P. 286 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 28501-28600   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
Theorem	eupth2lem3 28501*	Lemma for eupth2 28504. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2015.) (Revised by AV, 26-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UPGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Fun 𝐼)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ⟨𝑉, (𝐼 ↾ (𝐹 “ (0..^𝑁)))⟩    &   ⊢ 𝑋 = ⟨𝑉, (𝐼 ↾ (𝐹 “ (0..^(𝑁 + 1))))⟩    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 ∈ ℕ0)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝑁 + 1) ≤ (♯‘𝐹))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝐻)‘𝑥)} = if((𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘𝑁), ∅, {(𝑃‘0), (𝑃‘𝑁)}))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝑋)‘𝑈) ↔ 𝑈 ∈ if((𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘(𝑁 + 1)), ∅, {(𝑃‘0), (𝑃‘(𝑁 + 1))})))
Theorem	eupth2lemb 28502*	Lemma for eupth2 28504 (induction basis): There are no vertices of odd degree in an Eulerian path of length 0, having no edge and identical endpoints (the single vertex of the Eulerian path). Formerly part of proof for eupth2 28504. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2015.) (Revised by AV, 26-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UPGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Fun 𝐼)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘⟨𝑉, (𝐼 ↾ (𝐹 “ (0..^0)))⟩)‘𝑥)} = ∅)
Theorem	eupth2lems 28503*	Lemma for eupth2 28504 (induction step): The only vertices of odd degree in a graph with an Eulerian path are the endpoints, and then only if the endpoints are distinct, if the Eulerian path shortened by one edge has this property. Formerly part of proof for eupth2 28504. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2015.) (Revised by AV, 26-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UPGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Fun 𝐼)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ0) → ((𝑛 ≤ (♯‘𝐹) → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘⟨𝑉, (𝐼 ↾ (𝐹 “ (0..^𝑛)))⟩)‘𝑥)} = if((𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘𝑛), ∅, {(𝑃‘0), (𝑃‘𝑛)})) → ((𝑛 + 1) ≤ (♯‘𝐹) → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘⟨𝑉, (𝐼 ↾ (𝐹 “ (0..^(𝑛 + 1))))⟩)‘𝑥)} = if((𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘(𝑛 + 1)), ∅, {(𝑃‘0), (𝑃‘(𝑛 + 1))}))))
Theorem	eupth2 28504*	The only vertices of odd degree in a graph with an Eulerian path are the endpoints, and then only if the endpoints are distinct. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Apr-2015.) (Revised by AV, 26-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ UPGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → Fun 𝐼)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑥)} = if((𝑃‘0) = (𝑃‘(♯‘𝐹)), ∅, {(𝑃‘0), (𝑃‘(♯‘𝐹))}))
Theorem	eulerpathpr 28505*	A graph with an Eulerian path has either zero or two vertices of odd degree. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2015.) (Revised by AV, 26-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃) → (♯‘{𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑥)}) ∈ {0, 2})
Theorem	eulerpath 28506*	A pseudograph with an Eulerian path has either zero or two vertices of odd degree. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2015.) (Revised by AV, 26-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ (EulerPaths‘𝐺) ≠ ∅) → (♯‘{𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑥)}) ∈ {0, 2})
Theorem	eulercrct 28507*	A pseudograph with an Eulerian circuit ⟨𝐹, 𝑃⟩ (an "Eulerian pseudograph") has only vertices of even degree. (Contributed by AV, 12-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃 ∧ 𝐹(Circuits‘𝐺)𝑃) → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑥))
Theorem	eucrctshift 28508*	Cyclically shifting the indices of an Eulerian circuit ⟨𝐹, 𝑃⟩ results in an Eulerian circuit ⟨𝐻, 𝑄⟩. (Contributed by AV, 15-Mar-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Oct-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(Circuits‘𝐺)𝑃)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (♯‘𝐹)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑆 ∈ (0..^𝑁))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = (𝐹 cyclShift 𝑆)    &   ⊢ 𝑄 = (𝑥 ∈ (0...𝑁) ↦ if(𝑥 ≤ (𝑁 − 𝑆), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 𝑆)), (𝑃‘((𝑥 + 𝑆) − 𝑁))))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → (𝐻(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑄 ∧ 𝐻(Circuits‘𝐺)𝑄))
Theorem	eucrct2eupth1 28509	Removing one edge (𝐼‘(𝐹‘𝑁)) from a nonempty graph 𝐺 with an Eulerian circuit ⟨𝐹, 𝑃⟩ results in a graph 𝑆 with an Eulerian path ⟨𝐻, 𝑄⟩. This is the special case of eucrct2eupth 28510 (with 𝐽 = (𝑁 − 1)) where the last segment/edge of the circuit is removed. (Contributed by AV, 11-Mar-2021.) Hypothesis revised using the prefix operation. (Revised by AV, 30-Nov-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(Circuits‘𝐺)𝑃)    &   ⊢ (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 0 < (♯‘𝐹))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 = ((♯‘𝐹) − 1))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐼 ↾ (𝐹 “ (0..^𝑁))))    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = (𝐹 prefix 𝑁)    &   ⊢ 𝑄 = (𝑃 ↾ (0...𝑁))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻(EulerPaths‘𝑆)𝑄)
Theorem	eucrct2eupth 28510*	Removing one edge (𝐼‘(𝐹‘𝐽)) from a graph 𝐺 with an Eulerian circuit ⟨𝐹, 𝑃⟩ results in a graph 𝑆 with an Eulerian path ⟨𝐻, 𝑄⟩. (Contributed by AV, 17-Mar-2021.) Hypothesis revised using the prefix operation. (Revised by AV, 30-Nov-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(EulerPaths‘𝐺)𝑃)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐹(Circuits‘𝐺)𝑃)    &   ⊢ (Vtx‘𝑆) = 𝑉    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑁 = (♯‘𝐹))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐽 ∈ (0..^𝑁))    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑆) = (𝐼 ↾ (𝐹 “ ((0..^𝑁) ∖ {𝐽}))))    &   ⊢ 𝐾 = (𝐽 + 1)    &   ⊢ 𝐻 = ((𝐹 cyclShift 𝐾) prefix (𝑁 − 1))    &   ⊢ 𝑄 = (𝑥 ∈ (0..^𝑁) ↦ if(𝑥 ≤ (𝑁 − 𝐾), (𝑃‘(𝑥 + 𝐾)), (𝑃‘((𝑥 + 𝐾) − 𝑁))))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻(EulerPaths‘𝑆)𝑄)
