P. 276 of Theorem List - Metamath Proof Explorer

Theorem List for Metamath Proof Explorer - 27501-27600   *Has distinct variable group(s)

Type	Label	Description
Statement
16.2.3  Loop-free graphs For a hypergraph, the property to be "loop-free" is expressed by 𝐼:dom 𝐼⟶𝐸 with 𝐸 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑥)} and 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺). 𝐸 is the set of edges which connect at least two vertices.
Theorem	umgrislfupgrlem 27501	Lemma for umgrislfupgr 27502 and usgrislfuspgr 27563. (Contributed by AV, 27-Jan-2021.)
⊢ ({𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) ≤ 2} ∩ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑥)}) = {𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}
Theorem	umgrislfupgr 27502*	A multigraph is a loop-free pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐼:dom 𝐼⟶{𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑥)}))
Theorem	lfgredgge2 27503*	An edge of a loop-free graph has at least two ends. (Contributed by AV, 23-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = dom 𝐼    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑥)}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐼:𝐴⟶𝐸 ∧ 𝑋 ∈ 𝐴) → 2 ≤ (♯‘(𝐼‘𝑋)))
Theorem	lfgrnloop 27504*	A loop-free graph has no loops. (Contributed by AV, 23-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = dom 𝐼    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑥)}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐼:𝐴⟶𝐸 → {𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∣ (𝐼‘𝑥) = {𝑈}} = ∅)
16.2.4  Edges as subsets of vertices of graphs
Theorem	uhgredgiedgb 27505*	In a hypergraph, a set is an edge iff it is an indexed edge. (Contributed by AV, 17-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UHGraph → (𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ↔ ∃𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐼 𝐸 = (𝐼‘𝑥)))
Theorem	uhgriedg0edg0 27506	A hypergraph has no edges iff its edge function is empty. (Contributed by AV, 21-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 8-Dec-2021.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UHGraph → ((Edg‘𝐺) = ∅ ↔ (iEdg‘𝐺) = ∅))
Theorem	uhgredgn0 27507	An edge of a hypergraph is a nonempty subset of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 28-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)) → 𝐸 ∈ (𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∖ {∅}))
Theorem	edguhgr 27508	An edge of a hypergraph is a subset of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 26-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 28-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)) → 𝐸 ∈ 𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺))
Theorem	uhgredgrnv 27509	An edge of a hypergraph contains only vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 4-Jun-2021.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝐸) → 𝑁 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺))
Theorem	uhgredgss 27510	The set of edges of a hypergraph is a subset of the power set of vertices without the empty set. (Contributed by AV, 29-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UHGraph → (Edg‘𝐺) ⊆ (𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∖ {∅}))
Theorem	upgredgss 27511*	The set of edges of a pseudograph is a subset of the set of unordered pairs of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 29-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UPGraph → (Edg‘𝐺) ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) ≤ 2})
Theorem	umgredgss 27512*	The set of edges of a multigraph is a subset of the set of unordered pairs of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 25-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UMGraph → (Edg‘𝐺) ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2})
Theorem	edgupgr 27513	Properties of an edge of a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 8-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)) → (𝐸 ∈ 𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ 𝐸 ≠ ∅ ∧ (♯‘𝐸) ≤ 2))
Theorem	edgumgr 27514	Properties of an edge of a multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 25-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)) → (𝐸 ∈ 𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ (♯‘𝐸) = 2))
Theorem	uhgrvtxedgiedgb 27515*	In a hypergraph, a vertex is incident with an edge iff it is contained in an element of the range of the edge function. (Contributed by AV, 24-Dec-2020.) (Revised by AV, 6-Jul-2022.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝑈 ∈ 𝑉) → (∃𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐼 𝑈 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑖) ↔ ∃𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 𝑈 ∈ 𝑒))
