2  Coprimality and Euclid's lemma (cont.) This section is about coprimality with respect to primes, and a special version of Euclid's lemma for primes is provided, see euclemma 16678.
Theorem	coprm 16676	A prime number either divides an integer or is coprime to it, but not both. Theorem 1.8 in [ApostolNT] p. 17. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 22-Jun-2011.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (¬ 𝑃 ∥ 𝑁 ↔ (𝑃 gcd 𝑁) = 1))
Theorem	prmrp 16677	Unequal prime numbers are relatively prime. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 23-Feb-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ) → ((𝑃 gcd 𝑄) = 1 ↔ 𝑃 ≠ 𝑄))
Theorem	euclemma 16678	Euclid's lemma. A prime number divides the product of two integers iff it divides at least one of them. Theorem 1.9 in [ApostolNT] p. 17. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 17-Nov-2012.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℤ) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝑀 · 𝑁) ↔ (𝑃 ∥ 𝑀 ∨ 𝑃 ∥ 𝑁)))
Theorem	isprm6 16679*	A number is prime iff it satisfies Euclid's lemma euclemma 16678. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Sep-2015.)
⊢ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ↔ (𝑃 ∈ (ℤ≥‘2) ∧ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℤ ∀𝑦 ∈ ℤ (𝑃 ∥ (𝑥 · 𝑦) → (𝑃 ∥ 𝑥 ∨ 𝑃 ∥ 𝑦))))
Theorem	prmdvdsexp 16680	A prime divides a positive power of an integer iff it divides the integer. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-Jul-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝐴↑𝑁) ↔ 𝑃 ∥ 𝐴))
Theorem	prmdvdsexpb 16681	A prime divides a positive power of another iff they are equal. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 30-Nov-2012.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝑄↑𝑁) ↔ 𝑃 = 𝑄))
Theorem	prmdvdsexpr 16682	If a prime divides a nonnegative power of another, then they are equal. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-Jan-2015.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝑃 ∥ (𝑄↑𝑁) → 𝑃 = 𝑄))
Theorem	prmdvdssq 16683	Condition for a prime dividing a square. (Contributed by Scott Fenton, 8-Apr-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 19-Apr-2014.) (Proof shortened by SN, 21-Aug-2024.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℤ) → (𝑃 ∥ 𝑀 ↔ 𝑃 ∥ (𝑀↑2)))
Theorem	prmexpb 16684	Two positive prime powers are equal iff the primes and the powers are equal. (Contributed by Paul Chapman, 30-Nov-2012.)
⊢ (((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑄 ∈ ℙ) ∧ (𝑀 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ)) → ((𝑃↑𝑀) = (𝑄↑𝑁) ↔ (𝑃 = 𝑄 ∧ 𝑀 = 𝑁)))
Theorem	prmfac1 16685	The factorial of a number only contains primes less than the base. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-Mar-2014.)
⊢ ((𝑁 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑃 ∥ (!‘𝑁)) → 𝑃 ≤ 𝑁)
Theorem	dvdszzq 16686	Divisibility for an integer quotient. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 17-Sep-2023.)
⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐴 / 𝐵)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∈ ℙ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℤ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ≠ 0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∥ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → ¬ 𝑃 ∥ 𝐵)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑃 ∥ 𝑁)
Theorem	rpexp 16687	If two numbers 𝐴 and 𝐵 are relatively prime, then they are still relatively prime if raised to a power. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 24-Feb-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ) → (((𝐴↑𝑁) gcd 𝐵) = 1 ↔ (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1))
Theorem	rpexp1i 16688	Relative primality passes to asymmetric powers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 27-Sep-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝑀 ∈ ℕ0) → ((𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1 → ((𝐴↑𝑀) gcd 𝐵) = 1))
Theorem	rpexp12i 16689	Relative primality passes to symmetric powers. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 27-Sep-2014.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ (𝑀 ∈ ℕ0 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)) → ((𝐴 gcd 𝐵) = 1 → ((𝐴↑𝑀) gcd (𝐵↑𝑁)) = 1))
Theorem	prmndvdsfaclt 16690	A prime number does not divide the factorial of a nonnegative integer less than the prime number. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0) → (𝑁 < 𝑃 → ¬ 𝑃 ∥ (!‘𝑁)))
Theorem	prmdvdsbc 16691	Condition for a prime number to divide a binomial coefficient. (Contributed by Thierry Arnoux, 17-Sep-2023.)
⊢ ((𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (1...(𝑃 − 1))) → 𝑃 ∥ (𝑃C𝑁))
Theorem	prmdvdsncoprmbd 16692*	Two positive integers are not coprime iff a prime divides both integers. Deduction version of ncoprmgcdne1b 16614 with the existential quantifier over the primes instead of integers greater than or equal to 2. (Contributed by SN, 24-Aug-2024.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴 ∈ ℕ)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐵 ∈ ℕ)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (∃𝑝 ∈ ℙ (𝑝 ∥ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑝 ∥ 𝐵) ↔ (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) ≠ 1))
Theorem	ncoprmlnprm 16693	If two positive integers are not coprime, the larger of them is not a prime number. (Contributed by AV, 9-Aug-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℕ ∧ 𝐴 < 𝐵) → (1 < (𝐴 gcd 𝐵) → 𝐵 ∉ ℙ))
Theorem	cncongrprm 16694	Corollary 2 of Cancellability of Congruences: Two products with a common factor are congruent modulo a prime number not dividing the common factor iff the other factors are congruent modulo the prime number. (Contributed by AV, 13-Jul-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐵 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝐶 ∈ ℤ) ∧ (𝑃 ∈ ℙ ∧ ¬ 𝑃 ∥ 𝐶)) → (((𝐴 · 𝐶) mod 𝑃) = ((𝐵 · 𝐶) mod 𝑃) ↔ (𝐴 mod 𝑃) = (𝐵 mod 𝑃)))
Theorem	isevengcd2 16695	The predicate "is an even number". An even number and 2 have 2 as greatest common divisor. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jul-2020.) (Revised by AV, 8-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝑍 ∈ ℤ → (2 ∥ 𝑍 ↔ (2 gcd 𝑍) = 2))
Theorem	isoddgcd1 16696	The predicate "is an odd number". An odd number and 2 have 1 as greatest common divisor. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jul-2020.) (Revised by AV, 8-Aug-2021.)
⊢ (𝑍 ∈ ℤ → (¬ 2 ∥ 𝑍 ↔ (2 gcd 𝑍) = 1))
Theorem	3lcm2e6 16697	The least common multiple of three and two is six. The operands are unequal primes and thus coprime, so the result is (the absolute value of) their product. (Contributed by Steve Rodriguez, 20-Jan-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Aug-2020.)
⊢ (3 lcm 2) = 6
6.2.3  Properties of the canonical representation of a rational
Syntax	cnumer 16698	Extend class notation to include canonical numerator function.
class numer
Syntax	cdenom 16699	Extend class notation to include canonical denominator function.
class denom
Definition	df-numer 16700*	The canonical numerator of a rational is the numerator of the rational's reduced fraction representation (no common factors, denominator positive). (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 13-Sep-2014.)
⊢ numer = (𝑦 ∈ ℚ ↦ (1st ‘(℩𝑥 ∈ (ℤ × ℕ)(((1st ‘𝑥) gcd (2nd ‘𝑥)) = 1 ∧ 𝑦 = ((1st ‘𝑥) / (2nd ‘𝑥))))))