16.4.2  The Königsberg Bridge problem According to Wikipedia ("Seven Bridges of Königsberg", 9-Mar-2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_Koenigsberg): "The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically notable problem in mathematics. Its negative resolution by Leonhard Euler in 1736 laid the foundations of graph theory and prefigured the idea of topology. The city of Königsberg in [East] Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) was set on both sides of the Pregel River, and included two large islands - Kneiphof and Lomse - which were connected to each other, or to the two mainland portions of the city, by seven bridges. The problem was to devise a walk through the city that would cross each of those bridges once and only once.". Euler proved that the problem has no solution by applying Euler's theorem to the Königsberg graph, which is obtained by replacing each land mass with an abstract "vertex" or node, and each bridge with an abstract connection, an "edge", which connects two land masses/vertices. The Königsberg graph 𝐺 is a multigraph consisting of 4 vertices and 7 edges, represented by the following ordered pair: 𝐺 = ⟨(0...3), ⟨“{0, 1}{0, 2} {0, 3}{1, 2}{1, 2}{2, 3}{2, 3}”⟩⟩, see konigsbergumgr 28516. konigsberg 28522 shows that the Königsberg graph has no Eulerian path, thus the Königsberg Bridge problem has no solution.
Theorem	konigsbergvtx 28511	The set of vertices of the Königsberg graph 𝐺. (Contributed by AV, 28-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (Vtx‘𝐺) = (0...3)
Theorem	konigsbergiedg 28512	The indexed edges of the Königsberg graph 𝐺. (Contributed by AV, 28-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (iEdg‘𝐺) = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩
Theorem	konigsbergiedgw 28513*	The indexed edges of the Königsberg graph 𝐺 is a word over the pairs of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 28-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐸 ∈ Word {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}
Theorem	konigsbergssiedgwpr 28514*	Each subset of the indexed edges of the Königsberg graph 𝐺 is a word over the pairs of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 28-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word V ∧ 𝐵 ∈ Word V ∧ 𝐸 = (𝐴 ++ 𝐵)) → 𝐴 ∈ Word {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2})
Theorem	konigsbergssiedgw 28515*	Each subset of the indexed edges of the Königsberg graph 𝐺 is a word over the pairs of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 28-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ Word V ∧ 𝐵 ∈ Word V ∧ 𝐸 = (𝐴 ++ 𝐵)) → 𝐴 ∈ Word {𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) ≤ 2})
Theorem	konigsbergumgr 28516	The Königsberg graph 𝐺 is a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 28-Feb-2021.) (Revised by AV, 9-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph
Theorem	konigsberglem1 28517	Lemma 1 for konigsberg 28522: Vertex 0 has degree three. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Mar-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Feb-2016.) (Revised by AV, 4-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘0) = 3
Theorem	konigsberglem2 28518	Lemma 2 for konigsberg 28522: Vertex 1 has degree three. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Mar-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Feb-2016.) (Revised by AV, 4-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘1) = 3
Theorem	konigsberglem3 28519	Lemma 3 for konigsberg 28522: Vertex 3 has degree three. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Mar-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Feb-2016.) (Revised by AV, 4-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘3) = 3
Theorem	konigsberglem4 28520*	Lemma 4 for konigsberg 28522: Vertices 0, 1, 3 are vertices of odd degree. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Mar-2015.) (Revised by AV, 28-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ {0, 1, 3} ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑥)}
Theorem	konigsberglem5 28521*	Lemma 5 for konigsberg 28522: The set of vertices of odd degree is greater than 2. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Mar-2015.) (Revised by AV, 28-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ 2 < (♯‘{𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ ¬ 2 ∥ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑥)})
Theorem	konigsberg 28522	The Königsberg Bridge problem. If 𝐺 is the Königsberg graph, i.e. a graph on four vertices 0, 1, 2, 3, with edges {0, 1}, {0, 2}, {0, 3}, {1, 2}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {2, 3}, then vertices 0, 1, 3 each have degree three, and 2 has degree five, so there are four vertices of odd degree and thus by eulerpath 28506 the graph cannot have an Eulerian path. It is sufficient to show that there are 3 vertices of odd degree, since a graph having an Eulerian path can only have 0 or 2 vertices of odd degree. This is Metamath 100 proof #54. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 11-Mar-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 28-Feb-2016.) (Revised by AV, 9-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (0...3)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = ⟨“{0, 1} {0, 2} {0, 3} {1, 2} {1, 2} {2, 3} {2, 3}”⟩    &   ⊢ 𝐺 = ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩    ⇒   ⊢ (EulerPaths‘𝐺) = ∅