Theorem	upgredg 27516*	For each edge in a pseudograph, there are two vertices which are connected by this edge. (Contributed by AV, 4-Nov-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 26-Nov-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏})
Theorem	umgredg 27517*	For each edge in a multigraph, there are two distinct vertices which are connected by this edge. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 25-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 ∧ 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏}))
Theorem	upgrpredgv 27518	An edge of a pseudograph always connects two vertices if the edge contains two sets. The two vertices/sets need not necessarily be different (loops are allowed). (Contributed by AV, 18-Nov-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ (𝑀 ∈ 𝑈 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑊) ∧ {𝑀, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸) → (𝑀 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉))
Theorem	umgrpredgv 27519	An edge of a multigraph always connects two vertices. Analogue of umgredgprv 27486. This theorem does not hold for arbitrary pseudographs: if either 𝑀 or 𝑁 is a proper class, then {𝑀, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸 could still hold ({𝑀, 𝑁} would be either {𝑀} or {𝑁}, see prprc1 4702 or prprc2 4703, i.e. a loop), but 𝑀 ∈ 𝑉 or 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉 would not be true. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ {𝑀, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸) → (𝑀 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉))
Theorem	upgredg2vtx 27520*	For a vertex incident to an edge there is another vertex incident to the edge in a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 5-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸 ∧ 𝐴 ∈ 𝐶) → ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 𝐶 = {𝐴, 𝑏})
Theorem	upgredgpr 27521	If a proper pair (of vertices) is a subset of an edge in a pseudograph, the pair is the edge. (Contributed by AV, 30-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐴, 𝐵} ⊆ 𝐶) ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑈 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵)) → {𝐴, 𝐵} = 𝐶)
Theorem	edglnl 27522*	The edges incident with a vertex 𝑁 are the edges joining 𝑁 with other vertices and the loops on 𝑁 in a pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 18-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (∪ 𝑣 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁}){𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ (𝑁 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑖) ∧ 𝑣 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑖))} ∪ {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ (𝐸‘𝑖) = {𝑁}}) = {𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑖)})
Theorem	numedglnl 27523*	The number of edges incident with a vertex 𝑁 is the number of edges joining 𝑁 with other vertices and the number of loops on 𝑁 in a pseudograph of finite size. (Contributed by AV, 19-Dec-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ (𝑉 ∈ Fin ∧ 𝐸 ∈ Fin) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → (Σ𝑣 ∈ (𝑉 ∖ {𝑁})(♯‘{𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ (𝑁 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑖) ∧ 𝑣 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑖))}) + (♯‘{𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ (𝐸‘𝑖) = {𝑁}})) = (♯‘{𝑖 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑖)}))
Theorem	umgredgne 27524	An edge of a multigraph always connects two different vertices. Analogue of umgrnloopv 27485 resp. umgrnloop 27487. (Contributed by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ {𝑀, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸) → 𝑀 ≠ 𝑁)
Theorem	umgrnloop2 27525	A multigraph has no loops. (Contributed by AV, 27-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 30-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ UMGraph → {𝑁, 𝑁} ∉ (Edg‘𝐺))
Theorem	umgredgnlp 27526*	An edge of a multigraph is not a loop. (Contributed by AV, 9-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 8-Jun-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸) → ¬ ∃𝑣 𝐶 = {𝑣})
16.2.5  Undirected simple graphs In this section, "simple graph" will always stand for "undirected simple graph (without loops)" and "simple pseudograph" for "undirected simple pseudograph (which could have loops)".
Syntax	cuspgr 27527	Extend class notation with undirected simple pseudographs (which could have loops).
class USPGraph
Syntax	cusgr 27528	Extend class notation with undirected simple graphs (without loops).