16.5  The Friendship Theorem
16.5.1  Friendship graphs - basics
Syntax	cfrgr 28523	Extend class notation with friendship graphs.
class FriendGraph
Definition	df-frgr 28524*	Define the class of all friendship graphs: a simple graph is called a friendship graph if every pair of its vertices has exactly one common neighbor. This condition is called the friendship condition , see definition in [MertziosUnger] p. 152. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens and Mario Carneiro, 2-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.) (Revised by AV, 3-Jan-2024.)
⊢ FriendGraph = {𝑔 ∈ USGraph ∣ [(Vtx‘𝑔) / 𝑣][(Edg‘𝑔) / 𝑒]∀𝑘 ∈ 𝑣 ∀𝑙 ∈ (𝑣 ∖ {𝑘})∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝑣 {{𝑥, 𝑘}, {𝑥, 𝑙}} ⊆ 𝑒}
Theorem	isfrgr 28525*	The property of being a friendship graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.) (Revised by AV, 3-Jan-2024.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑙 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑘})∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 {{𝑥, 𝑘}, {𝑥, 𝑙}} ⊆ 𝐸))
Theorem	frgrusgr 28526	A friendship graph is a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → 𝐺 ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	frgr0v 28527	Any null graph (set with no vertices) is a friendship graph iff its edge function is empty. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ (Vtx‘𝐺) = ∅) → (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ↔ (iEdg‘𝐺) = ∅))
Theorem	frgr0vb 28528	Any null graph (without vertices and edges) is a friendship graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Sep-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ (Vtx‘𝐺) = ∅ ∧ (iEdg‘𝐺) = ∅) → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )
Theorem	frgruhgr0v 28529	Any null graph (without vertices) represented as hypergraph is a friendship graph. (Contributed by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ (Vtx‘𝐺) = ∅) → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )
Theorem	frgr0 28530	The null graph (graph without vertices) is a friendship graph. (Contributed by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ ∅ ∈ FriendGraph
Theorem	frcond1 28531*	The friendship condition: any two (different) vertices in a friendship graph have a unique common neighbor. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶) → ∃!𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 {{𝐴, 𝑏}, {𝑏, 𝐶}} ⊆ 𝐸))
Theorem	frcond2 28532*	The friendship condition: any two (different) vertices in a friendship graph have a unique common neighbor. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶) → ∃!𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ({𝐴, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	frgreu 28533*	Variant of frcond2 28532: Any two (different) vertices in a friendship graph have a unique common neighbor. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 4-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶) → ∃!𝑏({𝐴, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	frcond3 28534*	The friendship condition, expressed by neighborhoods: in a friendship graph, the neighborhood of a vertex and the neighborhood of a second, different vertex have exactly one vertex in common. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 30-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ((𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐴) ∩ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝐶)) = {𝑥}))
Theorem	frcond4 28535*	The friendship condition, alternatively expressed by neighborhoods: in a friendship graph, the neighborhoods of two different vertices have exactly one vertex in common. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑙 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑘})∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ((𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑘) ∩ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑙)) = {𝑥})
16.5.2  The friendship theorem for small graphs
Theorem	frgr1v 28536	Any graph with (at most) one vertex is a friendship graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ (Vtx‘𝐺) = {𝑁}) → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )
Theorem	nfrgr2v 28537	Any graph with two (different) vertices is not a friendship graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Sep-2017.) (Proof shortened by Alexander van der Vekens, 13-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑌 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ (Vtx‘𝐺) = {𝐴, 𝐵}) → 𝐺 ∉ FriendGraph )
Theorem	frgr3vlem1 28538*	Lemma 1 for frgr3v 28540. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑌 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑍) ∧ (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶) ∧ (𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} ∧ 𝐺 ∈ USGraph)) → ∀𝑥∀𝑦(((𝑥 ∈ {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} ∧ {{𝑥, 𝐴}, {𝑥, 𝐵}} ⊆ 𝐸) ∧ (𝑦 ∈ {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} ∧ {{𝑦, 𝐴}, {𝑦, 𝐵}} ⊆ 𝐸)) → 𝑥 = 𝑦))
Theorem	frgr3vlem2 28539*	Lemma 2 for frgr3v 28540. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑌 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑍) ∧ (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶)) → ((𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} ∧ 𝐺 ∈ USGraph) → (∃!𝑥 ∈ {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} {{𝑥, 𝐴}, {𝑥, 𝐵}} ⊆ 𝐸 ↔ ({𝐶, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐶, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸))))
Theorem	frgr3v 28540	Any graph with three vertices which are completely connected with each other is a friendship graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 29-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑌 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑍) ∧ (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶)) → ((𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} ∧ 𝐺 ∈ USGraph) → (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ↔ ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐶, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸))))
Theorem	1vwmgr 28541*	Every graph with one vertex (which may be connect with itself by (multiple) loops!) is a windmill graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 5-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 31-Mar-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝑉 = {𝐴}) → ∃ℎ ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑣 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ})({𝑣, ℎ} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ ∃!𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	3vfriswmgrlem 28542*	Lemma for 3vfriswmgr 28543. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 31-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑌 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ (𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶} ∧ 𝐺 ∈ USGraph)) → ({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 → ∃!𝑤 ∈ {𝐴, 𝐵} {𝐴, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	3vfriswmgr 28543*	Every friendship graph with three (different) vertices is a windmill graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 31-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑌 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑍) ∧ (𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐶) ∧ 𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶}) → (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∃ℎ ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑣 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ})({𝑣, ℎ} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ ∃!𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	1to2vfriswmgr 28544*	Every friendship graph with one or two vertices is a windmill graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 31-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ (𝑉 = {𝐴} ∨ 𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵})) → (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∃ℎ ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑣 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ})({𝑣, ℎ} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ ∃!𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	1to3vfriswmgr 28545*	Every friendship graph with one, two or three vertices is a windmill graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 31-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ (𝑉 = {𝐴} ∨ 𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵} ∨ 𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶})) → (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∃ℎ ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑣 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ})({𝑣, ℎ} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ ∃!𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {ℎ}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	1to3vfriendship 28546*	The friendship theorem for small graphs: In every friendship graph with one, two or three vertices, there is a vertex which is adjacent to all other vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 31-Mar-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ (𝑉 = {𝐴} ∨ 𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵} ∨ 𝑉 = {𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶})) → (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∃𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸))
16.5.3  Theorems according to Mertzios and Unger
Theorem	2pthfrgrrn 28547*	Between any two (different) vertices in a friendship graph is a 2-path (path of length 2), see Proposition 1(b) of [MertziosUnger] p. 153 : "A friendship graph G ..., as well as the distance between any two nodes in G is at most two". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 15-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 1-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑐 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑎})∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ({𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝑐} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	2pthfrgrrn2 28548*	Between any two (different) vertices in a friendship graph is a 2-path (path of length 2), see Proposition 1(b) of [MertziosUnger] p. 153 : "A friendship graph G ..., as well as the distance between any two nodes in G is at most two". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 16-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 1-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑐 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑎})∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (({𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝑐} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ (𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 ∧ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐)))
Theorem	2pthfrgr 28549*	Between any two (different) vertices in a friendship graph, tere is a 2-path (simple path of length 2), see Proposition 1(b) of [MertziosUnger] p. 153 : "A friendship graph G ..., as well as the distance between any two nodes in G is at most two". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 1-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑏 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑎})∃𝑓∃𝑝(𝑓(𝑎(SPathsOn‘𝐺)𝑏)𝑝 ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 2))