class USGraph
Definition	df-uspgr 27529*	Define the class of all undirected simple pseudographs (which could have loops). An undirected simple pseudograph is a special undirected pseudograph (see uspgrupgr 27555) or a special undirected simple hypergraph (see uspgrushgr 27554), consisting of a set 𝑣 (of "vertices") and an injective (one-to-one) function 𝑒 (representing (indexed) "edges") into subsets of 𝑣 of cardinality one or two, representing the two vertices incident to the edge, or the one vertex if the edge is a loop. In contrast to a pseudograph, there is at most one edge between two vertices resp. at most one loop for a vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ USPGraph = {𝑔 ∣ [(Vtx‘𝑔) / 𝑣][(iEdg‘𝑔) / 𝑒]𝑒:dom 𝑒–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑣 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) ≤ 2}}
Definition	df-usgr 27530*	Define the class of all undirected simple graphs (without loops). An undirected simple graph is a special undirected simple pseudograph (see usgruspgr 27557), consisting of a set 𝑣 (of "vertices") and an injective (one-to-one) function 𝑒 (representing (indexed) "edges") into subsets of 𝑣 of cardinality two, representing the two vertices incident to the edge. In contrast to an undirected simple pseudograph, an undirected simple graph has no loops (edges connecting a vertex with itself). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ USGraph = {𝑔 ∣ [(Vtx‘𝑔) / 𝑣][(iEdg‘𝑔) / 𝑒]𝑒:dom 𝑒–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑣 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}}
Theorem	isuspgr 27531*	The property of being a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ 𝑈 → (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ↔ 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) ≤ 2}))
Theorem	isusgr 27532*	The property of being a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ 𝑈 → (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ↔ 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}))
Theorem	uspgrf 27533*	The edge function of a simple pseudograph is a one-to-one function into unordered pairs of vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) ≤ 2})
Theorem	usgrf 27534*	The edge function of a simple graph is a one-to-one function into unordered pairs of vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2})
Theorem	isusgrs 27535*	The property of being a simple graph, simplified version of isusgr 27532. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 13-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 24-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ 𝑈 → (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ↔ 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}))
Theorem	usgrfs 27536*	The edge function of a simple graph is a one-to-one function into unordered pairs of vertices. Simplified version of usgrf 27534. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 13-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2})
Theorem	usgrfun 27537	The edge function of a simple graph is a function. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 13-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → Fun (iEdg‘𝐺))
Theorem	usgredgss 27538*	The set of edges of a simple graph is a subset of the set of unordered pairs of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 14-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → (Edg‘𝐺) ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2})
Theorem	edgusgr 27539	An edge of a simple graph is an unordered pair of vertices. (Contributed by AV, 1-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 14-Oct-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)) → (𝐸 ∈ 𝒫 (Vtx‘𝐺) ∧ (♯‘𝐸) = 2))
Theorem	isuspgrop 27540*	The property of being an undirected simple pseudograph represented as an ordered pair. The representation as an ordered pair is the usual representation of a graph, see section I.1 of [Bollobas] p. 1. (Contributed by AV, 25-Nov-2021.)
⊢ ((𝑉 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ 𝐸 ∈ 𝑋) → (⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ ∈ USPGraph ↔ 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑝 ∈ (𝒫 𝑉 ∖ {∅}) ∣ (♯‘𝑝) ≤ 2}))
Theorem	isusgrop 27541*	The property of being an undirected simple graph represented as an ordered pair. The representation as an ordered pair is the usual representation of a graph, see section I.1 of [Bollobas] p. 1. (Contributed by AV, 30-Nov-2020.)
⊢ ((𝑉 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ 𝐸 ∈ 𝑋) → (⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ ∈ USGraph ↔ 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→{𝑝 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑝) = 2}))
Theorem	usgrop 27542	A simple graph represented by an ordered pair. (Contributed by AV, 23-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 30-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → ⟨(Vtx‘𝐺), (iEdg‘𝐺)⟩ ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	isausgr 27543*	The property of an unordered pair to be an alternatively defined simple graph, defined as a pair (V,E) of a set V (vertex set) and a set of unordered pairs of elements of V (edge set). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 28-Aug-2017.)