Theorem	3cyclfrgrrn1 28550*	Every vertex in a friendship graph (with more than 1 vertex) is part of a 3-cycle. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 16-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶) → ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑐 ∈ 𝑉 ({𝐴, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝑐} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑐, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	3cyclfrgrrn 28551*	Every vertex in a friendship graph (with more than 1 vertex) is part of a 3-cycle. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 16-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝑉)) → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑐 ∈ 𝑉 ({𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝑐} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑐, 𝑎} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	3cyclfrgrrn2 28552*	Every vertex in a friendship graph (with more than 1 vertex) is part of a 3-cycle. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝑉)) → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑐 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑏 ≠ 𝑐 ∧ ({𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝑐} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑐, 𝑎} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	3cyclfrgr 28553*	Every vertex in a friendship graph (with more than 1 vertex) is part of a 3-cycle. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝑉)) → ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑓∃𝑝(𝑓(Cycles‘𝐺)𝑝 ∧ (♯‘𝑓) = 3 ∧ (𝑝‘0) = 𝑣))
Theorem	4cycl2v2nb 28554	In a (maybe degenerate) 4-cycle, two vertice have two (maybe not different) common neighbors. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ((({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ ({𝐶, 𝐷} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐷, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸)) → ({{𝐴, 𝐵}, {𝐵, 𝐶}} ⊆ 𝐸 ∧ {{𝐴, 𝐷}, {𝐷, 𝐶}} ⊆ 𝐸))
Theorem	4cycl2vnunb 28555*	In a 4-cycle, two distinct vertices have not a unique common neighbor. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ((({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ ({𝐶, 𝐷} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐷, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐷)) → ¬ ∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 {{𝐴, 𝑥}, {𝑥, 𝐶}} ⊆ 𝐸)
Theorem	n4cyclfrgr 28556	There is no 4-cycle in a friendship graph, see Proposition 1(a) of [MertziosUnger] p. 153 : "A friendship graph G contains no C4 as a subgraph ...". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝐹(Cycles‘𝐺)𝑃) → (♯‘𝐹) ≠ 4)
Theorem	4cyclusnfrgr 28557	A graph with a 4-cycle is not a friendhip graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐷 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ≠ 𝐷)) → ((({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝐶} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ ({𝐶, 𝐷} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐷, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸)) → 𝐺 ∉ FriendGraph ))
Theorem	frgrnbnb 28558	If two neighbors 𝑈 and 𝑊 of a vertex 𝑋 have a common neighbor 𝐴 in a friendship graph, then this common neighbor 𝐴 must be the vertex 𝑋. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Apr-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 13-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (𝑈 ∈ 𝐷 ∧ 𝑊 ∈ 𝐷) ∧ 𝑈 ≠ 𝑊) → (({𝑈, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑊, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸) → 𝐴 = 𝑋))
Theorem	frgrconngr 28559	A friendship graph is connected, see remark 1 in [MertziosUnger] p. 153 (after Proposition 1): "An arbitrary friendship graph has to be connected, ... ". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 1-Apr-2021.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → 𝐺 ∈ ConnGraph)
Theorem	vdgn0frgrv2 28560	A vertex in a friendship graph with more than one vertex cannot have degree 0. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 4-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (1 < (♯‘𝑉) → ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑁) ≠ 0))
Theorem	vdgn1frgrv2 28561	Any vertex in a friendship graph does not have degree 1, see remark 2 in [MertziosUnger] p. 153 (after Proposition 1): "... no node v of it [a friendship graph] may have deg(v) = 1.". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 4-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (1 < (♯‘𝑉) → ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑁) ≠ 1))
Theorem	vdgn1frgrv3 28562*	Any vertex in a friendship graph does not have degree 1, see remark 2 in [MertziosUnger] p. 153 (after Proposition 1): "... no node v of it [a friendship graph] may have deg(v) = 1.". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 4-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝑉)) → ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑣) ≠ 1)
Theorem	vdgfrgrgt2 28563	Any vertex in a friendship graph (with more than one vertex - then, actually, the graph must have at least three vertices, because otherwise, it would not be a friendship graph) has at least degree 2, see remark 3 in [MertziosUnger] p. 153 (after Proposition 1): "It follows that deg(v) >= 2 for every node v of a friendship graph". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 21-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 5-Apr-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (1 < (♯‘𝑉) → 2 ≤ ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑁)))
16.5.4  Huneke's Proof of the Friendship Theorem In this section, the friendship theorem friendship 28664 is proven by formalizing Huneke's proof, see [Huneke] pp. 1-2. The three claims (see frgrncvvdeq 28574, frgrregorufr 28590 and frrusgrord0 28605) and additional statements (numbered in the order of their occurrence in the paper) in Huneke's proof are cited in the corresponding theorems.