⊢ 𝐺 = {⟨𝑣, 𝑒⟩ ∣ 𝑒 ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑣 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑉 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ 𝐸 ∈ 𝑋) → (𝑉𝐺𝐸 ↔ 𝐸 ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}))
Theorem	ausgrusgrb 27544*	The equivalence of the definitions of a simple graph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 28-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 14-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐺 = {⟨𝑣, 𝑒⟩ ∣ 𝑒 ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑣 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝑉 ∈ 𝑋 ∧ 𝐸 ∈ 𝑌) → (𝑉𝐺𝐸 ↔ ⟨𝑉, ( I ↾ 𝐸)⟩ ∈ USGraph))
Theorem	usgrausgri 27545*	A simple graph represented by an alternatively defined simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐺 = {⟨𝑣, 𝑒⟩ ∣ 𝑒 ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑣 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}}    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐻 ∈ USGraph → (Vtx‘𝐻)𝐺(Edg‘𝐻))
Theorem	ausgrumgri 27546*	If an alternatively defined simple graph has the vertices and edges of an arbitrary graph, the arbitrary graph is an undirected multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 25-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝐺 = {⟨𝑣, 𝑒⟩ ∣ 𝑒 ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑣 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐻 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ (Vtx‘𝐻)𝐺(Edg‘𝐻) ∧ Fun (iEdg‘𝐻)) → 𝐻 ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	ausgrusgri 27547*	The equivalence of the definitions of a simple graph, expressed with the set of vertices and the set of edges. (Contributed by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐺 = {⟨𝑣, 𝑒⟩ ∣ 𝑒 ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑣 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}}    &   ⊢ 𝑂 = {𝑓 ∣ 𝑓:dom 𝑓–1-1→ran 𝑓}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐻 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ (Vtx‘𝐻)𝐺(Edg‘𝐻) ∧ (iEdg‘𝐻) ∈ 𝑂) → 𝐻 ∈ USGraph)
Theorem	usgrausgrb 27548*	The equivalence of the definitions of a simple graph, expressed with the set of vertices and the set of edges. (Contributed by AV, 2-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐺 = {⟨𝑣, 𝑒⟩ ∣ 𝑒 ⊆ {𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑣 ∣ (♯‘𝑥) = 2}}    &   ⊢ 𝑂 = {𝑓 ∣ 𝑓:dom 𝑓–1-1→ran 𝑓}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐻 ∈ 𝑊 ∧ (iEdg‘𝐻) ∈ 𝑂) → ((Vtx‘𝐻)𝐺(Edg‘𝐻) ↔ 𝐻 ∈ USGraph))
Theorem	usgredgop 27549	An edge of a simple graph as second component of an ordered pair. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 17-Aug-2017.) (Proof shortened by Alexander van der Vekens, 16-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸) → ((𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑀, 𝑁} ↔ ⟨𝑋, {𝑀, 𝑁}⟩ ∈ 𝐸))
Theorem	usgrf1o 27550	The edge function of a simple graph is a bijective function onto its range. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1-onto→ran 𝐸)
Theorem	usgrf1 27551	The edge function of a simple graph is a one to one function. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Nov-2017.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1→ran 𝐸)
Theorem	uspgrf1oedg 27552	The edge function of a simple pseudograph is a bijective function onto the edges of the graph. (Contributed by AV, 2-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐸:dom 𝐸–1-1-onto→(Edg‘𝐺))
Theorem	usgrss 27553	An edge is a subset of vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸) → (𝐸‘𝑋) ⊆ 𝑉)
Theorem	uspgrushgr 27554	A simple pseudograph is an undirected simple hypergraph. (Contributed by AV, 19-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐺 ∈ USHGraph)
Theorem	uspgrupgr 27555	A simple pseudograph is an undirected pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph → 𝐺 ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	uspgrupgrushgr 27556	A graph is a simple pseudograph iff it is a pseudograph and a simple hypergraph. (Contributed by AV, 30-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ UPGraph ∧ 𝐺 ∈ USHGraph))
Theorem	usgruspgr 27557	A simple graph is a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐺 ∈ USPGraph)
Theorem	usgrumgr 27558	A simple graph is an undirected multigraph. (Contributed by AV, 25-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐺 ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	usgrumgruspgr 27559	A graph is a simple graph iff it is a multigraph and a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 30-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐺 ∈ USPGraph))
Theorem	usgruspgrb 27560*	A class is a simple graph iff it is a simple pseudograph without loops. (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ ∀𝑒 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺)(♯‘𝑒) = 2))
Theorem	usgrupgr 27561	A simple graph is an undirected pseudograph. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐺 ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	usgruhgr 27562	A simple graph is an undirected hypergraph. (Contributed by AV, 9-Feb-2018.) (Revised by AV, 15-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐺 ∈ UHGraph)
Theorem	usgrislfuspgr 27563*	A simple graph is a loop-free simple pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 27-Jan-2021.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph ↔ (𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝐼:dom 𝐼⟶{𝑥 ∈ 𝒫 𝑉 ∣ 2 ≤ (♯‘𝑥)}))