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem1 28564	Lemma 1 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 23-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 8-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∉ 𝑁)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem2 28565*	Lemma 2 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. In a friendship graph, for each neighbor of a vertex there is exactly one neighbor of another vertex so that there is an edge between these two neighbors. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷) → ∃!𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem3 28566*	Lemma 3 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. The unique neighbor of a vertex (expressed by a restricted iota) is the intersection of the corresponding neighborhoods. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷) → {(℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸)} = ((𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑥) ∩ 𝑁))
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem4 28567*	Lemma 4 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. The mapping of neighbors to neighbors is a function. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 22-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴:𝐷⟶𝑁)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem5 28568*	Lemma 5 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. The mapping of neighbors to neighbors applied on a vertex is the intersection of the corresponding neighborhoods. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 23-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷) → {(𝐴‘𝑥)} = ((𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑥) ∩ 𝑁))
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem6 28569*	Lemma 6 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 23-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝜑 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷) → {𝑥, (𝐴‘𝑥)} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem7 28570*	Lemma 7 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. This corresponds to statement 1 in [Huneke] p. 1: "This common neighbor cannot be x, as x and y are not adjacent.". This is only an observation, which is not required to proof the friendship theorem. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 23-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 (𝐴‘𝑥) ≠ 𝑋)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem8 28571*	Lemma 8 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. This corresponds to statement 2 in [Huneke] p. 1: "The map is one-to-one since z in N(x) is uniquely determined as the common neighbor of x and a(x)". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 23-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Revised by AV, 30-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴:𝐷–1-1→𝑁)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem9 28572*	Lemma 9 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. This corresponds to statement 3 in [Huneke] p. 1: "By symmetry the map is onto". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 24-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴:𝐷–onto→𝑁)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeqlem10 28573*	Lemma 10 for frgrncvvdeq 28574. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 24-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑋)    &   ⊢ 𝑁 = (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑋 ≠ 𝑌)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑌 ∉ 𝐷)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph )    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = (𝑥 ∈ 𝐷 ↦ (℩𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 {𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐴:𝐷–1-1-onto→𝑁)
Theorem	frgrncvvdeq 28574*	In a friendship graph, two vertices which are not connected by an edge have the same degree. This corresponds to claim 1 in [Huneke] p. 1: "If x,y are elements of (the friendship graph) G and are not adjacent, then they have the same degree (i.e., the same number of adjacent vertices).". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑦 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑥})(𝑦 ∉ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑥) → (𝐷‘𝑥) = (𝐷‘𝑦)))
Theorem	frgrwopreglem4a 28575	In a friendship graph any two vertices with different degrees are connected. Alternate version of frgrwopreglem4 28580 without a fixed degree and without using the sets 𝐴 and 𝐵. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 4-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (𝑋 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ (𝐷‘𝑋) ≠ (𝐷‘𝑌)) → {𝑋, 𝑌} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrwopreglem5a 28576	If a friendship graph has two vertices with the same degree and two other vertices with different degrees, then there is a 4-cycle in the graph. Alternate version of frgrwopreglem5 28586 without a fixed degree and without using the sets 𝐴 and 𝐵. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 31-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 4-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ ((𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ (𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝑉)) ∧ ((𝐷‘𝐴) = (𝐷‘𝑋) ∧ (𝐷‘𝐴) ≠ (𝐷‘𝐵) ∧ (𝐷‘𝑋) ≠ (𝐷‘𝑌))) → (({𝐴, 𝐵} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑋} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ ({𝑋, 𝑌} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑌, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	frgrwopreglem1 28577*	Lemma 1 for frgrwopreg 28588: the classes 𝐴 and 𝐵 are sets. The definition of 𝐴 and 𝐵 corresponds to definition 3 in [Huneke] p. 2: "Let A be the set of all vertices of degree k, let B be the set of all vertices of degree different from k, ..." (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 31-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐴 ∈ V ∧ 𝐵 ∈ V)
Theorem	frgrwopreglem2 28578*	Lemma 2 for frgrwopreg 28588. If the set 𝐴 of vertices of degree 𝐾 is not empty in a friendship graph with at least two vertices, then 𝐾 must be greater than 1 . This is only an observation, which is not required for the proof the friendship theorem. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 2-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝑉) ∧ 𝐴 ≠ ∅) → 2 ≤ 𝐾)
Theorem	frgrwopreglem3 28579*	Lemma 3 for frgrwopreg 28588. The vertices in the sets 𝐴 and 𝐵 have different degrees. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 2-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑋 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐵) → (𝐷‘𝑋) ≠ (𝐷‘𝑌))
Theorem	frgrwopreglem4 28580*	Lemma 4 for frgrwopreg 28588. In a friendship graph each vertex with degree 𝐾 is connected with any vertex with degree other than 𝐾. This corresponds to statement 4 in [Huneke] p. 2: "By the first claim, every vertex in A is adjacent to every vertex in B.". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 30-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 4-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∀𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ∀𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 {𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrwopregasn 28581*	According to statement 5 in [Huneke] p. 2: "If A ... is a singleton, then that singleton is a universal friend". This version of frgrwopreg1 28583 is stricter (claiming that the singleton itself is a universal friend instead of claiming the existence of a universal friend only) and therefore closer to Huneke's statement. This strict variant, however, is not required for the proof of the friendship theorem. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 4-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐴 = {𝑋}) → ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑋}){𝑋, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrwopregbsn 28582*	According to statement 5 in [Huneke] p. 2: "If ... B is a singleton, then that singleton is a universal friend". This version of frgrwopreg2 28584 is stricter (claiming that the singleton itself is a universal friend instead of claiming the existence of a universal friend only) and therefore closer to Huneke's statement. This strict variant, however, is not required for the proof of the friendship theorem. (Contributed by AV, 4-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 = {𝑋}) → ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑋}){𝑋, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrwopreg1 28583*	According to statement 5 in [Huneke] p. 2: "If A ... is a singleton, then that singleton is a universal friend". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Jan-2018.) (Proof shortened by AV, 4-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (♯‘𝐴) = 1) → ∃𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrwopreg2 28584*	According to statement 5 in [Huneke] p. 2: "If ... B is a singleton, then that singleton is a universal friend". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Jan-2018.) (Proof shortened by AV, 4-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (♯‘𝐵) = 1) → ∃𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)
Theorem	frgrwopreglem5lem 28585*	Lemma for frgrwopreglem5 28586. (Contributed by AV, 5-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ∧ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴) ∧ (𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 ∧ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵)) → ((𝐷‘𝑎) = (𝐷‘𝑥) ∧ (𝐷‘𝑎) ≠ (𝐷‘𝑏) ∧ (𝐷‘𝑥) ≠ (𝐷‘𝑦)))
Theorem	frgrwopreglem5 28586*	Lemma 5 for frgrwopreg 28588. If 𝐴 as well as 𝐵 contain at least two vertices, there is a 4-cycle in a friendship graph. This corresponds to statement 6 in [Huneke] p. 2: "... otherwise, there are two different vertices in A, and they have two common neighbors in B, ...". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 31-Dec-2017.) (Proof shortened by AV, 5-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝐴) ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝐵)) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ((𝑎 ≠ 𝑥 ∧ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑦) ∧ ({𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝑥} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ ({𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑦, 𝑎} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	frgrwopreglem5ALT 28587*	Alternate direct proof of frgrwopreglem5 28586, not using frgrwopreglem5a 28576. This proof would be even a little bit shorter than the proof of frgrwopreglem5 28586 without using frgrwopreglem5lem 28585. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 31-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 3-Jan-2022.) (Proof shortened by AV, 5-Feb-2022.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝐴) ∧ 1 < (♯‘𝐵)) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 ((𝑎 ≠ 𝑥 ∧ 𝑏 ≠ 𝑦) ∧ ({𝑎, 𝑏} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑏, 𝑥} ∈ 𝐸) ∧ ({𝑥, 𝑦} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝑦, 𝑎} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	frgrwopreg 28588*	In a friendship graph there are either no vertices (𝐴 = ∅) or exactly one vertex ((♯‘𝐴) = 1) having degree 𝐾, or all (𝐵 = ∅) or all except one vertices ((♯‘𝐵) = 1) have degree 𝐾. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 31-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 10-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 3-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∣ (𝐷‘𝑥) = 𝐾}    &   ⊢ 𝐵 = (𝑉 ∖ 𝐴)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → (((♯‘𝐴) = 1 ∨ 𝐴 = ∅) ∨ ((♯‘𝐵) = 1 ∨ 𝐵 = ∅)))