Theorem	uspgrun 27564	The union 𝑈 of two simple pseudographs 𝐺 and 𝐻 with the same vertex set 𝑉 is a pseudograph with the vertex 𝑉 and the union (𝐸 ∪ 𝐹) of the (indexed) edges. (Contributed by AV, 16-Oct-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ USPGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻 ∈ USPGraph)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (iEdg‘𝐻)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝐻) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (dom 𝐸 ∩ dom 𝐹) = ∅)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑈 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑈) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑈) = (𝐸 ∪ 𝐹))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑈 ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	uspgrunop 27565	The union of two simple pseudographs (with the same vertex set): If ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ and ⟨𝑉, 𝐹⟩ are simple pseudographs, then ⟨𝑉, 𝐸 ∪ 𝐹⟩ is a pseudograph (the vertex set stays the same, but the edges from both graphs are kept, maybe resulting incident two edges between two vertices). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 16-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 24-Oct-2021.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ USPGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻 ∈ USPGraph)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (iEdg‘𝐻)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝐻) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (dom 𝐸 ∩ dom 𝐹) = ∅)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⟨𝑉, (𝐸 ∪ 𝐹)⟩ ∈ UPGraph)
Theorem	usgrun 27566	The union 𝑈 of two simple graphs 𝐺 and 𝐻 with the same vertex set 𝑉 is a multigraph (not necessarily a simple graph!) with the vertex 𝑉 and the union (𝐸 ∪ 𝐹) of the (indexed) edges. (Contributed by AV, 29-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ USGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻 ∈ USGraph)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (iEdg‘𝐻)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝐻) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (dom 𝐸 ∩ dom 𝐹) = ∅)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑈 ∈ 𝑊)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝑈) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (iEdg‘𝑈) = (𝐸 ∪ 𝐹))    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝑈 ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	usgrunop 27567	The union of two simple graphs (with the same vertex set): If ⟨𝑉, 𝐸⟩ and ⟨𝑉, 𝐹⟩ are simple graphs, then ⟨𝑉, 𝐸 ∪ 𝐹⟩ is a multigraph (not necessarily a simple graph!) - the vertex set stays the same, but the edges from both graphs are kept, possibly resulting in two edges between two vertices. (Contributed by AV, 29-Nov-2020.)
⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐺 ∈ USGraph)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → 𝐻 ∈ USGraph)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (iEdg‘𝐻)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (Vtx‘𝐻) = 𝑉)    &   ⊢ (𝜑 → (dom 𝐸 ∩ dom 𝐹) = ∅)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝜑 → ⟨𝑉, (𝐸 ∪ 𝐹)⟩ ∈ UMGraph)
Theorem	usgredg2 27568	The value of the "edge function" of a simple graph is a set containing two elements (the vertices the corresponding edge is connecting). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 11-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 16-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 11-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸) → (♯‘(𝐸‘𝑋)) = 2)
Theorem	usgredg2ALT 27569	Alternate proof of usgredg2 27568, not using umgredg2 27479. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 11-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 16-Oct-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸) → (♯‘(𝐸‘𝑋)) = 2)
Theorem	usgredgprv 27570	In a simple graph, an edge is an unordered pair of vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 16-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 11-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸) → ((𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑀, 𝑁} → (𝑀 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉)))
Theorem	usgredgprvALT 27571	Alternate proof of usgredgprv 27570, using usgredg2 27568 instead of umgredgprv 27486. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 16-Oct-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸) → ((𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑀, 𝑁} → (𝑀 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉)))
Theorem	usgredgppr 27572	An edge of a simple graph is a proper pair, i.e. a set containing two different elements (the endvertices of the edge). Analogue of usgredg2 27568. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 11-Aug-2017.) (Revised by AV, 9-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 23-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸) → (♯‘𝐶) = 2)
Theorem	usgrpredgv 27573	An edge of a simple graph always connects two vertices. Analogue of usgredgprv 27570. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 7-Oct-2017.) (Revised by AV, 9-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 23-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ {𝑀, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸) → (𝑀 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉))
Theorem	edgssv2 27574	An edge of a simple graph is an unordered pair of vertices, i.e. a subset of the set of vertices of size 2. (Contributed by AV, 10-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 23-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸) → (𝐶 ⊆ 𝑉 ∧ (♯‘𝐶) = 2))
Theorem	usgredg 27575*	For each edge in a simple graph, there are two distinct vertices which are connected by this edge. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 9-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (Shortened by AV, 25-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐸) → ∃𝑎 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑏 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑎 ≠ 𝑏 ∧ 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑏}))