Theorem	frgrregorufr0 28589*	In a friendship graph there are either no vertices having degree 𝐾, or all vertices have degree 𝐾 for any (nonnegative integer) 𝐾, unless there is a universal friend. This corresponds to claim 2 in [Huneke] p. 2: "... all vertices have degree k, unless there is a universal friend." (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 11-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 3-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → (∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 (𝐷‘𝑣) = 𝐾 ∨ ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 (𝐷‘𝑣) ≠ 𝐾 ∨ ∃𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	frgrregorufr 28590*	If there is a vertex having degree 𝐾 for each (nonnegative integer) 𝐾 in a friendship graph, then either all vertices have degree 𝐾 or there is a universal friend. This corresponds to claim 2 in [Huneke] p. 2: "Suppose there is a vertex of degree k > 1. ... all vertices have degree k, unless there is a universal friend. ... It follows that G is k-regular, i.e., the degree of every vertex is k". (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 1-Jan-2018.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐷 = (VtxDeg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → (∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 (𝐷‘𝑎) = 𝐾 → (∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 (𝐷‘𝑣) = 𝐾 ∨ ∃𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	frgrregorufrg 28591*	If there is a vertex having degree 𝑘 for each nonnegative integer 𝑘 in a friendship graph, then there is a universal friend. This corresponds to claim 2 in [Huneke] p. 2: "Suppose there is a vertex of degree k > 1. ... all vertices have degree k, unless there is a universal friend. ... It follows that G is k-regular, i.e., the degree of every vertex is k". Variant of frgrregorufr 28590 with generalization. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Sep-2018.) (Revised by AV, 26-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 12-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph → ∀𝑘 ∈ ℕ0 (∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑎) = 𝑘 → (𝐺 RegUSGraph 𝑘 ∨ ∃𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 ∀𝑤 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑣}){𝑣, 𝑤} ∈ 𝐸)))
Theorem	frgr2wwlkeu 28592*	For two different vertices in a friendship graph, there is exactly one third vertex being the middle vertex of a (simple) path/walk of length 2 between the two vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 4-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → ∃!𝑐 ∈ 𝑉 ⟨“𝐴𝑐𝐵”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵))
Theorem	frgr2wwlkn0 28593	In a friendship graph, there is always a path/walk of length 2 between two different vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 12-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵) ≠ ∅)
Theorem	frgr2wwlk1 28594	In a friendship graph, there is exactly one walk of length 2 between two different vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 13-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 16-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → (♯‘(𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵)) = 1)
Theorem	frgr2wsp1 28595	In a friendship graph, there is exactly one simple path of length 2 between two different vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 3-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 13-May-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) → (♯‘(𝐴(2 WSPathsNOn 𝐺)𝐵)) = 1)
Theorem	frgr2wwlkeqm 28596	If there is a (simple) path of length 2 from one vertex to another vertex and a (simple) path of length 2 from the other vertex back to the first vertex in a friendship graph, then the middle vertex is the same. This is only an observation, which is not required to proof the friendship theorem. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 13-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 7-Jan-2022.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵 ∧ (𝑃 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝑄 ∈ 𝑌)) → ((⟨“𝐴𝑃𝐵”⟩ ∈ (𝐴(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐵) ∧ ⟨“𝐵𝑄𝐴”⟩ ∈ (𝐵(2 WWalksNOn 𝐺)𝐴)) → 𝑄 = 𝑃))
Theorem	frgrhash2wsp 28597	The number of simple paths of length 2 is n*(n-1) in a friendship graph with n vertices. This corresponds to the proof of claim 3 in [Huneke] p. 2: "... the paths of length two in G: by assumption there are ( n 2 ) such paths.". However, Huneke counts undirected paths, so obtains the result ((𝑛C2) = ((𝑛 · (𝑛 − 1)) / 2)), whereas we count directed paths, obtaining twice that number. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 10-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FriendGraph ∧ 𝑉 ∈ Fin) → (♯‘(2 WSPathsN 𝐺)) = ((♯‘𝑉) · ((♯‘𝑉) − 1)))
Theorem	fusgreg2wsplem 28598*	Lemma for fusgreg2wsp 28601 and related theorems. (Contributed by AV, 8-Jan-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ↦ {𝑤 ∈ (2 WSPathsN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘1) = 𝑎})    ⇒   ⊢ (𝑁 ∈ 𝑉 → (𝑝 ∈ (𝑀‘𝑁) ↔ (𝑝 ∈ (2 WSPathsN 𝐺) ∧ (𝑝‘1) = 𝑁)))
Theorem	fusgr2wsp2nb 28599*	The set of paths of length 2 with a given vertex in the middle for a finite simple graph is the union of all paths of length 2 from one neighbor to another neighbor of this vertex via this vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 16-Mar-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ↦ {𝑤 ∈ (2 WSPathsN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘1) = 𝑎})    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (𝑀‘𝑁) = ∪ 𝑥 ∈ (𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁)∪ 𝑦 ∈ ((𝐺 NeighbVtx 𝑁) ∖ {𝑥}){⟨“𝑥𝑁𝑦”⟩})
Theorem	fusgreghash2wspv 28600*	According to statement 7 in [Huneke] p. 2: "For each vertex v, there are exactly ( k 2 ) paths with length two having v in the middle, ..." in a finite k-regular graph. For directed simple paths of length 2 represented by length 3 strings, we have again k*(k-1) such paths, see also comment of frgrhash2wsp 28597. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-May-2021.) (Proof shortened by AV, 12-Feb-2022.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑀 = (𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ↦ {𝑤 ∈ (2 WSPathsN 𝐺) ∣ (𝑤‘1) = 𝑎})    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ FinUSGraph → ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 (((VtxDeg‘𝐺)‘𝑣) = 𝐾 → (♯‘(𝑀‘𝑣)) = (𝐾 · (𝐾 − 1))))