Theorem	usgrnloopv 27576	In a simple graph, there is no loop, i.e. no edge connecting a vertex with itself. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 26-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 11-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑀 ∈ 𝑊) → ((𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑀, 𝑁} → 𝑀 ≠ 𝑁))
Theorem	usgrnloopvALT 27577	Alternate proof of usgrnloopv 27576, not using umgrnloopv 27485. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 26-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑀 ∈ 𝑊) → ((𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑀, 𝑁} → 𝑀 ≠ 𝑁))
Theorem	usgrnloop 27578*	In a simple graph, there is no loop, i.e. no edge connecting a vertex with itself. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Aug-2017.) (Proof shortened by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 11-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → (∃𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐸(𝐸‘𝑥) = {𝑀, 𝑁} → 𝑀 ≠ 𝑁))
Theorem	usgrnloopALT 27579*	Alternate proof of usgrnloop 27578, not using umgrnloop 27487. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 19-Aug-2017.) (Proof shortened by Alexander van der Vekens, 20-Mar-2018.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → (∃𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐸(𝐸‘𝑥) = {𝑀, 𝑁} → 𝑀 ≠ 𝑁))
Theorem	usgrnloop0 27580*	A simple graph has no loops. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 11-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → {𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ (𝐸‘𝑥) = {𝑈}} = ∅)
Theorem	usgrnloop0ALT 27581*	Alternate proof of usgrnloop0 27580, not using umgrnloop0 27488. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 6-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → {𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∣ (𝐸‘𝑥) = {𝑈}} = ∅)
Theorem	usgredgne 27582	An edge of a simple graph always connects two different vertices. Analogue of usgrnloopv 27576 resp. usgrnloop 27578. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 2-Sep-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 27-Nov-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ {𝑀, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸) → 𝑀 ≠ 𝑁)
Theorem	usgrf1oedg 27583	The edge function of a simple graph is a 1-1 function onto the set of edges. (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → 𝐼:dom 𝐼–1-1-onto→𝐸)
Theorem	uhgr2edg 27584*	If a vertex is adjacent to two different vertices in a hypergraph, there are more than one edges starting at this vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 11-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UHGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ (𝐴 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝐵 ∈ 𝑉 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) ∧ ({𝑁, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸)) → ∃𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐼∃𝑦 ∈ dom 𝐼(𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑥) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑦)))
Theorem	umgr2edg 27585*	If a vertex is adjacent to two different vertices in a multigraph, there are more than one edges starting at this vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 11-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ ({𝑁, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸)) → ∃𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐼∃𝑦 ∈ dom 𝐼(𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑥) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑦)))
Theorem	usgr2edg 27586*	If a vertex is adjacent to two different vertices in a simple graph, there are more than one edges starting at this vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 11-Feb-2021.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ ({𝑁, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸)) → ∃𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐼∃𝑦 ∈ dom 𝐼(𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑥) ∧ 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑦)))
Theorem	umgr2edg1 27587*	If a vertex is adjacent to two different vertices in a multigraph, there is not only one edge starting at this vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 8-Jun-2021.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ ({𝑁, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸)) → ¬ ∃!𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐼 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑥))
Theorem	usgr2edg1 27588*	If a vertex is adjacent to two different vertices in a simple graph, there is not only one edge starting at this vertex. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 8-Jun-2021.)
⊢ 𝐼 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ ({𝑁, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸)) → ¬ ∃!𝑥 ∈ dom 𝐼 𝑁 ∈ (𝐼‘𝑥))
Theorem	umgrvad2edg 27589*	If a vertex is adjacent to two different vertices in a multigraph, there are more than one edges starting at this vertex, analogous to usgr2edg 27586. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 9-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 8-Jun-2021.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ ({𝑁, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸)) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝐸 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝐸 (𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑥 ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑦))
Theorem	umgr2edgneu 27590*	If a vertex is adjacent to two different vertices in a multigraph, there is not only one edge starting at this vertex, analogous to usgr2edg1 27588. Lemma for theorems about friendship graphs. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 10-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 9-Jan-2020.)
⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ (((𝐺 ∈ UMGraph ∧ 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵) ∧ ({𝑁, 𝐴} ∈ 𝐸 ∧ {𝐵, 𝑁} ∈ 𝐸)) → ¬ ∃!𝑥 ∈ 𝐸 𝑁 ∈ 𝑥)
Theorem	usgrsizedg 27591	In a simple graph, the size of the edge function is the number of the edges of the graph. (Contributed by AV, 4-Jan-2020.) (Revised by AV, 7-Jun-2021.)
⊢ (𝐺 ∈ USGraph → (♯‘(iEdg‘𝐺)) = (♯‘(Edg‘𝐺)))
Theorem	usgredg3 27592*	The value of the "edge function" of a simple graph is a set containing two elements (the endvertices of the corresponding edge). (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸) → ∃𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 (𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ∧ (𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑥, 𝑦}))
Theorem	usgredg4 27593*	For a vertex incident to an edge there is another vertex incident to the edge. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 18-Dec-2017.) (Revised by AV, 17-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑋)) → ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 (𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑌, 𝑦})
Theorem	usgredgreu 27594*	For a vertex incident to an edge there is exactly one other vertex incident to the edge. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 18-Oct-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (iEdg‘𝐺)    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝑋 ∈ dom 𝐸 ∧ 𝑌 ∈ (𝐸‘𝑋)) → ∃!𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 (𝐸‘𝑋) = {𝑌, 𝑦})
Theorem	usgredg2vtx 27595*	For a vertex incident to an edge there is another vertex incident to the edge in a simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 5-Dec-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐸) → ∃𝑦 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺)𝐸 = {𝑌, 𝑦})
Theorem	uspgredg2vtxeu 27596*	For a vertex incident to an edge there is exactly one other vertex incident to the edge in a simple pseudograph. (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.) (Revised by AV, 6-Dec-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐸) → ∃!𝑦 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺)𝐸 = {𝑌, 𝑦})
Theorem	usgredg2vtxeu 27597*	For a vertex incident to an edge there is exactly one other vertex incident to the edge in a simple graph. (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.) (Proof shortened by AV, 6-Dec-2020.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐸) → ∃!𝑦 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺)𝐸 = {𝑌, 𝑦})
Theorem	usgredg2vtxeuALT 27598*	Alternate proof of usgredg2vtxeu 27597, using edgiedgb 27433, the general translation from (iEdg‘𝐺) to (Edg‘𝐺). (Contributed by AV, 18-Oct-2020.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) (New usage is discouraged.)
⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USGraph ∧ 𝐸 ∈ (Edg‘𝐺) ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐸) → ∃!𝑦 ∈ (Vtx‘𝐺)𝐸 = {𝑌, 𝑦})
Theorem	uspgredg2vlem 27599*	Lemma for uspgredg2v 27600. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 6-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑒}    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝑌 ∈ 𝐴) → (℩𝑧 ∈ 𝑉 𝑌 = {𝑁, 𝑧}) ∈ 𝑉)
Theorem	uspgredg2v 27600*	In a simple pseudograph, the mapping of edges having a fixed endpoint to the "other" vertex of the edge (which may be the fixed vertex itself in the case of a loop) is a one-to-one function into the set of vertices. (Contributed by Alexander van der Vekens, 4-Jan-2018.) (Revised by AV, 6-Dec-2020.)
⊢ 𝑉 = (Vtx‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐸 = (Edg‘𝐺)    &   ⊢ 𝐴 = {𝑒 ∈ 𝐸 ∣ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑒}    &   ⊢ 𝐹 = (𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 ↦ (℩𝑧 ∈ 𝑉 𝑦 = {𝑁, 𝑧}))    ⇒   ⊢ ((𝐺 ∈ USPGraph ∧ 𝑁 ∈ 𝑉) → 𝐹:𝐴–1-1→𝑉)